TheHouse of Li(Chinese:;pinyin:;Wade–Giles:Li) was the ruling house of theWestern Liang dynastyand theTang dynastyof China.

Li
CountryWestern Liang,Tang dynasty
FounderLaozi
Final rulerEmperor Ai of Tang
TitlesDuke of Western Liang,Emperor of the Tang Empire
Connected familiesAjo ( a nhiệt ) clan of theKyrgyz Khaganate
Estate(s)Palace inChang'an

Family information

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The Li family originated in theLongxi Commanderyand hadHanethnic origins. They were also known as theLongxiLi lineage (Lũng Tây Lý thị), which included the famous Tang poetLi Bai.The Li family were members of the northwest military aristocracy prevalent during the Sui dynasty.[1][2]

According to the official records of Tang dynasty, the Li family waspaternally descendedfrom the famous Daoist sageLaozi(whose personal name was Li Dan or Li Er),[3]as well as theQin DynastyGeneralLi Xinand theHan dynastyGeneralLi Guang,[4][5]andLi Gao,the ethnic Han ruler ofWestern Liang dynasty.During the lateNorthern and Southern dynastiesperiod, the Li family intermarried withXianbeiroyalty whenLi Bing(the ethnically Han father of thefirst Tang emperor)married the part-XianbeiDuchess Dugu(the daughter of prominent Xianbei generalDugu Xin).[6][7]Marriages between elite Han men and Xianbei princesses were common in this period, as theNorthern Weihad arranged for Han elites to marry daughters of theXianbeiTuoba imperial family since the 480s CE.[8]More than half of the Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to Han men from the imperial families and aristocrats from theSouthern dynasties,who had defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei.[9]

Portrait from the tomb of GeneralLi Xian(504-569 CE).

TheKhagansof theYenisei Kyrgyz Khaganatealso claimed Longxi Li ancestry, through descent from theHan dynastygeneralLi Ling.Li Ling, a grandson ofLi Guang,had defected from theHan dynastyto the Xiongnu in the first century BCE.[4][10][11][12]For this reason, theKyrgyzKhagan was recognized as a member of the Tang imperial family.[13][14]: 394–395 Emperor Zhongzong of Tangeven said to theKyrgyzthat "Your nation and Ours are of the same ancestral clan (Zong). You are not like other foreigners."[15]: 126 

The Tang Imperial family was watched over by theZongcheng si(Tông Chính Tự).[16]Other prominent members of the Longxi Li lineage from the Tang period included generalsLi JingandLi Jiongxiu,chancellorsLi Yiyan,Li Kui,Li Wei,Li Fengji,andLi Zhaode,the officialLi Zhongyan,and the poetLi Bai.The Tang Imperial Longxi Li lineage also included sub lineages like the Guzang Li ( cô tang ), from which Li Zhuanmei (Lý giành riêng tên đẹp) came from, who served theLater Jin.[17]

During the Tang dynasty the Li family of Zhaojun (Triệu quận Lý thị), theCui clan of Boling,theCui clan of Qinghe,theLu clan of Fanyang,the Zheng family of Xingyang (Huỳnh Dương Trịnh thị), the Wang family of Taiyuan (Thái Nguyên Vương thị), and the Li family of Longxi (Lũng Tây Lý thị) were the seven noble families between whom marriage was banned by law.[18]

In more recent times, some scholars have speculated that the Tang imperial family might have modified its genealogy to conceal Xianbei heritage.[19]They cite as an example theNorthern ZhouGeneralLi Xian,who claimed descent from the Han generalLi Ling,but whose tomb indicates that he had distant Xianbei ancestry.[20][21]There is however no direct evidence that the Tang imperial family carried out such actions.

