TheHolden Geminiis acompact carthat was produced byHoldenand sold inAustralasiafrom 1975 to 1987. It was based on the JapaneseIsuzu Gemini,one of the many models based on theGM T-car platform.
| Holden Gemini | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Holden(General Motors) |
| Production | 1975–1987 |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Compact |
First generation
edit| First generation | |
|---|---|
 Holden Gemini (TE) SL sedan | |
| Overview | |
| Production | March 1975–October 1984[1] |
| Assembly | Acacia Ridge,Australia[2] |
| Body and chassis | |
| Body style | 2-doorcoupe 3-doorpanel van 3-doorstation wagon 4-doorsedan |
| Layout | Front engine, rear-wheel drive |
| Platform | T-body |
| Related | |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 1584 ccG161ZI4 1817 cc4FB1diesel I4 (TE/TF/TG) |
| Transmission | 5-speedmanual 4-speedmanual 3-speedautomatic |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,404 mm (94.6 in) |
| Length | 4,234 mm (166.7 in) |
| Width | 1,570 mm (61.8 in) |
| Height | 1,341 mm (52.8 in) |
| Curb weight | 956 kg (2,108 lb) |
TX (1975–1977)
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Holden Gemini SL sedan (TX) -
Holden Gemini SL coupe (TX)
The original Holden Gemini model, the TX series, was introduced in February 1975. It was available as a four-doorsedanin S and SL specification levels, and as a two-door SLcoupe.The TX Gemini was built at Holden's factory atAcacia Ridge, Queensland,and contained a high percentage of Australian content.[3]
All TX models share the same 1.6-litreSOHCIsuzu engine (coded theG161Z). The engine is chain-driven and incorporates a cross-flow design, alloy head. A two-barrel "Nikki" Strombergcarburettorwas used on Australian models. Early TX models use a cast-iron, free-flowexhaust manifold,with two outlets into a "Y" pipe (this item is commonly used by modifiers for later models). From November 1976, this was changed to a single-outlet exhaust header.[4]
Wheel size is 13 in x 4.5 in; rear brakes are duo-servo units, similar in design to those used in the six-cylinderTorana.Early models use the MSE-type four-speedmanual transmissions;reverse is positioned to the left and back.[4]November 1975 had the introduction of the MSG-type four-speed; reverse on this transmission was to the right and back position. The TX SL sedan was votedWheelsCar of the Yearfor 1975, and was the most popular four-cylinder car on the Australian market.[4][5]
TC (1977–1978)
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The TC Gemini was sold between March 1977 and April 1978. This model received a minor facelift from the TX, appearance was enhanced by a bolder vertical frontgrille,and at the rear, a silver garnish panel (as opposed to the TX's black). A new Smiths-brand heater,defogger,and ventilation system was used, and the two small vents at each end of the dash were removed on this model, except on vehicles fitted with air conditioning.[4]
A "Fashion Pack" interior was now available on both sedan and coupe models; this option was also upgraded to add steel-belted radials and a front stabilising bar. Door side-impact beams were introduced to improve safety, and SL coupes had a heated rear windscreen.[4]
In April 1977, a limited-edition "Sandpiper" model was also offered in both sedan and coupe bodies. They were identified by a black grille with stainless steel top edge, gold pin stripes, chequered cloth seat inserts and door trims, wood-grain dash sections, radio/cassette player, a four-spoke steering wheel, and the A9R (Fashion Pack) suspension package. Externally, they were easily identified by the word "Sandpiper" and a bird decal on the side rear quarters of the coupe and on the rear doors of the sedans.[4]
Gemini TC production totalled 17,257 units.[6]
TD (1978–1979)
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The TD series was introduced in April 1978, with the most major change over the TC being the introduction of "radial tuned suspension" and the option of a five-speed manual transmission.[7]The differential was replaced with a small Salisbury unit as used in theUC Torana;it used tapered Timken wheel bearings as found on all larger Holdens since mid-1971. In April 1979, the rear brakes were changed toCommodoreleading-trailing rear drum assemblies.[4]
Exterior appearance was changed with the introduction of a new grille, rectangular headlights (round on base models), wheels were now 13 in × 5 in (33 cm × 13 cm), and the rear number plate was relocated in place of the rear garnish panel. Apanel vanand three-door wagon were also added to the range, bodywork pressings being from the BritishVauxhall Chevette/Bedford Chevannerange.[4]
Also new was the SL/E version, which used many interior options from the TC "Sandpiper" series, such as the radio/cassette, four-spoke steering wheel, timber dash inserts,velourseat trim, loop-pile carpet, and timber (hardboard) door-trim inserts.[4]The SL/E also received the five-speed manual transmission as standard.[7]
Externally, appearance was further enhanced to include stainless steel headlight and grille surrounds, thick stainless steel door window-frame mouldings, and GM-H designed alloy wheels similar toSunbirdSL/E. Coupes and sedans had colour-coded side mirrors similar to those of Sunbird SL/E andHZ Sandman,door-trims were extended to cover the top of the doors.[4]
The SL/E was replaced by the SL/X in early 1979. It had a slightly lower equipment level, but a more competitive price. Also, a limited-edition "Gypsy" package was optional on panel vans, which included extra instrumentation and identifying decals.[4] Heated rear windscreens were now standard on all but base model sedans, panel vans, and wagons. Nylon plaid cloth inserts were available on SLs and wagons, and air conditioning was available as an optional accessory.[4]
TE (1979–1982)
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The TE series Gemini was introduced in October 1979. It featured significant exterior changes with new front and rear styling, comparable with theIsuzu GeminiandHolden Commodoremodels of the same era. By this time, the Opel Kadett had been changed to front wheel drive and no longer resembled the original Kadett C.
