Wikipedia

Howard Chaykin

Howard Victor Chaykin[1](/ˈtʃeɪkɪn/;born October 7, 1950)[2]is anAmericancomic book artistand writer. Chaykin's influences include his one-time employer and mentor,Gil Kane,and the mid-20th century illustratorsRobert FawcettandAl Parker.

Howard Chaykin
Chaykin seated at a table
Chaykin at Special Edition NYC in Manhattan
BornHoward Victor Chaykin
(1950-10-07)October 7, 1950(age 74)
Newark,New Jersey,U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Area(s)Writer,Penciller,Inker
Pseudonym(s)Eric Pave
Notable works
Dominic Fortune
Cody Starbuck
American Flagg!
AwardsInkpot Award,1977
7Eagle Awards,1984
Eagle Award, 2006

Early life

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Howard Chaykin was born inNewark, New Jersey,to Rosalind Pave and Norman Drucker, who soon separated.[3]Chaykin was initially raised by his grandparents inStaten Island,New York City, until his mother married Leon Chaykin in 1953 and the family moved toEast Flatbushand later to 370 Saratoga Avenue,Brownsville, Brooklyn.At 14,[1]Chaykin moved with his now divorced mother to theKew Gardenssection ofQueens.[3]He said in 2000 he was raised onwelfareafter his parents separated and that his absent biological father eventually was declared dead, although Chaykin, as an adult, located him alive. Chaykin's "nutty and cruel" adoptive father, whom Chaykin until the 1990s believed was his natural father,[3]encouraged Chaykin's interest in drawing and bought him sketchbooks.[1]

He was introduced to comics by his cousin, who gave him a refrigerator box filled with them.[4]He graduated fromJamaica High Schoolat 16, in 1967, and in mid-1968 worked at Zenith Press. He attendedColumbia Collegein Chicago that fall, but left school and returned to New York the following year.[3]Chaykin said that after high school, "I hitchhiked around the country" before becoming, at 19, a "gofer" for the New York City–based comic book artistGil Kane,[5]whom he would name as his greatest influence.[4]

Career

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Chaykin in May 2019

Chaykin's earliest work with comic books was under the tutelage of Gil Kane, whom he would later call his mentor.[6][7]

I'd heard on the grapevine that Gil's assistant had dropped dead of a heart attack at 23. I gave Gil a call, and he said, 'Yeah, I can use you.' So I went to work for him.... He was doing [the earlygraphic novel]Blackmark,and I did a really bad job pasting up the dialog and putting in [Zip-a-Tone].... It was a great apprenticeship. I learned a lot from watching Gil work.[5]

In 1970, he began publishing his art in comics and science-fictionfanzines,sometimes under thepseudonymEric Pave.[3] Leaving Kane, he began working as an assistant to comics artistWally Wood[8]in the studio he shared withSyd ShoresandJack AbelinValley Stream,Long Island.He worked there for a "couple of months",[5]and in 1971 published his first professional comics work, for the adult-themeWesternfeatureShattuckin the military newspaper theOverseas Weekly,[3]one of Wood's clients. He also "ghostedsome stuff "forGray Morrow:"IpenciledaMan-Thingstory he did [forMarvel Comics'Fear#10 (cover-datedOct. 1972)], and I penciled a thing for [the magazine]National Lampooncalled "Michael Rockefellerand the Jungles of New Guinea. "[5][9]He then apprenticed underNeal Adams,working with the artist at Adams' home inThe Bronx.[5]This led to his first work atDC Comics,one of the two largest comics companies:

Neal showed me to [editors]Murray BoltinoffandJulius Schwartz.Murray gave me a one-page filler. I also got some work fromDorothy Woolfolk,who edited thelove comics.It was all just dreadful stuff, but you stumble along, and you learn. A problem for me was that by the time I became a professional, I lost any interest whatsoever insuperherocomics. I'm not ahorror [comics]guy, and I didn't know what the hell to do! (laughter) What I wanted to draw is guys with guns, guys with swords, and women with big tits, and that was the extent of my interest in comics at the time.[10]

The "one-page filler", titled "Strange Neighbor", was inventoried and eventually published in the Boltinoff-editedSecrets of Sinister House#17 (May 1974).[3][11]His other earliest known DC work was penciling andinkingthe three-page story "Not Old Enough!" inYoung Romance#185 (Aug. 1972), and penciling the eight-page supernatural story "Eye of the Beholder" inForbidden Tales of Dark Mansion#7 (Oct. 1972) and the one-page "Enter the Portals of Weird War" inWeird War Tales#9 (Dec. 1972).[11]

