"House of M"is a 2005 comic book storyline published byMarvel Comics,consisting of an eight-issuecomic booklimited serieswith a number ofcrossovertie-in books written byBrian Michael Bendisand illustrated byOlivier Coipel.Its first issue appeared in June 2005 as a follow-up to the events of thePlanet XandAvengers Disassembledstorylines. TheScarlet Witch,her twin brotherQuicksilver,and their father (at the time)Magnetoplay major roles in the series. Like theAge of Apocalypse(1995–1996) storyline,House of Mreplaced theEarth-616as the main reality for a brief time until Scarlet Witch reverted it to normal. The events of the storyline were later indicated to have occurred on Earth-58163.

"House of M"
Cover ofHouse of M1 (Aug 2005), art by Esad Ribic
PublisherMarvel Comics
Publication dateJune – November2005
Genre
Title(s)
Black Panther(vol. 4) #7

Cable & Deadpool#15-18
Captain America(vol. 5) #10
Civil War:House of M#1–5
Decimation: House of M – The Day After#1
Excalibur(vol. 3) #11–14
Exiles(vol. 1) #69–71
Fantastic Four:House of M#1–3
House of M#1–8 Director's Cut #1
House of M Sketchbook
House of M: Avengers #1-5
House of M:Masters of Evil#1–4
Incredible Hulk(vol. 3) #83–86
Hulk: Broken Worlds#1
Iron Man:House of M#1–3
Mutopia X#1–5
New Thunderbolts#11
New X-Men(vol. 2) #16–19
The Pulse#10
The Pulse: House of M Special#1
Spider-Man: House of M#1–5
The Uncanny X-Men#462–465
Wolverine(vol. 3) #33–35
Secret of the House of M#1
What If? House of M#1

What If? Spider-Man House of M#1
Creative team
Writer(s)Brian Michael Bendis
Penciller(s)Olivier Coipel
Inker(s)Tim Townsend
Colorist(s)Frank D'Armata
HardcoverISBN0-7851-2466-7

Publication history

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The first issue was released in June 2005, with the series concluding in November 2005. The first two issues were ranked first and second in sales in the June 2005 period, with the first issue selling over 233,000 copies.[1]The final issue,House of M#8, ranked third in sales for the November 2005 period with sales of 135,462.[2]In addition to the main eight-issue limited series,House of Mwas preceded by a story inExcalibur#13–14, and had several tie-ins to ongoing series, includingUncanny X-Men,New X-Men: Academy X,The Incredible HulkandWolverine,and several miniseries:Fantastic Four:House of M,Iron-Man:House of M,Mutopia X: House of M,andSpider-Man: House of M.

Bendis, the lead writer for theHouse of Mevent, stated that the series would "shake the world and break theInternetwide open. "[3]Before the event, Bendis also mentioned in several interviews that the event would have a lasting effect on theMarvel Universe,but remained tight-lipped as to how.

The crossover was followed by a one-shot calledHouse of M: Decimation – The Day After,a series calledSon of Mthat depicts Quicksilver dealing with his loss of powers, andGeneration M,which devoted each issue to a different mutant dealing with the loss of their powers. Characters who appeared includeChamber,Jubilee,andBlob.Characters who lost their powers includedDani Moonstar,Magneto, andTag.The storyline also led to the reboot ofExcaliburintoNew Excalibur,a shift in the creative teams of several comics, and the debut of severalspin-offseries, includingX-Men: Deadly Genesis,X-Men: The 198,Sentinel Squad O*N*E,Ms. Marvel,and a newX-Factorseries.

Theepilogueto theHouse of MandDecimationstory-lines, served to answer the mystery of the strange "energy-cloud" hovering in orbit around theEarthafterHouse of M#8, was revealed in the pages ofNew Avengers#16–20

World

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In this world,Magnetowas attacked bySentinelsinManhattanin 1979 (taking advantage of Marvel'ssliding timescalepolicy, no heroes were active in the 1970s). At the end of the attack, Magneto revealed an alleged international anti-mutant conspiracy involvingRichard M. Nixon.As a result, Magneto was granted sovereignty of the island ofGenoshaas the leader of the world's mutants. Another result was that the protection of mutant life was judged to be the first worry of all laws (as a result,stem cell researchon mutant embryos is illegal, but stem cell research on altered human embryos is permitted). Because of this, the world is a racist society, with mutants controlling governments, businesses, and culture, and humans (or "sapiens" ) are looked down on as inferior (essentially a reversal of the status quo in the mainstream Marvel Universe, where mutants are looked down on and despised instead).

