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House of Capet

"Capet" redirects here. For the surname, seeCapet (surname).For a full history of the Capetian family, seeCapetian dynasty.

TheHouse of Capet(French:Maison capétienne) ruled theKingdom of Francefrom 987 to 1328. It was the most senior line of theCapetian dynasty– itself a derivative dynasty from theRobertiansand theKarlings.

House of Capet
House of France
Arms of the Kingdom of France
Parent houseRobertians,Karlings
Country
Founded987;1038 years ago(987)
FounderHugh Capet
Final rulerJoan II of Navarre
Titles
Estate(s)France, Navarre
Dissolution1328 (senior branch)

The direct line of the House of Capet came to an end in 1328, when the three sons ofPhilip IV(reigned 1285–1314) all failed to produce surviving male heirs to the French throne. With the death ofCharles IV(reigned 1322–1328), the throne passed to theHouse of Valois,descended from a younger brother of Philip IV.

Royal power would pass on, in 1589, to another Capetian branch, theHouse of Bourbon,descended from the youngest son ofLouis IX(reigned 1226–1270). From 1830 on it would go to a Bourboncadet branch,theHouse of Orléans,always remaining in the hands ofagnaticdescendants ofHugh Capet,himself a descendant ofCharlemagne,except for the 10-year reign of EmperorNapoleon.

Names

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The House of Capet (French:Maison capétienne) were also called the Direct Capetians (Capétiens directs), theHouse of France(la maison de France), or simply the Capets. Historians in the 19th century came to apply the name "Capetian" to both the ruling house of France and to the wider-spread male-line descendants ofHugh Capet(c.941 – 996). Contemporaries did not use the name "Capetian" (seeHouse of France). The Capets were sometimes called "the Third Race of Kings" (following theMerovingiansand theCarolingians). The name "Capet" derives from the nickname (of uncertain meaning) given toHugh,the first Capetian king.[1]

History

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Early Capetian kings

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The first Capetian monarch wasHugh Capet(c. 941–996), aFrankishnobleman from theÎle-de-France,who, following the death ofLouis V(c. 967–987) – the lastCarolingianking – secured the throne of France by election. Hugh was a descendant ofCharlemagne,through his sonPepin of Italy,and through them claimed descent fromConstantine the Great.[2]He then proceeded to make it hereditary in his family, by securing the election andcoronationof his son,Robert II(972–1031), as co-king. The throne thus passed securely to Robert on his father's death, who followed the same custom – as did many of his early successors.

The Capetian kings were initially weak rulers of the kingdom – they directly ruled only small holdings in the Île-de-France and theOrléanais,all of which were plagued with disorder; the rest of France was controlled by potentates such as theduke of Normandy,thecount of Blois,theduke of Burgundy(himself a Capetian after 1032) and theduke of Aquitaine(all of whom faced to a greater or lesser extent the same problems of controlling their subordinates). The House of Capet was, however, fortunate enough to have the support of theChurch,and – with the exception ofPhilip I,Louis IXand the short-livedJohn I– were able to avoid the problems of underaged kingship.

Capetian and Plantagenet

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Main article:Capetian-Plantagenet rivalry

Briefly, underLouis VII(1120–1180), the House of Capet rose in their power in France. Louis married DuchessEleanor of Aquitaine(1122–1204) and so became duke – an advantage which had been eagerly grasped by his father,Louis VI(1081–1137), when Eleanor's father,William X,had asked of the king in his will to secure a good marriage for the young duchess. However, the marriage – and thus one avenue of Capetian aggrandisement – failed. The couple produced only two daughters, and suffered marital discord. Driven to secure the future of the house, Louis divorced Eleanor, who went on to marryHenry II of England(1133–1189). Louis married twice more before finally having a son,Philip II(1165–1223). Philip II started to break the power of thePlantagenets– the family of Eleanor and Henry II – in France.

Louis VIII(1187–1226) – the eldest son and heir of Philip Augustus – marriedBlanche of Castile(1188–1252), a granddaughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II of England. In her name, he claimed the crown ofEngland,invading at the invitation of the English barons, and briefly being acclaimed – though, it would later be stressed, not crowned – asking of England.However, the Capetians failed to establish themselves in England – Louis was forced to sign theTreaty of Lambeth,which legally decreed that he had never been king of England, and the prince reluctantly returned to his wife and father in France. More importantly for his dynasty, he would during his brief reign (1223–1226) conquerPoitou,and some of the lands of thePays d'Oc,declared forfeit from their former owners by the pope as part of theAlbigensian Crusade.These lands were added to the French crown, further empowering the Capetian family.