At one point Chaykin lived in the same Queens apartment building as artistsAllen Milgrom,Walter Simonson,andBernie Wrightson.Simonson recalls, "We'd get together at 3 a.m. They'd come up and we'd have popcorn and sit around and talk about whatever a 26, 27, and 20-year-old guys talk about. Our art, TV, you name it. I pretty much knew at the time, 'These are the good ole days.'"[12]

1970s

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Chaykin's first major work was forDC Comicsdrawing the 23-page "The Price of Pain Ease" —writerDenny O'Neil's adaptation of authorFritz Leiber's charactersFafhrd and the Gray Mouser—inSword of Sorcery#1 (March 1973).[11][13]Although the title was well received, it lasted only five issues before cancellation. Chaykin drew the characterIronwolfin the science fiction anthology titleWeird Worlds[14]for DC, and did the pencils and ink for a 12-page Batman story written byArchie Goodwinand published inDetective Comics#441 in 1974. In 2018 he looked back on this Batman story as one of the worst things he had ever drawn, adding, "Anything of value in that story was Archie's."[15]Moving toMarvel Comics,he began work as co-artist with Neal Adams on the firstKillravenstory, seen inAmazing Adventures#18 in 1973.[16]

After this, Chaykin was given various adventure strips to draw for Marvel, including his own creation,Dominic Fortune(inspired by hisScorpioncharacter, originally drawn forAtlas Comics), now in the pages ofMarvel Preview.[17]In 1978, he wrote and drew hisCody Starbuckcreation for the anthology titleStar Reach,one of the first independent titles of the 1970s. These strips saw him explore more adult themes as best he could within the restrictions often imposed on him by editors and theComics Code Authority.The same year, he produced for Schanes & Schanes a six-plate portfolio showcasing his character.

In 1976, Chaykin landed the job of drawing theMarvel Comicsadaptationof thefirstStar Warsfilm,written byRoy Thomas.[11][18][19]Chaykin left after 10 issues to work in more adult and experimental comics, and to do paperback book covers.

In late 1978,[20]Chaykin,Walt Simonson,Val Mayerik,andJim StarlinformedUpstart Associates,a shared studio space on West 29th Street in New York City. The membership of the studio changed over time.[21]

Chaykin penciled DC Comics' first miniseries,World of Krypton(July–September 1979).[22][23]

In the next few years he produced material forHeavy Metal,drew agraphic noveladaptation ofAlfred Bester'sThe Stars My Destination,and produced illustrations for works byRoger Zelazny.Chaykin collaborated on two original graphic novels—The Swords of Heaven, the Flowers of Hellwith writerMichael Moorcock,andEmpirewithSamuel R. Delany—and found time to move into film design with work on the movie version ofHeavy Metal.

1980s

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American Flagg#2 (Nov. 1983) by Chaykin. The piece shows off Chaykin's sense of design, clear lines, fashionable clothing, and American nostalgia and jingoism common to many of his works.

In 1980 he designed the album cover ofThe Legend of Jesse James,a concept album about legendary outlawJesse James.[24]

Chaykin had a six-issue run on Marvel'sMicronautsseries, drawing issues from #13 (January 1980) to #18 (June 1980).[25]He went back to Cody Starbuck with a story inHeavy Metalbetween May and September 1981, in the same painted art style he'd used for the Moorcock graphic novel.

In June 1980, a story that he collaborated on with Samuel R. Delany, called "Seven Moons' Light Casts Complex Shadows" was published in Marvel'sEpic Illustrated#2.[26]

In 1983, Chaykin launchedAmerican Flagg!forFirst Comics.With Chaykin as both writer and artist, the series was successful for First and proved highly influential, mi xing all of Chaykin's previous ideas and interests—jazz,pulp adventure,science fiction and sex. Chaykin made wide use ofCraftintDuoshade illustration boards, which in the period before computers allowed him to add a shaded texture to the finished art.[27]American Flagg!made a huge splash at the 1984Eagle Awards,the United Kingdom's pre-eminent comics awards. Chaykin andAmerican Flagg!were nominated for ten awards,[28]eventually winning seven.[29]

After the first 26 issues ofAmerican Flagg!,Chaykin started work on new projects. Chaykin's involvement in his original run of the series was that of writer for 29 issues, interior artist for issues #1–12 and 14–26, and cover artist for issues #1–33. He returned to full art and writing for theAmerican Flagg! Specialone-shot in 1986. In 1987, a four-issue run was released, then the title was cancelled and relaunched asHoward Chaykin's American Flagg!,which ran 12 issues.