The TE was the most popular of all the Geminis, selling over 70,000 units. Initially only available as a sedan, in February 1980, the panel van and station wagon were added to the line-up, while the coupé version was no longer available. The luxury SL/E version was also removed from the line-up, replaced instead with an SL/X variant. In 1981, the TE was introduced to New Zealand, replacing the British-sourcedVauxhall Chevetterange.
A limited-edition "Gypsy" van was made available in February 1980 and was offered with atachometerand console gauges. Individual plaid cloth seats were available (a different plaid from other earlier Geminis). The Gypsy featured blacked-out grille treatment and door window surrounds, square headlights, full chrome bumpers, and full-length headlining and carpet (regular vans had vinyl flooring as standard). Gypsys are now a highly collectible Gemini model.
Engine options originally stayed the same. In early 1981, the option of a 1.8-litreIsuzudieselmodel was introduced, fitted with an M76 five-speed gearbox. This one was also a strong seller in Indonesia, where it was mostly used as a taxi.[8]In Australia, all diesel Geminis were only available as SL/X five-speed manuals. Rhone green was a colour made available exclusively for the diesel, but other colours in the range could be ordered. Production of the diesel commenced in March 1981.[1]
TF (1982–1983)
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The facelifted TF series Gemini was released in March 1982. It was offered in four-door sedan, three-door wagon, and two-door van variants.[9]All models gained new grille treatments, and the SL/X variant received flush headlamps. The interior received major revisions with a new dashboard (creating the impression of more space in the vehicle) and a relocated steering column that put the steering wheel in line with the driver, rather than angled towards the centre of the car. The styling is often compared to the then-currentVH Commodorerange, but in fact the styling was introduced on the Isuzu Gemini in 1981 and carried across to the Australian model.
TG (1983–1984)
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The TG series was released in March 1983. The SL and SL/X versions of TG had an appearance exactly like the TF SL/X, with the flush head lamps, plastic bumpers, and tail lights very similar to that on a VH Commodore. However, the base model of the TG continued the TF theme, with many examples now confused for TF models. Base-model vehicles had vinyl seats, no clock orcigarette lighter,and no console around the shifter. The engine continued to be the 66 PS (49 kW) 1.6-litre as per previous versions, with the optional 54 PS (40 kW) 1.8 diesel also available.[10]
In 1983, a performance model, named the ZZ/Z (triple zed), was added. The ZZ/Z was always silver, with a body kit consisting of a front bar, wind splitters on top of the guards, a bobtail boot spoiler, alloy wheels, and blue and black ZZ/Z decals. The ZZ/Z was often thought to come with the twin-cam engine that was used in the Isuzu Gemini ZZ/R of the same era, but the ZZ/Z was strictly a cosmetic version and came with the standard running gear of other models.[10]A five-speed manual gearbox was standard, with somewhat altered gearing; anautomatic transmissionwas not available.
The Gemini was built in Holden's Acacia Ridge plant, which closed in October 1984 after all Gemini production had come to a halt. However, wagon and panel-van production came to a gradual halt in mid-1984, as Vauxhall had ended production of the roof and the tailgate used on these models. Sourcing the parts from General Motors' Brazilian operation was considered, but was too complicated for the short time the model had left.[11]Sales of the sedan continued into early 1985.