Some of the Tang dynasty Imperial family's cadet branches ended up inFu gian.The branch founded by Li Dan ( Lý đan ) became prominent during theSong dynasty,[22]as did another founded by Li Fu ( Lý phú ).[23]Descendants of the Tang Emperors now live in Chengcun village, near theWuyi Mountainsin Fu gian.[24]

During theLater Jin dynastyof the Five Dynasties period, therewere dukedoms ( nhị vương tam khác )established for the descendants of theNorthern Zhou,Sui,andTangimperial families.[25]

The Hu family ofXidiare descended from Hu Shiliang, of Wuyuan, who was a descendant of Hu Changyi, a son ofEmperor Zhaozong of Tangwho was adopted by the Wuyuan Hu family.[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]

People

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Family tree

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Tang dynastydotted line denotes passage of more than one generation
Li ErLý nhĩ,alias Li Dan Lý đam
d.?LaoziLão tử
[33]
Li ZongLý tông
Courtesy nameZunzuTự tôn tổ
Forestry official in the
State of WeiNgụy quốc mộc đại phu
Li TongLý cùng
Grand General in the
State of ZhaoTriệu quốc đại tướng quân
Li DuiLý đoái
Prime Minister of the
State of ZhaoTriệu quốc thừa tướng
Li JiLý tễ
Lord of Yang'an in the
State of ZhaoTriệu quốc dương an quân
Li KeLý khác
Courtesy nameDaohongTự nói hoằng
Tutor to the crown prince
of theState of QinTần quốc Thái Tử thái phó
Li XingzuLý hưng tộc,alias Li Wang, một người Lý uông
Courtesy nameYushenTự dục thần
General in the
State of QinTần quốc tướng quân
Li TanLý đàm
Courtesy nameGuiyuanTự quý xa
Marquis of Bairen county in the
State of Zhao,moved to theState of Qin
and became its Supreme Censor
Triệu quốc bách người huyện hầu,Nhập Tần quốc vì ngự sử đại phu
Li ChongLý sùng
Courtesy nameBoTự bá
(Note: the family line of the
Li of Longxi started from him)
Chú:Lũng Tây Lý thị phòng hệ thủy với này
Prefect of Longxi and
Duke of NanzhengLũng Tây quận thái thú,Nam Trịnh công
Li PingyaoLý bình dao
Courtesy nameNeideTự nội đức
Prefect of Nan and Marquis
of DidaoNam Quận thái thú,Địch nói hầu
Li XinLý tin
Courtesy nameYouchengTự thành công
Grand General and enfeoffed as
Marquis of LongxiĐại tướng quân,Lũng Tây hầu
Li ChaoLý siêualias Li Kang một người kháng
Courtesy nameRengaoTự nhân cao
Grand General of the Han and
Prefect ofYuyangHán đại tướng quân,Cá dương quận thái thú
Li ZhongxiangLý trọng tường
Prefect ofHedong
also held the military rank of
General Who Conquers the
WestHà Đông quận thái thú,Chinh Tây tướng quân
Li BokaoLý bá khảo
Prefect of Longxi and
HedongLũng Tây,Hà Đông nhị quận thái thú
Li ShangLý thượng
Magistrate of Chengji county
Thành kỷ huyện lệnh
Li Guang[4][5]Lý Quảngd.119 BC
General of Front Guard during
theHan dynastyTrước tướng quân
Li GanLý dám
Courtesy nameYouqingTự ấu khanh
Minister of the Imperial Bodyguard
and Marquis of GuanneiLang trung lệnh,Quan nội hầu
Li DanghuLý người cầm đồ