The first new project was a revamp ofThe Shadowin a four-issue miniseries forDC Comicsin 1986.[30]Rather than setting the series in its traditional 1930s milieu, Chaykin updated it to a contemporary setting and included his own style of extreme violence. In a 2012 interview, Chaykin stated, "The reason I pulled him out of the period was because I thought it would be commercial suicide to do a period character at that point."[31]

TheAmerican Flagg! Specialone-shot introduced Chaykin'sTime²,a two-volume graphic-novel series with a heavy dose of jazz,film noirand a fantasy version of New York City:Time²: The Epiphany(ISBN0-915419-07-6) andTime²: The Satisfaction of Black Mariah(ISBN0-915419-23-8)). In 1987, Chaykin described plans for a third volume, saying, "It's probably going to be grossly different from the first two, because I'm taking things in another direction... I want to do a story that is both very funny... and at the same time very, very ugly. Really nasty and unpleasant. Because frankly, it's the place to do that sort of thing."[32]Although Chaykin hoped it would be available in 1988,[32]the third volume will be included in the Time² Omnibus, released in February, 2024 throughImage Comics.

Chaykin has describedTime²as the single work about which he is most proud.[4]"To tell you the truth, my first interest would be to do anotherTime²because that was a very personal product for me, "he said in 2008." It's a fantasia of my family's story. "[33]

Before returning toAmerican Flagg!,Chaykin revamped another DC Comics character withBlackhawk,a three-issue miniseries about a team of heroic aviators, set in the 1930s.

In 1987, DC proposed a system of labeling comics for violent or sexual content, Chaykin withAlan MooreandFrank Millerboycotted DC and refused to work for the company.[34]

In 1988, Chaykin created perhaps his most controversial[35]title:Black Kiss,a 12-issue series published byVortex Comicsthat contained his most explicit depictions of sex and violence, with a story of sex-obsessedvampiresinHollywood.ThoughBlack Kissshipped sealed in an "adults only" clear plastic bag, its content drew much criticism.[36]This did not stop it from selling well enough for Chaykin to describe it as "probably, on a per-page basis, the most profitable book I've ever done."[37]

1990s

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Chaykin returned to DC to write the three-issueminiseriesTwilight,drawn byJosé Luis García-Lópezand revamping some of DC's science-fiction heroes of the 1950s and 1960s, such asTommy TomorrowandSpace Cabby.Later, Chaykin collaborated twice with artistMike Mignola:In 1990–1991, they produced theFafhrd and the Gray Mouserminiseries forEpic Comicswith co-writerJohn Francis Mooreand inkerAl Williamson.This was followed with theIronwolf: Fires of the Revolutiongraphic novel in 1992.[38]Chaykin then wrote and illustratedMidnight Menfor Marvel's Epic imprint in 1993. He co-created/designedFirearmforMalibu Comicsthat same year, and then with several colleagues formed the creator-ownedBravuraimprint for Malibu Comics. Chaykin created the four-issue miniseriesPower and Gloryin 1994, a superhero-themedpublic relationssatire.

In 1996, DC'sHeliximprint publishedCyberella,acyberpunkdystopiawritten by Chaykin and drawn by Don Cameron.

Chaykin began to drift out of comics by the mid-1990s. With the exception of severalElseworldsstories he wrote for DC Comics, includingBatman: Dark Allegianceswhich he wrote and drew in 1996, his comic output became minimal as he became more involved in film and television work. He was executive script consultant for the 1990–1991The Flashtelevision series onCBS,[39]and later worked on action-adventure programs such asViper,Earth: Final ConflictandMutant X.

Near the end of the decade, Chaykin returned to comics and co-wrote withDavid Tischmanthe three-issue miniseriesPulp Fantasticfor theVertigoimprint of DC, with art byRick Burchett.