Louis IX(1214–1270) –Saint Louis– succeeded Louis VIII as a child; unable to rule for several years, the government of the realm was undertaken by his mother, the formidable Queen Blanche. She had originally been chosen by her grandmother, Eleanor, to marry the French heir, considered a more suitable queen than her sisterUrraca;asregent,she proved this to be so, being associated in the kingship not only during her son's minority, but even after he came into his own. Louis, too, proved a largely acclaimed King – though he expended much money and effort on theCrusades,only for it to go to waste, as a French king he was admired for his austerity, strength, bravery, justice, and his devotion to France. Dynastically, he established two notable Capetian houses: theHouse of Anjou(which he created by bestowing theCounty of Anjouupon his brother,Charles I(1227–1285)), and theHouse of Bourbon(which he established by bestowingClermonton his sonRobert(1256–1317) in 1268, before marrying the young man to the heiress of Bourbon,Beatrice(1257–1310)); the first house would go on to ruleSicily,Naples,andHungary;the second would eventually succeed to the French throne, collectingNavarrealong the way.

Apogee of royal power

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At the death of Louis IX (who shortly after was set upon the road tobeatification), France under the Capetians stood as the pre-eminent power in Western Europe. This stance was largely continued, if not furthered, by his sonPhilip III(1245–1285), andhissonPhilip IV(1268–1314), both of whom ruled with the aid of advisors committed to the future of the House of Capet and of France, and both of whom made notable – for different reasons – dynastic marriages. Philip III married as his first wifeIsabel(1247–1271), a daughter of KingJames I of Aragon(1208–1276); long after her death, he claimed the throne ofAragonfor his second son,Charles(1270–1325), by virtue of Charles' descent via Isabel from the kings of Aragon. Unfortunately for the Capetians, the endeavour proved a failure, and the King himself died of dysentery atPerpignan,succeeded by his son, Philip IV.

Philip IV had marriedJoan I(1271–1305), thequeen of Navarreandcountess of Champagne.By this marriage, he added these domains to the French crown. He engaged in conflicts with thePapacy,eventually kidnappingPope Boniface VIII(c. 1235–1303), and securing the appointment of the more sympathetic Frenchman, Bertrand de Goth (1264–1314), asPope Clement V;and he boosted the power and wealth of the crown by abolishing theOrder of the Temple,seizing its assets in 1307. More importantly to French history, he summoned the firstEstates General– in 1302 – and in 1295 established the so-called "Auld Alliance"with theScots,at the time resisting English domination. He died in 1314, less than a year after the execution of the Templar leaders – it was said that he had been summoned to appear before God byJacques de Molay(died 1314), theGrand Masterof the Templars, as the latter was burnt at the stake as a heretic; it was also said that de Molay had cursed the King and his family.

The succession crisis

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Main article:Tour de Nesle affair

Philip IV presided over the beginning of his House's end. The first quarter of the century saw each of Philip's sons reign in rapid succession:Louis X(1314–1316),Philip V(1316–1322) andCharles IV(1322–1328).

Having been informed that his daughters-in-law were engaging inadulterywith twoknights– according to some sources, he was told this by his own daughter,Isabella– he allegedly caught two of them in the act in 1313, and had all three shut up in royal prisons.Margaret(1290–1315), the wife of his eldest son and heir apparent,Louis X and I(1289–1316), had borne her husband only a daughter at this time, and the paternity of this girl,Joan,was with her mother's adultery now suspect. Accordingly, Louis – unwilling to release his wife and return to their marriage – needed to remarry. He arranged a marriage with his cousin,Clementia of Hungary(1293–1328), and after Queen Margaret conveniently died in 1315 (strangled by order of the King, some claimed), he swiftly remarried to Clementia. She was pregnant when he died a year later, after an unremarkable reign; uncertain of how to arrange the succession (the two main claimants being Louis' daughter Joan – the suspected bastard – and Louis' younger brotherPhilip(1293–1322),Count of Poitiers), the French set up a regency under the Count of Poitiers, and hoped that the child would be a boy. This proved the case, but the boy –King John I(1316), known asthe Posthumous– died after only 5 days, leaving a succession crisis. Eventually, it was decided based on several legal reasons (later reinterpreted asSalic Law) that Joan was ineligible to inherit the throne, which passed to the Count of Poitiers, who became Philip V. He, however, produced no surviving sons with his wife, CountessJoan II of Burgundy(1291–1330), who had been cleared of her charges of adultery; thus, when he died in 1322, the crown passed to his brother,Charles(1294–1328),Count of La Marche,who became Charles IV; theCounty of Burgundy,brought to the Capetians by the marriage of Joan and Philip V, remained with Joan, and ceased to be part of the royal domains.

Charles IV swiftly divorced his adulterous wife,Blanche of Burgundy(c. 1296–1326) (sister of Countess Joan), who had given him no surviving children, and who had been locked up since 1313; in her place, he marriedMarie of Luxembourg(1304–1324), a daughter ofEmperor Henry VII(c. 1275–1313). Marie died in 1324, giving birth to a stillborn son. He then remarried to his cousin,Joan of Évreux(1310–1371), who however bore him only daughters; when he died in 1328, his only child was Marie, a daughter by Joan, and the unborn child his wife was pregnant with.Philip of Valois(1293–1350),Count of AnjouandValois,Charles' cousin, was set up as regent; when the Queen produced a daughter, Blanche, Philip by assent of the great magnates became Philip VI, of theHouse of Valois,cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.