Li YuLý vũ
Courtesy nameZitongTự tử thông

Li LingLý lăng
d.74 BC
General of theHan dynasty

Li ChenggongLý thừa công
Courtesy nameChenggongTự thừa công
Prefect ofHenan
Hà Nam quận thái thú
Yenisei KirghizKhagans
(surnameAreA nhiệt thị[4][34]
Khans of the Kirghiz Khaganate
all claimed descent from
Li Ling during the Tang dynasty
Li XianLý trước
Courtesy nameJingzongTự kính tông
Prefect of Shu and
BeipingThục,Bắc Bình nhị quận thái thú
Li ZhangzongLý trường tông
Courtesy nameBoliTự bá lễ
Secretary to the Prefect
ofYuyangCá dương quận thừa
Li JunkuangLý quân huống
Courtesy namesShuTự thúc
and ZiqiMột chữ tử kỳ
Imperial Savant, Court Consultant
and Intermediate Minister
Tiến sĩ,Nghị lang, quá trung đại phu
Li BenLý bổn
Courtesy nameShangmingTự thượng minh
Served as Court Attendant
and CensorLang trung,Hầu ngự sử
Li CigongLý thứ công
Courtesy nameZhongjunTự trọng quân
Prefect of Ba and Captain of the
Western Barbarians (in modern day
Sichuan)Ba quận thái thú,Tây Di giáo úy
Li GuiLý quỹ
Courtesy nameWenyiTự văn dật
Prefect ofLinhuaiin Wei of the
Three Kingdoms, later Minister of
FarmingTam quốc Ngụy lâm hoài quận thái thú,Tư nông khanh
Li LongLý long
Courtesy nameYanxuTự ngạn tự
Magistrate of Chang'an and
General of Massed Crossbows
Trường An lệnh,Tích nỏ tướng quân
Li AiLý ngải
Courtesy nameShijiTự thế tích
General of Cavalry and Prefect
ofWeiin the Western
JinTây Tấn kiêu kỵ tướng quân,Ngụy quận thái thú
Li YongLý ung
Courtesy nameJunxiTự tuấn hi
Prefect of Jibei and Dongguan
in the Western Jin.Tế bắc,Đông hoàn nhị quận thái thú
Li YanLý yểm
Courtesy nameJiziTự út
Served Zhang Jun, king of the
Former Liang, as Prefect of Tianshui,
General of the Bodyguard,
and Marquis of Anxi Pavilion.
Trước lạnh trương tuấn Thiên Thủy quận thái thú,Võ vệ tướng quân, an tây đình hầu
Li ChangLý sưởng
Courtesy nameZhong gianTự trọng kiên
Lecturer to the Crown
Prince of the Former
LiangTrước lạnh Thái Tử hầu giảng
Li GaoLý cảod.417AD
Courtesy nameXuanshengTự huyền thịnh
King Wuzhao of theWestern Liang
(founded Western Liang in 400 AD)
and posthumously titled of Emperor
XingshengTây Lương võ chiêu vương,Hưng thánh hoàng đế
Prince Wuzhao of (Western)
Liang (Tây) lạnh võ chiêu vương chủ
Li XinLý hâmd. 420
Courtesy nameShiyeTự sĩ nghiệp
Sovereign ofWestern LiangTây Lương sau chủ
Sovereign of Western LiangTây Lương quân chủ
Li XunLý tuând. 421
Sovereign ofWestern LiangTây Lương quân chủ
Sovereign of Western LiangTây Lương quân chủ
Li Chong'erLý trọng nhĩ
Courtesy nameJingshunTự cảnh thuận
When the Western Liang was conquered
[by the Northern Liang in 421], he fled to the
Liu-Song and was appointed Prefect ofRunan.
Later, when the Northern Wei conquered
Yuzhou province he surrendered to them
and was appointed Prefect ofHengnong.
Yuzhou was then recaptured by
General Xue Andu of the Song.
Later served as General Who Subdues
the South and Governor of Yuzhou under
the Northern Wei.Lấy quốc vong bôn Tống,Vì Nhữ Nam quận thái thú