2000s

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Chaykin began co-writingAmerican Centurywith David Tischman for Vertigo.[40]This story, set in post-war America, would be a pulp-adventure strip inspired by the likes ofTerry and the Piratesas well as theEC Comicswar stories created byHarvey Kurtzman.That year, Chaykin became part of the creative team onMutant X,a television series inspired by theMarvel Comicsseries of mutant titles.

His next work wasMighty Love,a 96-page original graphic novel published in 2004 and described as "You've Got Mailwith super-powers ".[41]This was acclaimed as a return to the type of work he did onAmerican Flagg!and contained his first art in a title since the early 1990s.

That year, Chaykin and Tischman revampedChallengers of the Unknownin a six-issue mini-series for DC, as well as writing a mini-series aboutgangstervampires calledBite Clubfor Vertigo.[42]The pair wroteBarnum!: In Secret Service to the USA,a graphic novel in which real-life showmanP. T. Barnumcomes to the aid of the U.S. government.[43]

In 2005, Chaykin produced the six-partCity of Tomorrow,a DC/Wildstormproduction involving a futuristic city populated by gangsterrobots.Chaykin described the mini-series as "The UntouchablesmeetsWest WorldatEpcot."[44]That same year, he wrote the four-issue mini-seriesLegendupdating the characterHugo Dannerfor Wildstorm.

He illustrated24 College Ave.,a story serialized online in 54 chapters forESPN's Page 2 section. ESPN columnist Jim Caple wrote the text, each episode of which was accompanied by a single-panel Chaykin drawing.[45]

In 2006, he began working on his first superhero title for DC Comics, pencillingHawkgirl,withWalter Simonsonwriting, starting with issue #50.[46]With issue 56, he stopped drawing the series, mainly to get time to work on Marvel'sBladewith Marc Guggenheim, although he continued to drawHawkgirlcovers for eight more issues.

Also in 2006, DC Comics published a two-page Black Canaryorigin storydrawn by Chaykin for the series52.Later that year, DC releasedGuy Gardner:Collateral Damage.The two-issue series, written and drawn by Chaykin, revolves around theGreen Lantern Corps' role in an interstellar war.

AfterBladewas cancelled with issue 12, he pencilled issue 50 ofPunisher,Wolverine (vol. 3)#56–61,Punisher War Journal (vol. 2)(#16–24) and an issue ofImmortal Iron Fist.Chaykin illustrated the 2008Marvel MAXcomicWar Is Hell:The First Flight of thePhantom Eagle,scripted byGarth Ennis.He wroteSupreme Powervol. 3 #1–12 (Sep. 2008 – July 2009) for Marvel. In 2009, he wrote and penciledDominic Fortune.

2010s

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In 2010 he wroteDie Hard: Year One,a comic aboutJohn McClanefrom theDie HardseriesforBoom! Studios.[47]Marvel in June 2010 published aRawhide Kidminiseries drawn by Chaykin and written byRon Zimmerman.[11]

Chaykin wrote and drew theAvengers 1959five-issue miniseries, a spinoff of astorylineintroduced inThe New Avengers.The first issue was released in October 2011.[48]

Chaykin helmed a reboot of the science-fiction characterBuck Rogersbeginning in August 2013, again in the capacity of both artist and writer.[49]

In 2018, Chaykin beganHey Kids! Comics!,a cynical parody of the history of the rise of the comics industry and the many creators exploited in the process (particularly those exploited byMarvel Comics). ThisImage Comicsseries was completed in September 2023 after three volumes and 17 total issues.[50]

2020s

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In April 2022, Chaykin was reported among the more than three dozen comics creators who contributed toOperation USA's benefit anthology book,Comics for Ukraine: Sunflower Seeds,a project spearheaded byIDW PublishingSpecial Projects EditorScott Dunbier,whose profits would be donated to relief efforts for Ukrainian refugees resulting from the February2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[51][52]Chaykin's contribution was a story featuringAmerican Flagg!.[53]

Personal life

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In 1972, Chaykin married Daina Graziunas.[3]The marriage ended in 1977, and the following year he married Leslie Zahler.[54]That marriage ended in 1986, and in 1989, in Los Angeles, Chaykin married Jeni Munn, a union that lasted through 1992.[55]In November 2002, in Ventura, Chaykin married Laurel Beth Rice.