Some exceptions apply to "sapiens" who live with privileges likeCarol Danvers(Ms. Marvel inEarth-616continuity, butCaptain Marvelin the World of M) and Peter Parker (Spider-Man). Danvers is widely known to be a "sapiens," while Spider-Man is believed by theHouse of Mworld at large to be a mutant.

Given that theHouse of Mreality was created by the Scarlet Witch andCharles Xavier,combining their powers to give the assembled NewAvengersandX-Mentheir hearts' desires, it appears that Magneto's heart desire was threefold. Primarily, he wanted the entire world to acknowledge that his paranoid fantasies about baseline humans wanting to exterminate mutants were true (hence the Sentinel attack overNew Yorkin 1979, which concluded with the release of evidence that the world's human leaders were involved in a genocidal anti-mutant conspiracy). Secondly, he wanted to be acknowledged as a heroic figure and the rightful leader of all mutant-kind (hence the disappearance of Charles Xavier and the timing of Magneto's rise to dominance before other superheroes had appeared on the scene to challenge him). And thirdly, a massive speeding-up of the natural evolution ofHomo sapiensintoHomo superior;until, by the modern era, they accounted for almost 50% of the global population, providing him with a power base sufficient to take over the governments of the world and use them to oppress baseline humans.

It is unclear whether the Scarlet Witch altered the entireMarvel Universe,or merely the structure and history of Earth, a fact further complicated by the events ofSecret Invasion.TheSkrullHank Pymstated there was no way the Skrull army could win against such a vast number of mutants, at least possibly implying that the Skrull army was left intact by Wanda's reality warp. Also, Xavier's supposed death in this reality, which conflicts with his reported off-planet actions, further confuses the issue. There is aKreeambassador calledGenis-Vellthat appears within this illusory reality, and the Kree are shown to be peacefully collaborating with Earth, indicating that such was the Scarlet Witch's power that she was indeed capable of rewriting all of reality, the entire universe.[4]

The universe whereHouse of Mtakes place is designated asEarth-58163.[citation needed]

Synopsis

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Genesis

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Wanda Maximoff,also known as the Scarlet Witch, is living on the devastated island ofGenoshaunder the care ofProfessor Charles Xavierand her father (at the time)Magneto.Professor X informs Magneto that his telepathic powers will no longer be enough to hold back Wanda's reality-warping abilities and that a permanent solution must be found. Magneto blames himself for twisting his children through the strength of his own dreams and ambitions.

Meanwhile, Xavier arranges a meeting of theAvengers,the X-Men,and several lone heroes atAvengers Towerto decide the fate of Wanda Maximoff.Emma Frostconcludes that killing Wanda is the only way to end her destructive magic.Captain Americaargues that the group should seek alternate methods of dealing with Wanda, including suppression of her powers and her insanity. The X-Men argue that if word gets out that a mutant with the ability to change reality went insane, it would "send human-mutant relations back to the stone age." As the conversation progresses, it is revealed that Professor X askedDoctor Strangeto help Wanda, but unfortunately neither was strong enough to combat her magic. Wolverine speaks up, saying that there is no other way—Wanda must be killed. The rest of the group decides that they must talk to Wanda in person before making their decision.

Back in Genosha, a distraughtQuicksilverrushes to Magneto and reveals that he was just inNew York Citywhere he heard that the X-Men and Avengers are planning on killing Wanda. Magneto does not know what to do and, clearly upset, asks: "What would you have me do?" Quicksilver falls to the floor, sobbing, and Magneto glances over at his sleeping daughter.

Xavier takes the two groups to Genosha, only to discover that Wanda is missing. Suddenly, the members of the group start to disappear one by one.Spider-Manis soon the only one left and becomes engulfed by a white light.

New world

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When the light departs, the world has changed: Spider-Man is a celebrity married toGwen Stacy;Cyclopsand Emma Frost are married; Doctor Strange is a psychologist; Carol Danvers is Captain Marvel, America's most beloved superhero;Gambitis a criminal; andSteve Rogersis an aged veteran. As the vignettes of their lives are followed, it becomes readily apparent that none of them remembers the change. Wolverine recalls all of his lost memories and knows this new world is a lie. He finds the world has changed into one whereHomo superioris the dominant species instead ofHomo sapiens.Mutants rule humans—and Magneto and his "House of M" rule mutants.

