Wikipedia

Hubat

Hubat(Harari:ሆበትHobät), also known asHobat,orKubatwas a historicalMuslimstate located in present-day easternEthiopia.[1][2][3]Historically part of theAdalregion alongsideGidayaandHargayastates on theHararplateau.[4]Hubat is today within a district known as Adare Qadima which includes Garamuelta and its surroundings inOromia region.[5]The area is 30 km north west ofHararcity at Hubeta, according to historianGeorge Huntingford.[6][7]Trimingham locates it as the region between Harar andJaldessa.[8]ArchaeologistTimothy Insollconsiders Harla town to be Hubat the capital of the now defunctHarla Kingdom.[9]

1832 map byJohn Arrowsmithillustrating Hubetta's location in theEmirate of Harar

History

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Ruins of Hubat nearDire Dawa

According to Dr. Lapiso Delebo, Hubat was one of the Islamic states that had developed in theHorn of Africafrom the ninth to fourteenth centuries.[10]In 1288 AD Sultan Wali Asma of theIfat Sultanateinvaded Hubat following collapse of theMakḥzūmī dynasty.[11][12]Hubat was also invaded by Ethiopian EmperorAmda Seyonin the early 1300s.[13]Hubat was an Ifat protectorate in the fourteenth century and an autonomous state withinAdal Sultanatein the fifteenth century.[14]

According toMohammed Hassen,Hubat was the stronghold of theHarla peopleand center of operations for fifteenth centuryAdalEmir GaradAbun Adashe.[15]Asiege of Hubattook place in the early sixteenth century led by the Adal SultanAbu Bakr ibn Muhammadagainst rebel leaderGaradUmar din.[16]

The sixteenth-century ruler of Adal who conquered Abyssinia,Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi,was born in Hubat.[17][18][19]In his early career Ahmed defeated an Abyssinian militia at theBattle of Hubatled by Degalhan a general of EmperorDawit II.[20]Ahmed Ibrahim also achieved a second stunning victory over an Abyssinian raiding party led by Fanuel in Hubat which gained him fame.[21]Merid Wolde Aregaystates the Hubat and Harla principalities demonstrated ability to defeat Abyssinians meant it was necessary to replace SultanBadlay's descendants.[22]Hubat would later play an important role for Ahmad ibn Ibrahim in his struggle against Adal Sultan Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad.[23]According to sixteenth century Adal writerArab Faqīh,the ruler of Hubat wasAbu Bakr Qatinduring theEthiopian-Adal war.[24]

Hubat was invaded and settled by theBarento Oromoin the following centuries who came at loggerheads with the Adal Sultanate.[25]TheEmirate of Hararthe successor state of Adal would continue to influence the region as numerousOromo peopleconverted to Islam during the reign of emirAbd ash-Shakurand this trend even continued following theAbyssinianannexation of the region.[26]

Notable residents

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See also

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References

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  1. ^Ogot, Bethwell (1992).Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century.University of California Press. p. 711.ISBN9780435948115.
  2. ^Loimeier, Roman.Muslim Societies in Africa A Historical Anthropology.Indiana University Press. p. 184.
  3. ^Ende, Werner.Islam in the World Today A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society.Cornell University Press. p. 436.
  4. ^Braukamper, Ulrich (2002).Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia.Lit. p. 33.ISBN9783825856717.
  5. ^History of Harar(PDF).Harar Tourism Bureau. p. 50.
  6. ^Huntingford, G.W.B (1955).ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA.Antiquity Publications. p. 233.
  7. ^Pankhurst, Richard.The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century.Red Sea Press. p. 165.
  8. ^Trimingham, J.Spencer.Islam in Ethiopia(PDF).Routledge. p. 85.
  9. ^Insoll, Timothy."Material cosmopolitanism: the entrepot of Harlaa as an Islamic gateway to eastern Ethiopia".Cambridge.Cambridge University Press.
  10. ^Dilebo, Lapiso (2003).An introduction to Ethiopian history from the Megalithism Age to the Republic, circa 13000 B.C. to 2000 A.D.Commercial Printing Enterprise.
  11. ^Trimingham, John.Islam in Ethiopia.Oxford University Press. p. 58.
  12. ^Cerulli, Enrico (1941)."Il Sultanato Dello Scioa Nel Secolo Xiii Secondo Un Nuovo Documento Storico".Rassegna di Studi Etiopici.1(1). Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino: 26.JSTOR41460159.
  13. ^Tamrat, Taddesse.Church and state(PDF).University of London. p. 254.
  14. ^Braukamper, Ulrich.Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia.Lit. p. 33.
  15. ^Hassan, Mohammed.Oromo of Ethiopia 1500(PDF).University of London. p. 26.
  16. ^Lindah, Bernhard.Local history of Ethiopia(PDF).Nordic Africa Institute library. p. 5.
  17. ^Checkroun, Amelie.Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea.BRILL. p. 334.
  18. ^Martin, Richard.Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World(PDF).Macmilian reference USA. p. 29.
  19. ^Steed, Christopher.A history of the church in Africa.Cambridge University Press. p. 74.
  20. ^Tamrat, Tadesse.Church and state(PDF).University of London. p. 157.
  21. ^Davis, Asa (1963)."THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY JIHĀD IN ETHIOPIA AND THE IMPACT ON ITS CULTURE (Part One)".Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria.2(4): 572.JSTOR41856679.
  22. ^Aregay, Merid.Southern Ethiopia and the Christian kingdom 1508 - 1708, with special reference to the Galla migrations and their consequences.University of London. p. 126-128. Archived fromthe originalon 2021-04-21.Retrieved2021-07-19.
  23. ^Shinn, David.Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia.Scarecrow Press. pp. 20–21.
  24. ^Chekroun, Amélie.Le "Futuh al-Habasa": écriture de l’histoire, guerre et société dans le Bar Sa’ad ad-din (Ethiopie, XVIe siècle).l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. p. 423.
  25. ^Braukamper, Ulrich.A History of the Hadiyya in Southern Ethiopia.Otto Harrassowitz. p. 149.
  26. ^Caulk, R.A. (1977)."Harär Town and Its Neighbours in the Nineteenth Century".The Journal of African History.18(3). Cambridge University Press: 381.doi:10.1017/S0021853700027316.JSTOR180638.S2CID162314806.

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