As of 2013, Chaykin serves on the Disbursement Committee of the comic-book industry charityThe Hero Initiative.[56]

Awards

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  • 1977Inkpot Award[57]
  • 1978Eagle Awardnomination for Favourite Continued Story forStar Wars#1–6— "Film Adaptation"[58]
  • 1984 Eagle Award for Favourite Penciler
  • 1984 Eagle Award for Favourite Inker
  • 1984 Eagle Award for Favourite Writer
  • 1984 Eagle Award for Favourite Comic (American Flagg!)
  • 1984 Eagle Award for Favourite Single or Continued Story (American Flagg!#1–2, "Hard Times" )
  • 1984 Eagle Award for Favourite New Comic Title (American Flagg!
  • 1984 Eagle Award nomination for Favourite Character (Reuben Flagg)
  • 1984 Eagle Award nomination for Favourite Supporting Character (Raul the cat)
  • 1984 Eagle Award nomination for Favourite Comic Cover (American Flagg!#2, "Back in the U.S.A." )
  • 1984 Eagle Award nomination for Favourite Comic Cover (American Flagg!#3, "Killed in the Ratings" )
  • 2006 Eagle Award for Favourite Comics Writer/Artist[59]

Bibliography

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His work as an artist (interior pencil art, except where noted) includes:

Chaykin in 2012

DC Comics

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Marvel Comics

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Other publishers

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Television

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  • The Flash(1990)
    • Episode 3: "Watching the Detectives" (co-written withJohn Francis Moore)
    • Episode 4: "Honor Among Thieves" (plotted with Moore, teleplay by Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo)
    • Episode 7: "Child's Play" (teleplay co-written with Moore, plot by Stephen Hattman and Gail Morgan Hickman)
    • Episode 8: "Shroud of Death" (plotted with Moore, teleplay byMichael Reaves)
    • Episode 9: "Ghost in the Machine" (co-written with Moore)
    • Episode 12: "The Trickster" (co-written with Moore)
    • Episode 16: "Deadly Nightshade" (co-written with Moore)
    • Episode 19: "Done with Mirrors" (co-written with Moore)
    • Episode 22. "The Trail of the Trickster" (co-written with Moore)
  • Mutant X(2001) (Seasons 1 and 2)
    • Season 1:
      • Episodes 1 and 2: "The Shock of the New"
      • Episode 8: "In the Presence of Mine Enemies"
      • Episode 18: "Ex Marks the Spot" (co-written with Mark Amato and David Newman)
      • Episode 22: "A Breed Apart"
    • Season 2:
      • Episode 1: "Past as Prologue"