Wolverine seeks help from his fellow X-Men and Avengers. Unable to find Professor X, Wolverine goes looking for Spider-Man andTony Stark.He is confronted by his "teammates" in the Red Guard, elite mutant soldiers ofS.H.I.E.L.D.Wolverine escapes and finds the Human Resistance Movement led byLuke Cage.Cage has gathered other non-mutant crime-fighters to protect humans from the House of M's abuses of power. Wolverine is shocked to see one of the members is Clint Barton (Hawkeye), a hero who had died in the real world.

Wolverine explains why he knows this world was created by the Scarlet Witch. He theorizes Magneto used her to create a world where everyone's deepest wish was granted. Magneto got the mutant supremacy he always wanted. Spider-Man got a life of happiness and contentment. Wolverine is an Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. but remembers the world from before 'House of M'. Cage reveals that a little girl namedLayla Millertold him almost exactly the same thing days ago. The heroes begin visiting the Avengers and X-Men in their new lives as Layla awakens their true memories.

Wake-up call

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Wolverine and the Human Resistance awaken many heroes to the truth, including Cyclops, Spider-Man,Shadowcat,Doctor Strange, Iron Man,She-Hulk,Daredevil,Rogue,Mystique,Nightcrawler,Toad,andSpider-Woman.Hawkeye becomes distraught over learning of his death and briefly leaves the group. The rest travel to Genosha for a final confrontation with Magneto.

House of Magnus, from left to right:Quicksilver,Scarlet Witch,her two childrenWilliamandThomas,Magneto,andPolaris

Back in Genosha, Magneto receives representatives from around the world to commemorate the mutant triumph over humanity. The heroes attack Magneto and his family directly, whileCloak,Emma Frost, Doctor Strange, and Layla search for Xavier. They find a gravestone with Xavier's name, but Cloak discovers nobody buried beneath it.

Battle Against House of M

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The battle between the House of M and the heroes continues with great ferocity. While the chaos ensues, the Scarlet Witch disappears from the battlefield only to be discovered by Doctor Strange in a tower with her children. The two begin to talk as Doctor Strange attempts to discover the origin of the madness that is happening. Wanda reveals the answer to him in a flashback from when Quicksilver confronted Magneto about the fate of Wanda. It turns out that Quicksilver himself was the one responsible for the creation of the alternate world, suggesting to Wanda to make everyone happy in an almost-perfect world. After this revelation, Emma Frost tells Doctor Strange to ask about the fate of Charles Xavier. Before she can answer, Wanda is struck in the back by an arrow.

The attacker is Hawkeye, who begins to break down emotionally to Wanda about his death in the real timeline. After a heated exchange, Hawkeye is killed for the second time as one of the Scarlet Witch's antagonized sons uses his mutant powers to "erase" the Avenger. Meanwhile, in the memorial garden, Magneto confronts Emma Frost and Layla Miller, who reveal the truth to Magneto about all that has happened. He then unleashes his wrath on everyone, especially his son Quicksilver. He kills Quicksilver by pummeling him to a bloody pulp with large pieces of steel. Suddenly, the Scarlet Witch appears and returns her brother to life. She begins to lash out, saying "We're freaks, Mutants... You chose this over us and you ruined us... Daddy!" She then utters "No more mutants." Everything turns to white once again.

No More Mutants

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In a blinding flash, the world seemingly returns to normal. The Avengers come together to try to make sense of what happened that night, only to be confronted by a distraught Doctor Strange, who states that the "House of M" timeline really took place, and its effects are slowly being felt on a wider scale. They later get an alert from the ruins of Avengers Mansion. Investigating, they find Hawkeye's uniform pinned to a wall with his arrows, suggesting Hawkeye is alive.

At theXavier Institute for Higher Learning,most of the students lose their mutant abilities. Emma Frost scans the whole world withCerebrofor mutant activity. She learns the number of mutants in the world has dropped from millions to a few hundred. Spider-Man is distraught and angry with the fact that he still has memories of being married to Gwen Stacy and having a child together. Meanwhile, Wolverine awakens remembering everything about his past.[5]The X-Men fly to Genosha looking for Magneto and his children. They find Magneto is also powerless and does not know where Wanda or Quicksilver have gone.