Second generation
edit| Second generation | |
|---|---|
 Holden Gemini (RB) SLE sedan | |
| Overview | |
| Production | April 1985– February 1987 |
| Assembly | Elizabeth,Australia[12] |
| Body and chassis | |
| Body style | 4-doorsedan |
| Layout | Front engine, front-wheel drive |
| Platform | R-body |
| Related | Chevrolet Gemini Chevrolet Spectrum Geo Spectrum Isuzu Gemini Isuzu I-Mark Pontiac Sunburst |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 1471 cc4XC1I4 |
| Transmission | 4/5-speedmanual 3-speedautomatic |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,400 mm (94.5 in) |
| Length | 4,036 mm (158.9 in) |
| Width | 1,600 mm (63 in) |
| Height | 1,374 mm (54.1 in) |
RB (1985–1987)
editIn May 1985, the RB series Gemini was released. Based on thefront-wheel driveGM R platform, it did not sell as well as previous rear-wheel drive Geminis, with production totalling just 16,263 units. The RB Gemini was offered only in four-door sedan form, with SL/X and SL/E trim levels, as well as afleet-only SL equipped with a 1.6 litre engine. Previous Gemini models had been built in the Holden facility at Acacia Ridge, but following that plant's closure in 1984, the totally new RB series began production in the Holden plant atElizabeth, South Australia.[13]
The RB Gemini was discontinued in 1987[14](production had ended sometime during 1986) due to poorer sales than its predecessor. The Gemini was at first sold side by side with the first generation hatch-onlyHolden Astra—a rebadgedNissan Pulsar(N12)—which was introduced in 1984; ultimately, the Astra effectively replaced the Gemini when its second generation, offered as both hatch and sedan, was launched in 1987.
The RB Gemini was notable for its 80-day, 200,000 km (120,000 mi) endurance run from a commercial in 1985, tested by a group of Australian racers including the latePeter Brock.
Motorsport
editFrom 1977 through to 1982 Geminis raced in theAustralian Touring Car Championshipand theBathurst 1000and allied endurance motor racing. Occasionally the factoryHolden Dealer Teamwould divert some of their efforts away from theirHolden ToranaandHolden Commodoreracing efforts to race a Gemini, notably in 1982, but for the most part Geminis were race by privately funded teams. Initially they fared poorly in a 2000cc class but a 1600cc class was re-created in 1978 increasing their popularity. Despite the transition from Group C regulations to Group A in 1985 a few cars continued racing until 1986.
1980 saw the creation of the Gemini Racing Series in Queensland which continues to this day and is now the longest running one-make series in Australia and the second oldest globally after the British Mini series.
Safety
editIn Australia, the 1982–1984 Holden Gemini was assessed in the "Used Car Safety Ratings" 2006 as providing "significantly worse than average" protection for its occupants in the event of a crash.[15]
Production figures
edit| Model | Total | Cumulative total |
|---|---|---|
| Gemini TX | 43,099 | 43,099 |
| Gemini TC | 17,256 | 60,355 |
| Gemini TD | 42,396 | 102,751 |
| Gemini TE | 70,690 | 173,318 |
| Gemini TF | 28,326 | 201,644 |
| Gemini TG | 24,675 | 226,319 |
| Gemini RB | 16,263 | 242,582[16] |
References
edit- ^ab"Acacia Ridge—in retrospect"(PDF),People(Oct/Nov 1984), GMH Public Affairs Department: 3, archived fromthe original(PDF)on 22 December 2016,retrieved19 January2017
- ^Darwin, Norm (2002),100 Years of GM in Australia,H@nd Publishing, p. 244,ISBN9780646414768
- ^Darwin,p. 344
- ^abcdefghijkl"Gemini Model Features and ID".HoldenGemini.net.Retrieved2 April2010.
- ^"Wheels – Wheels' COTY the real McCoy".Wheels.2006. Archived fromthe originalon 27 February 2008.
- ^G.M. Holden Gemini Production, uniquecarsandparts.auRetrieved 14 February 2019
- ^abWright, Cedric, ed. (August 1978). "World Cars 1978".CAR (South Africa).Vol. 22, no. 7. Ramsay, Son & Parker (Pty) ltd. p. 20.
- ^BP (1 December 1982). "Nasib mobil berbahanbakar solar" [The fate of diesel cars].Mobil & Motor(in Indonesian). Vol. 12, no. 11. PT Inscore Indonesia. pp. 8–9.ISSN0047-7591.
- ^Holden Gemini sales brochure, AD10065, March 1982
- ^abMastrostefano, Raffaele, ed. (1985).Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1985(in Italian). Milano: Editoriale Domus S.p.A. pp. 451–452.ISBN88-7212-012-8.
- ^Robinson, Peter, ed. (June 1984). "Pssst!".Wheels.Sydney, Australia: Murray Publishers: 9.
- ^Darwin,p. 249
- ^Darwin,p. 349
- ^The Red Book, August 1988, page 75
- ^"Safety & Rules: VicRoads".Vicroads.vic.gov.au. Archived fromthe originalon 29 March 2007.Retrieved2 April2010.
- ^The Holden Heritage.Factory-issued booklet, July 2001 edition, p.100.
External links
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