References

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  1. ^abcHoward Chaykin interview (May 2000). "The Chaykin Factor:American Flagg!Creator Howard Chaykin Talks Comics ".Comic Book Artist(8). Raleigh, North Carolina:TwoMorrows Publishing:62.Reprinted inComic Book Artist Collection, Vol. 3.Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. 2005. p.176.ISBN978-1893905429.
  2. ^Miller, John Jackson(June 10, 2005)."Comics Industry Birthdays".Comics Buyer's Guide.Iola, Wisconsin. Archived fromthe originalon February 18, 2011.RetrievedDecember 12,2010.
  3. ^abcdefghCostello, Brannon, ed. (2011). "Chronology".Howard Chaykin: Conversations.Jackson, Mississippi:University Press of Mississippi.p.xv.ISBN978-1604739756.
  4. ^abcBrian K. Vaughan (w), Fiona Staples (a). "The Third Degree: Howard Chaykin"Saga,no. 6, p. 27 (August 2012). Image Comics.
  5. ^abcdeChaykin,Comic Book Artist#8, p. 63. Reprinted inComic Book Artist Collection, Vol. 3p.177
  6. ^Costello 2011,p. 250–288.
  7. ^Bell, Josh (November 3, 2014)."Chaykin Pulls No Punches When Discussing His Career, Comics & More".CBR.Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  8. ^Greenberger, Robert(2012).The Art of Howard Chaykin.Mount Laurel, New Jersey:Dynamite Entertainment.pp. 26–28.ISBN978-1606901694.
  9. ^Fear#10at theGrand Comics Database
  10. ^Chaykin,Comic Book Artist#8, p. 64. Reprinted inComic Book Artist Collection, Vol. 3p.178
  11. ^abcdeHoward Chaykinat theGrand Comics Database
  12. ^Warner, Meredith (March 25, 2017)."How Bernie Wrightson uncovered the soul of the monster in his work".Los Angeles Times.
  13. ^McAvennie, Michael; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1970s".DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle.London, United Kingdom:Dorling Kindersley.p. 155.ISBN978-0-7566-6742-9.Fantasy became a DC Comics reality when writer/editor Denny O'Neil and artist Howard Chaykin brought forth a new comic based on Fritz Leiber's adventurous and virtuous warriors of myth, Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser.{{cite book}}:|first2=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 157 "After the debut tale by acclaimed artist Howard Chaykin and co-scripter Denny O'Neil, Ironwolf became the lead protagonist in theWeird Worlds[title]. "
  15. ^Arndt, Richard J. (April 2018). ""Nice" Is the Word: A Few Words on Archie Goodwin ".Back Issue!(103). Raleigh, North Carolina:TwoMorrows Publishing:11–12.
  16. ^Sanderson, Peter;Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2008). "1970s".Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History.London, United Kingdom:Dorling Kindersley.p. 159.ISBN978-0756641238.Roy Thomas conceived the initial idea of an alternate-future Earth sequel to H. G. Wells' classic science fiction novelThe War of the Worlds...Neal Adams plotted the first story with a script by Gerry Conway and art by Adams and Howard Chaykin.{{cite book}}:|first2=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 171: "InMarvel Preview#2, 1930s adventurer Dominic Fortune, created by Howard Chaykin, made his debut. "
  18. ^Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 180: "In July 1977, Marvel's comics adaptation of George Lucas'sStar Warsmovie was released, created by writer Roy Thomas and artist Howard Chaykin. "
  19. ^Edwards, Ted (1999)."Adventures in the Comics".The Unauthorized Star Wars Compendium.New York, New York:Little, Brown and Company.pp.38–39.ISBN9780316329293.
  20. ^Cooke, Jon B. (October 2000). "Simonson Says The Man of Two Gods Recalls His 25+ Years in Comics".Comic Book Artist(10). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 25.
  21. ^Nolen-Weathington, Eric (2006).Modern Masters, Volume 8: Walter Simonson.Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 34.ISBN1-893905-64-0.
  22. ^McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 181 "The worldwide success ofSuperman: The Moviemotivated [DC] to publish more Superman-related titles. With that, editor E. Nelson Bridwell oversaw a project that evolved into comics' first official limited series –World of Krypton...Featuring out-of-this-world artwork from Howard Chaykin, [Paul] Kupperberg's three-issue limited series explored Superman's homeworld. "
  23. ^Callahan, Tim (February 2013). "World of KryptonComics' First Miniseries ".Back Issue!(62). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 59–62.
  24. ^"Various – The Legend Of Jesse James".Discogs.RetrievedJuly 9,2017.
  25. ^Lantz, James Heath (October 2014). "Inner-Space Opera: A Look at Marvel's Micronauts Comics".Back Issue!(76). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 46.
  26. ^"Look There, and Here: A whole lotta Chaykin goin' on… – Ragged Claws Network".2022-04-23. Archived fromthe originalon 23 April 2022.Retrieved2022-04-23.