The heroes can only guess what has caused the majority of the mutant population to lose their powers. Xavier is still missing, and Cerebro and Doctor Strange are unable to detect the Scarlet Witch. Hank Pym warns that all these powers could not simply vanish, but are contained somewhere and that because every action has an equal and opposite reaction, the question remains as to what the reaction to these events will be. Acolossal red ribbon of energybegins toorbitEarth.

"Decimation"

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The "House of M" storyline resulted in the reduction of the mutant population from millions to hundreds. Only two current members of the X-Men (Polarisand Professor X) suffered this fate, as well as the former X-ManChamber.Several minor allies and enemies were depowered includingCallistoand theBlob,the longest-running character to be affected. Their main adversary Magneto also lost his abilities, and two members of the Avengers, Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch. Magneto and Xavier have since been repowered, whilst Polaris and Quicksilver have either gained new powers (sometimes much like their old powers) or regained lost powers by other means, within a span of well under two years. Other reasonably popular mutants have also been repowered by technology, such asWind Dancerand Jubilee.[volume & issue needed]

Other consequences include:

  • The temporary disappearance of Charles Xavier (he returned inX-Men: Deadly Genesiswithout his powers), Scarlet Witch, and Quicksilver. Quicksilver's disappearance is explained in theSon of Mlimited series.
  • Wolverine's total recall of his past, which caused a serious change in his status. Multiple governments and agencies for which he has worked or which have manipulated him consider him to be one of the most dangerous threats to them.
  • Though not explicitly expressed in theHouse of Mseries, as ofNew Avengers#26,Clint Bartonhas been revived in the Marvel Universe.
  • The Collective,a new villain that destroyed the Canadian superhero teamAlpha Flight,was created as a result of the decimation event. The Collective was apparently formed from all of the mutant energies displaced by Wanda's actions.
  • TheShadow Kingwas able to return to this reality withShadow-Xwhen Wanda shifted reality.
  • Onslaughtwas reborn.
  • Jim Jaspers was brought back to life and fused withThe Fury.
  • The disappearance ofMegganand return ofCaptain Britainto theUnited Kingdomas a result of preventing the destruction of all realities from the strain of theHouse of Mrewriting the Earth-616 reality; later Meggan was reportedly taken prisoner by a demon named Plokta. Finally, she managed to free herself, reuniting with Captain Britain.
  • Due to the vast depowering of mutants, America won the super powers war without lifting a finger.[6]
  • The Skrulls gained a massive advantage in their infiltration and sabotage. With so many millions of mutants killed, lost, or powerless, one of the three primary threatsVerankestated was neutralized.
  • With all the mutant energy released,Vulcan,the third Summers brother, was revived from a long slumber.
  • Illyana Rasputinwas reborn as Darkchylde.

Worlds Tour

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TheExilesbegin their Worlds Tour inExiles#69 to chase downProteuswho has been reborn in this new world. It was their first stop of six.

"Secret Invasion"

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In a May 5, 2008, interview, Brian Michael Bendis indicated that the events of "House of M" play into the "Secret Invasion"storyline. The activities of the Skrulls duringHouse of Mwere covered inNew Avengers#45,[7]in which it was revealed that the Skrull agents were able to retain their memories after Wanda alters reality, her powers seemingly unable to detect their true natures and desires, and had attempted to instigate the destruction of the mutants over the alteration. The Skrull queen, still disguised asJessica Drew,considered the resulting "Decimation" to be a boon to the Skrulls' plans as they could now divert the part of their forces intended to deal with Earth's mutant population to other areas.

Later miniseries

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House of M:Avengers

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The five-issue limited seriesHouse of M: Avengersdebuted in November 2007, written byChristos Gageand drawn byMike Perkins.[8]The series spans from 1979 to the present day and acts as a prequel to the originalHouse of Mminiseries, showing the formation of Luke Cage's Human Resistance Movement.[9]

The 2008 miniseriesCivil War: House of Mdepicts how Magneto took over the world and made mutants the dominant race, as well as confirming that Xavier is indeed dead in this reality. It also featuresHouse of Mversions ofBolivar Trask,Bucky Barnes,Burner,Dragoness,Gateway,Graydon Creed,Lifter,Mimic,Nuke,Randall Darby,Slither,theSoviet Super-Soldiers(Crimson Dynamo,Darkstar,Red Guardian,Titanium Man,Ursa Major,Vanguard), Vashti Cleito-Son, andWarlord Krang.