BắcNgụy khắc Dự Châu,Lấy mà về chi, bái hằng nông quận thái thú,
PhụcVì Tống đem Tiết an đều sở hãm,Bắc Nguỵ An Nam tướng quân, Dự Châu thứ sử
Li XiLý hi
Courtesy nameMengliangTự Mạnh lương
General garrisoning Jinmen under
the Northern Wei. Posthumously given
the title Xianzu by the Tang
dynastyBắc Nguỵ Kim Môn trấn đem.( đường hiến tổ )
Li TianciLý trời choor Li Tianxi Lý thiên tích
Courtesy nameDezhenTự đức thật
Posthumously given the title
Tang Yizu (Đường ý tổ)
Li HuLý hổd.551
Courtesy nameWenbinTự văn bân
Grand Pillar-of-the-State General
under theNorthern Zhou,and enfeoffed
as Duke Xiang of the Duchy of Tang.
Posthumously titled as Tang Taizu.
Bắc Chu Trụ Quốc đại tướng quân,Đường Quốc tương công. ( đường Thái Tổ )
Duke of LongxiLũng Tây quận công
Li BingLý bínhd.572
Courtesy nameDezhenTự đức thật
Military Superintendent of Anzhou under the
Northern Zhou, Grand Pillar-of-the-State General,
and Duke Ren of Tang. Posthumously
Tang Daizu.Bắc Chu An Châu tổng quản,Trụ Quốc đại tướng quân,
ĐườngQuốc nhân công.( thời Đường tổ ) Duke of Tang Đường Quốc công
Li YuanLý Uyên566–635
GaozuCao Tổ
618–626
124
Li JianchengLý kiến thành589–626
Cr.Prince YinẨn Thái Tử
Li ShiminLý Thế Dân599–649
TaizongThái Tông
626–649
Li YuanjiLý Nguyên Cát603–626
Prince of QiTề vương
38
Li KeLý khácd. 653
Prince of YulinÚc lâm vương
Li ZhenLý trinhd. 688
Prince Jing of YueCàng kính vương
149ZHOU DYNASTY
Li ChengqianLý Thừa Càn619–645
Prince Min of HengshanHằng Sơn mẫn vương
Li TaiLý thái618–652
Prince Gong of PuBộc cung vương
Li ZhiLý trị628–683
GaozongCao tông
649–683
Wu ZhaoVõ chiếu624–705
Wu ZetianVõ Tắc Thiên
690–705
145 (1)7 (3)8 (4)
Li ZhongLý trung643–665
Prince of YanYến vương
Li SujieLý tố tiết646–690
Prince of XuHứa vương
Li HongLý hoằng652–675
XiaojingHiếu kính
Li XianLý hiện656–710
ZhongzongTrung tông
684, 705–710
Li DanLý đán662–716
RuizongDuệ Tông
684–690, 710–712
4
Li ChongmaoLý trọng mậu695/698–714
ShangdiThương đế
710
13
Li ChengqiLý thành dụng cụ679–742
RangdiLàm đế
Li LongjiLý Long Cơ685–762
Xuanzong IHuyền Tông
712–756
12316
Li CongLý tôngd. 752
FengtianPhụng thiên
Li YingLý anhd. 737
Crown Prince
Li HengLý hừ711–762
SuzongTúc tông
756–762
Li LinLý lând. 757
Prince of YongVĩnh Vương
13
Li YuLý dự727–779
DaizongĐại tông
762–779
Li TanLý đàmd. 757
ChengtianThừa thiên
1
Li GuaLý thích742–805
DezongĐức Tông
779–805
1
Li SongLý tụng761–806
ShunzongThuận tông
805
1
Li ChunLý thuần778–820
XianzongHiến Tông
805–820
1313
Li NingLý ninh793–812
Cr.Prince HuizhaoHuệ chiêu Thái Tử
Li HengLý hằng795–824
MuzongMục Tông
820–824
Li ChenLý thầm810–859
XuānzongTuyên tông
846–859
1251
Li ZhanLý trạm809–827
JingzongKính tông
824–827
Li AngLý ngẩng809–840
WenzongÔng tổ văn học
827–840
Li YangLý viêm814–846
WuzongVõ tông
840–846
Li CuiLý thôi833–873
YizongÝ tông
859–873
57
Li XuanLý uyên862–888
XizongHi tông
873–888
Li YueLý diệp867–904
ZhaozongChiêu tông
888–904
9
Li ZhuLý chúc892–908
AidiAi đếor
ZhaoxuanChiêu tuyên
904–907