Last heirs

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The last of the direct Capetians were the daughters of Philip IV's three sons, and Philip IV's daughter, Isabella. The wife ofEdward II of England(1284–1327), Isabella (c. 1295–1358) overthrew her husband in favour of her son (Edward III,1312–1377) ruling as regent with her cohort and lover (Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March,1287–1330). On the death of her brother, Charles IV, in 1328 she claimed to be her father's heiress, and demanded the throne pass to her son (who as a male, an heir to Philip IV, and of adult age, was considered to have a good claim to the throne); however, her claim was refused, eventually providing a cause for theHundred Years' War.

Joan(1312–1349), the daughter of Louis X, succeeded on the death of Charles IV to the throne of Navarre, she now being – questions of paternity aside – the unquestioned heiress. She was the last direct Capetian ruler of that kingdom, being succeeded by her son,Charles II of Navarre(1332–1387); his father,Philip of Évreux(1306–1343) had been a member of the CapetianHouse of Évreux.Mother and son both claimed on several occasions the throne of France, and later the Duchy of Burgundy.

Of the daughters of Philip V and Joan II of Burgundy, the elder two had surviving issue.Joan III, Countess of Burgundy(1308–1349), marriedOdo IV, Duke of Burgundy(1295–1350), uniting the Duchy and County of Burgundy. Her line became extinct with the death of her sole grandchild,Philip I, Duke of Burgundy(1346–1361), whose death also served to break the union between the Burgundys once more. Her sister,Margaret(1310–1382), marriedLouis I,Count of Flanders(1304–1346), and inherited the County of Burgundy after the death of Philip I; their granddaughter and heiress,Margaret III, Countess of Flanders(1350–1405), married the son ofJohn II of France(1319–1364),Philip II, Duke of Burgundy(1342–1404), uniting the two domains once more.

Of Charles IV's children, onlyBlanche(1328–1382) – the youngest, the baby whose birth marked the end of the House of Capet – survived childhood. She marriedPhilip of Valois, Duke of Orléans(1336–1376), the son of Philip VI, but they produced no children. With her death in 1382, the House of Capet finally came to an end.

List of direct Capetian kings of France

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  • 987–996,Hugh Capet(Hugues Capet), Count of Paris, crowned King of the Franks
  • 996–1031,Robert II,the Pious (Robert II le Pieux)
  • 1031–1060,Henry I(Henri Ier)
  • 1060–1108,Philip I(Philippe Ier)
  • 1108–1137,Louis VI,the Fat (Louis VI le Gros)
  • 1137–1180,Louis VII,the Young (Louis VII le Jeune)
  • 1180–1223,Philip II Augustus,the God-Given (Philippe II Auguste Dieudonné)
  • 1223–1226,Louis VIII,the Lion (Louis VIII le Lion)
  • 1226–1270,Louis IX,the Saint, ( "Saint Louis" ) (Louis IX le Saint,Saint Louis)
  • 1270–1285,Philip III,the Bold (Philippe III le Hardi)
  • 1285–1314,Philip IV,the Fair (Philippe IV le Bel)
  • 1314–1316,Louis X,the Quarrelsome (Louis X le Hutin)
  • 1316–1316,John I,the Posthumous (Jean Ier le Posthume)
  • 1316–1322,Philip V,the Tall (Philippe V le Long)
  • 1322–1328,Charles IV,the Fair (Charles IV le Bel)

List of direct Capetian kings and queens of Navarre

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  • 1285–1314,Philip I,the Fair (Philip IV of France), husband of QueenJoan I of Navarre
  • 1314–1316,Louis I,the Quarrelsome (Louis X of France)
  • 1316–1316,John I,the Posthumous (John I of France)
  • 1316–1322,Philip II,the Tall (Philip V of France)
  • 1322–1328,Charles I,the Fair (Charles IV of France)
  • 1328–1349,Joan II

Sources

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  • MacLagan, Michael; Louda, Jiri (1984).Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe.London: Orbis.ISBN978-0-85613-672-6.
  • Gwatkin, H. M.,Whitney, J. P.(ed) et al. (1926)The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hallam, Elizabeth M.; Everard, Judith (2001).Capetian France, 987–1328(second ed.). Harlow, UK: Longman.ISBN978-0-582-40428-1.

See also

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Wikisourcehas the text of the1911Encyclopædia Britannicaarticle "Capet".

References

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  1. ^ For discussion of the nameCapet,see the article onHugh Capet.
  2. ^An Empire of Memory: The Legend of Charlemagne, the Franks, and Jerusalem before the First Crusade.Oxford University Press. 2011. p. 22.ISBN978-0-19-161640-2.
House of Capet
Cadet branch of theRobertian dynasty
Preceded by Ruling house of France
987–1328 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Ruling house of Navarre
1284–1349 		Succeeded by
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