Set right afterCivil War: House of M,this miniseries depicts how theHoodassembles a gang of the deadliest "sapiens" super-criminals:Madame Masque,Absorbing Man,Batroc the Leaper,BlizzardII,ChemistroIII,Cobra,Constrictor,Crossbones,Nitro,Sandman,Titania,Wizard,and theWrecking Crew(Bulldozer,Piledriver,Thunderball,andWrecker).

In the run-up to the 2014 "Spider-Verse"storyline, theSuperior Spider-Man(Doctor Octopus's mind in Spider-Man's body) found himself temporarily trapped in the year 2099 with his attempts to return home via a dimensional portal resulting in him witnessing various alternate worlds where other Spider-Men had been killed bya dimension-hopping adversaryincluding a dead Spider-Man in what appeared to be the world of the House of M.[10]

Comic tie-ins

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The "House of M" storyline ties into the following comics:

Collected editions

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Trade paperbacks

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Thetrade paperbackscollect many of the issues involved with theHouse of Mstoryline. Arranged in order, the spines of the books form theHouse of Mlogo. Each storyline/paperback contains a mostly standalone side story and can be read individually without any continuity problems. Only theHouse of Mminiseries itself deals with the main storyline.

Title Material collected Publication date ISBN
House of M House of M#1–8 February 2006 0-7851-1721-0
House of M: Excalibur – Prelude Excalibur#11–14 July 2005 0-7851-1812-8
House of M: Fantastic Four / Iron Man Fantastic Four: House of M#1–3;Iron Man: House of M#1–3 February 2006 978-0785119234
House of M: The Incredible Hulk The Incredible Hulk#84–86 February 2006 0-7851-1834-9
House of M: Uncanny X-Men Uncanny X-Men#462–465; first half ofSecrets of the House of M February 2006 978-0785116639
House of M: Mutopia X Mutopia X#1–5 February 2006 978-0785118114
House of M: New X-Men New X-Men: Academy X#16–19; second half ofSecrets of the House of M February 2006 978-0785119418
House of M: Spider-Man Spider-Man: House of M#1–5 February 2006 978-0785117537
House of M: World of M, Featuring Wolverine Wolverine#33–35;Captain America#10;Black Panther#7;Pulse#10 February 2006 978-0785119227
House of M: Avengers House of M: Avengers#1–5 June 2008 978-0785127505
House of M: Civil War Civil War: House of M#1–5 April 2009 978-0785133803
House of M: Masters of Evil House of M: Masters of Evil#1–4 February 2010 978-0785141662

Hardcovers

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Title Material collected Publication date ISBN
House of M, Vol 1 House of M#1–8;The Pulse Special Edition;Secrets of the House of M January 2008 978-0785124665
House of M, Vol 2: Spider-Man, Fantastic Four, and X-Men Spider-Man: House of M#1–5;New Thunderbolts#11;Fantastic Four: House of M#1–3;Black Panther#7;Uncanny X-Men#462–465 December 2009 978-0785138815
House of M, Vol 3: Wolverine, Iron Man, and Hulk Wolverine#33–35;Iron Man: House of M#1–3;Incredible Hulk#83–87;Hulk: Broken Worlds#1;Captain America#10;Pulse#10;Cable & Deadpool#17 January 2010 978-0785138822
House of M, Vol 4: No More Mutants Mutopia X#1–5;New X-Men#16–19;Exiles#69–71;House of M: The Day After;Giant-Size Ms. Marvel#1 April 2010 978-0785138839
House of M Omnibus House of M#1-8,Spider-Man: House of M#1-5,Fantastic Four: House of M#1-3,Iron Man: House of M#1-3,New Thunderbolts#11,Black Panther#7,Uncanny X-Men#462-465,Wolverine#33-35,Captain America#10,Pulse#10,Cable & Deadpool#17,Incredible Hulk#83-87,New X-Men#16-19,Exiles#69-71,Mutopia X#1-5,Decimation: House of M - The Day After,Giant-Size Ms. Marvel#1,Secrets of the House of M,Pulse: House of M Special,House of M #1 Director's Cut,House of M Sketchbook,and material fromHulk: Broken Worlds Book One November 22, 2022 978-1302948221