  27. ^De Blieck Jr., Augie (September 3, 2004)."A Little Bit of Flagg!-Waving".Comic Book Resources.Archivedfrom the original on November 6, 2012.RetrievedMarch 17,2009.
  28. ^"Eagle Nominations Announced,"The Comics Journal#89 (May 1984), p. 11.
  29. ^Dallas, Keith."1983: Controversy Over a Proposed New Comics Code,"American Comic Book Chronicles: The 1980s(TwoMorrows, 2013).
  30. ^Schweier, Philip (July 2016). "Shedding Light on The Shadow".Back Issue!(89). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 15–16.
  31. ^Phegley, Kiel (February 20, 2012)."Howard Chaykin on the Art of" The Shadow "".Comic Book Resources.Archivedfrom the original on March 8, 2012.RetrievedMarch 7,2012.
  32. ^abDeppey, Dirk (March 29, 2010)."TCJ Audio Archive: Howard Chaykin".The Comics Journal.Seattle, Washington:Fantagraphics Books.Archived fromthe originalon July 24, 2012.RetrievedAugust 7,2013.
  33. ^"Interview: Howard Chaykin".Pink Raygun. March 3, 2008. Archived fromthe originalon October 28, 2012.RetrievedJanuary 24,2011.
  34. ^Parkin, Lance(January 2002).Alan Moore: The Pocket Essential.Hertfordshire,England:Trafalgar Square Publishing.pp. 44–45.ISBN978-1-903047-70-5.
  35. ^Dooley, Michael (July 1, 2013)."Howard Chaykin on his lewd, depraved, banned graphic novels".Print.Archivedfrom the original on June 14, 2018.Black Kisspurposefully broke several boundaries of comic book propriety, and it was a huge sales success. It was also one of the most harshly criticized comics of its time.
  36. ^Glass, Joe (June 13, 2017)."Howard Chaykin And The Trans Image: Obsession With A Theme".Bleeding Cool.Archivedfrom the original on January 28, 2018.We come to another of Chaykin's works—one mired in such controversy it saw the comic censored and even banned in some countries—Black Kiss.
  37. ^Phegley, Kiel (March 26, 2010)."Chaykin recalls a 'Black Kiss'".Comic Book Resources.Archivedfrom the original on October 11, 2012.
  38. ^Greenberger 2012,p. 132.
  39. ^Gutierrez, David (March 15, 2006)."DVD Verdict interviews Howard Chaykin, writer ofThe Flash".DVD Verdict.Archivedfrom the original on May 26, 2012.
  40. ^Irvine, Alex(2008). "American Century". In Dougall, Alastair (ed.).The Vertigo Encyclopedia.London, United Kingdom:Dorling Kindersley.p. 20.ISBN978-0-7566-4122-1.OCLC213309015.
  41. ^Schweier, Philip (September 15, 2003)."A Whole lot of Chaykin Goin' On".Comic Book Bin.Archivedfrom the original on July 17, 2012.
  42. ^Irvine, Alex(2008). "Bite Club". In Dougall, Alastair (ed.).The Vertigo Encyclopedia.London, United Kingdom:Dorling Kindersley.pp. 30–31.ISBN978-0-7566-4122-1.OCLC213309015.
  43. ^"BARNUM!: In Secret Service to the USA by David Tischman, Howard V. Chaykin".publishersweekly.November 3, 2003.Retrieved2024-07-10.
  44. ^Richards, Dave (February 9, 2005)."George Bailey's nightmare: Chaykin talksCity of Tomorrow".Comic Book Resources. Archived fromthe originalon March 17, 2012.RetrievedAugust 2,2011.
  45. ^"24 College Ave.chapter archive ".ESPN.Archived fromthe originalon October 16, 2012.
  46. ^Hawkgirlat the Grand Comics Databse
  47. ^Parkin, JK (May 28, 2008)."Die Hardcomic chronicles John McClane's first year ".Comic Book Resources.Archivedfrom the original on April 29, 2012.RetrievedApril 17,2011.
  48. ^Richards, Dave (June 22, 2011)."Chaykin assemblesAvengers 1959".Comic Book Resources.Archivedfrom the original on June 20, 2013.RetrievedJuly 8,2011.
  49. ^"Buck Rogers in the 25th Century #1".RetrievedNovember 24,2013.
  50. ^"The History of Comics, as Told by HOWARD CHAYKIN (Sort of)".RetrievedNovember 15,2018.
  51. ^Kaplan, Rebecca O. (April 18, 2022)."ZOOP launches benefit anthology COMICS FOR UKRAINE: SUNFLOWER SEEDS".The Beat.Archivedfrom the original on April 18, 2022.RetrievedApril 26,2022.
  52. ^Brooke, David (April 18, 2022)."'Comics for Ukraine: Sunflower Seeds' to benefit Ukrainian refugees ".AIPT.Archivedfrom the original on April 26, 2022.RetrievedApril 26,2022.
  53. ^Kit, Borys (April 20, 2022)."Comic Book Creators Team for Ukraine Relief Effort Anthology 'Sunflower Seed'".The Hollywood Reporter.Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2022.RetrievedApril 30,2022.
  54. ^Costello 2011,p.xvi.
  55. ^Costello 2011,p.xviii.
  56. ^"Hero Initiative Board Members Disbursement Committee".The Hero Initiative.2013. Archived fromthe originalon June 21, 2013.
  57. ^"Inkpot Award Winners".Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac. Archived fromthe originalon July 9, 2012.RetrievedSeptember 18,2016.
  58. ^Previous Winners: 1978,at the official Eagle Awards website, archived at theWayback Machine.(Retrieved 9 September 2018.)
  59. ^Previous Winners: 2006at the official Eagle Awards website, archived at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved 16 January 2020.)
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