See also

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References

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  1. ^Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006),East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History,Boston: Houghton Mifflin, pp.90–91,ISBN0-618-13384-4
  2. ^Adshead, S.A.M. (2004),T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,pp. 40–41,ISBN1-4039-3456-8
  3. ^Kenneth Scott Latourette (1934).The Chinese: their history and culture.Macmillan. p. 191.
  4. ^abcdMichael Robert Drompp (2005).Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History.BRILL. pp. 126–.ISBN90-04-14129-4.
  5. ^abVictor H. Mair; Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt; Paul Rakita Goldin (2005).Hawai'i reader in traditional Chinese culture.University of Hawai'i Press. p. 376.ISBN978-0-8248-2785-4.
  6. ^Jonathan Karam Skaff (6 August 2012).Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800.Oxford University Press. pp. 125–.ISBN978-0-19-999627-8.
  7. ^Jeroen Duindam; Tülay Artan; Metin Kunt (11 August 2011).Royal Courts in Dynastic States and Empires: A Global Perspective.BRILL. pp. 177–.ISBN978-90-04-20622-9.
  8. ^Rubie Sharon Watson (1991).Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society.University of California Press. pp. 80–.ISBN978-0-520-07124-7.
  9. ^Tang, Qiaomei (May 2016).Divorce and the Divorced Woman in Early Medieval China (First through Sixth Century)(PDF)(A dissertation presented by Qiaomei Tang to The Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of East Asian Languages and Civilizations). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. pp. 151, 152, 153.
  10. ^Veronika Veit, ed. (2007).The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001.Vol. 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61.ISBN978-3447055376.Retrieved8 February2012.
  11. ^Michael Robert Drompp (2005).Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history.Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126.ISBN9004141294.Retrieved8 February2012.
  12. ^Kyzlasov, Leonid R. (2010).The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research(PDF).Curatores seriei VICTOR SPINEI et IONEL CANDEÂ VII. Vol. The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research. ROMANIAN ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF IAȘI Editura Academiei Romane - Editura Istros. p. 245.ISBN978-973-27-1962-6.Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologiaeque Antiqutatis et Medii Aevi.
  13. ^Veronika Veit, ed. (2007).The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001.Vol. 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61.ISBN978-3447055376.Retrieved8 February2012.
  14. ^Michael R. Drompp (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon tradition: Kirghiz adherence to the Yenisei region after A. D. 840".Journal of the American Oriental Society.119(3): 390–403.doi:10.2307/605932.JSTOR605932.
  15. ^Michael Robert Drompp (2005).Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history.Brill's Inner Asian library. Vol. 13. Brill.ISBN9004141294.
  16. ^John W. Chaffee (1999).Branches of Heaven: A History of the Imperial Clan of Sung China.Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 8–.ISBN978-0-674-08049-2.
  17. ^Chang Woei Ong (2008).Men of Letters Within the Passes: Guanzhong Literati in Chinese History, 907-1911.Harvard University Asia Center. p. 29.ISBN978-0-674-03170-8.
  18. ^Tackett, Nicolas Olivier (2006).THE TRANSFORMATION OF MEDIEVAL CHINESE ELITES (850-1000 C.E.)(Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences). COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. p. 67.f
  19. ^Sanping, Chen (Nov 1996). "Succession Struggle and the Ethnic Identity of the Tang Imperial House".Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.Third Series.6(3): 379–405.doi:10.1017/S1356186300007793.
  20. ^Wu, Mandy Jui-man (2004)."Exotic Goods as Mortuary Display in Sui Dynasty Tombs--A Case Study of Li Jingxun's Tomb".Sino-Platonic Papers.142:55.
  21. ^Chen, Sanping (1996)."Succession Struggle and the Ethnic Identity of the Tang Imperial House".Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.6(3): 381.doi:10.1017/S1356186300007793.ISSN1356-1863.JSTOR25183243.The official histories compiled during the Tang had been subjected to much political doctoring in order to mask and conceal the imperial house's "barbarian" background. The newest proof is the recent archaeological discovery showing that another contemporary prominent Li clan, namely that ofLi Xian,the Northern Zhou Grand General with the same Longxi ancestry claim, was in fact of unmistakable Tuoba Xianbei descent.
  22. ^Hugh R. Clark (2007).Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fu gian ) from the Late Tang Through the Song.Chinese University Press. pp. 39–40.ISBN978-962-996-227-2.
  23. ^Hugh R. Clark (2007).Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fu gian ) from the Late Tang Through the Song.Chinese University Press. pp. 77–.ISBN978-962-996-227-2.
  24. ^"Past Glory Shines in Ancient Village".China Daily.December 9, 2002.
  25. ^Ouyang, Xiu (5 April 2004).Historical Records of the Five Dynasties.Richard L. Davis, translator. Columbia University Press. pp. 76–.ISBN978-0-231-50228-3.
  26. ^"Xidi Village".ChinaTour.Net.
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  31. ^"Two Beauties Below Yellow Mountain".China Digital Review.July 27, 2015.
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  33. ^Latourette 1934,p. 191.
  34. ^Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1889).Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland.Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society. pp. 386–.