Spin-offs

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Title Material Collected Publication Date ISBN
House of M: Warzones! House of M(vol. 2) #1-4 andHouse of M(vol. 1) #1 January 13, 2016 978-0785198727

Other versions

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  • An issue ofWhat If?using the "House of M" as a springboard asks, "What If Scarlet Witch Ended the House of M event by saying No More Powers?" In this story, all of the heroes of the world lose their powers with mixed results. Characters likeThing,Ms. MarvelandShe-Hulkrevert to human form, Doctor Strange tells Wong that he cannot connect with magic, Wolverine'sadamantiumskeleton becomes too heavy for him to bear, Spider-Man is relieved at the loss of his "responsibility", etc. Iron Man believes there is still work to be done and most of the X-Men try to resume normal lives. Iron Man speaks to the Illuminati members about this problem. TheRed Skullobtains aCosmic Cubeand uses it to take over New York, with the intent to do the same to the planet. Iron Man outfits Wolverine,War Machine,and Carol Danvers with special armored suits. The X-Men appear, using remainingShi'artechnology in an attempt to stop the Red Skull. As a result of this opposition, the Cosmic Cube is destroyed, and the Red Skull is defeated. Many years later, an older Tony Stark is shown visiting Peter Parker, his daughter May and May's young daughter Anna. Stark speculates that if things get bad enough again, superhuman abilities may yet emerge. As he says this, Anna is shown leaping from a monkey bar after a butterfly with uncanny grace and agility.[11]
  • Two issues ofWhat If?in the 2009 series revolve around theSpider-Man: House of Mminiseries. The first one asks what would have happened had Emma Frost not wiped Gwen's mind and she had accompanied the heroes to Genosha. The second one asks what would have happened if the Scarlet Witch had allowed Gwen and her son with Peter to exist after returning reality back to normal.[volume & issue needed]
  • The "House of M" timeline appeared in the 2015 storyline "Secret Wars".Its location on Battleworld is called the Monarchy of M.

In other media

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TheMarvel Cinematic UniverseminiseriesWandaVisionis inspired by theHouse of Mstoryline.Wanda Maximoffcreates an alternate reality afterVision's death, although she only affects one town,Westview,instead of the whole world.[12][13]Her children also appear in bothWandaVisionandDoctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness.

See also

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References

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  1. ^"House of MBoffo at 233K ".icv2. July 25, 2005.RetrievedApril 21,2008.
  2. ^"Top 300 Comics Actual–November 2005".icv2. December 19, 2005.RetrievedApril 21,2008.
  3. ^Bendis, Brian (w).House of M#1. "Director's Cut". Marvel Comics.
  4. ^Thunderbolts(vol. 2) #11
  5. ^House of M 8, 2005. "My whole life... I remember all of it."
  6. ^Avengers: The Initiative#1 (June 2007)
  7. ^DeAngelo IV, Frank; Strom, Marc (May 5, 2008)."Secret Invasion Illumination – Ka-Zar: Brian Bendis dishes on Ka-Zar's upcoming role inSecret Invasion".Marvel.
  8. ^"Unlocking the Cage: Gage talksHouse of M: Avengers".Comic Book Resources.September 4, 2007.
  9. ^"Solicitation forHouse of M: Avengers#1 ".Marvel
  10. ^The Superior Spider-Man#32. Marvel Comics.
  11. ^Reed, Brian,Cebulski, C B.(w),Cheung, Jim,Pantalena, Paolo (p), Crime Lab Studios (i). "What If?""What If? House of M",vol. 1, no. 1 (December 3, 2008).New York, NY:Marvel Comics.
  12. ^Reinstein, Mara (December 16, 2020)."Not Your Mother's Suburbs".emmy.Archivedfrom the original on December 20, 2020.RetrievedDecember 19,2020.
  13. ^Malkin, Marc (January 15, 2021)."'WandaVision' Star Paul Bettany on Why Sitcom Acting Was 'Frightening at Times'".Variety.Archivedfrom the original on January 15, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 23,2021.
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