Wikipedia

Hugh of Lincoln

Not to be confused withLittle Saint Hugh of Lincoln

Hugh of LincolnOCart(c. 1140[note 1]– 16 November 1200), also known asHugh of Avalon,was aBurgundian-bornCarthusianmonk,bishopofLincolnin theKingdom of England,andCatholicsaint.Hisfeastis observed by Catholics on 16 November and by Anglicans on 17 November.

Saint

Hugh of Lincoln

OCart
St Hugh of Lincoln with his swan
Altarpieceshowing the saint in the Carthusianhabitfrom theCharterhouseof Saint-Honoré, Thuison, nearAbbeville,France (c. 1490-1500)
Bishop of Lincoln
Bornc. 1140[1][2][3]
Avalon,Holy Roman Empire
Died(1200-11-16)16 November 1200
(aged 59–60)[4]
London, England
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Anglican Communion
Canonized17 February 1220 byPope Honorius III
MajorshrineSt Mary's Cathedral
Lincoln,England Parkminster Charterhouse
West Sussex
Feast16 November (Catholic Church)
17 November (Church of England)
Attributesa white swan, bishop's attire, holding a chalice from which Christ emerges
Patronagesick children, sick people,cobblers,swans, and theRoman Catholic Diocese of Nottingham

Biography

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Hugh was born in the Alpine village ofAvalon,Imperial Burgundy,in what was then theHoly Roman Empire,and what is today southeastern France.[5][2]Hugh’s father Guillaume was thesieur d’Avalon,making him a knight enmeshed in a web of feudal obligations leading ultimately to theHoly Roman Emperor.Hugh's mother, Anne de Theys, enjoyed a reputation for kindness and was known to wash the sores of lepers (employing young Hugh to hold the towels). She died when Hugh was about 8 years old.[6]

Upon the death of Hugh's mother, his father sent him to the nearby community ofCanons Regular of St. Augustineat Villarbenoît (sometimes Villard-Benoît)[7]to receive a religious education, probably in the company of other sons of the nobility. Hugh's father, presumably brokenhearted and war-weary, also retired to the community shortly thereafter – entrusting his lands to the care of his two eldest sons (Guillaume and Pierre) who were eager to continue the martial tradition.[8][9]

At the age of 15, Hugh made his profession as a Canon Regular (with the rank of novice). He was ordained adeaconat the age of 19.[10][11]Shortly thereafter, he was sent to the tiny parish of Saint-Maximin to assist an elderly parish priest who could only just manage to perform church services but needed support for everything else.[12]Hugh remained subject to the prior of the small community of Canons Regular centered at Villarbenoît (which had 12 inmates at that time).[13]Canons Regular were not exactly monks, but were essentially communities of priests (and their subordinates) abiding by a monastic rule, usually the Rule of St. Augustine. Of their mission, David Hugh Farmer writes that:

[T]hey provided a worthy way of life which was neither that of the ordinary priest nor that of the monk... Their chosen aim was to restore what had been neglected, to rebuild what had decayed in the life of the Church. The care of parishes, education, nursing the sick, the refurbishing of ruined shrines and churches: these were their normal activities wherever they were found. In their chosen and humdrum obscurity they performed necessary tasks which others had relinquished. Seldom large or famous, these communities did not often produce bishops, scholars or canonized saints.[6]

While Hugh enjoyed ministering to the community, he ultimately sought a more contemplative existence offered only in the cloistered confines of a secluded monastery. And, for this purpose, there was none better than the one into which he and the Prior of Villarbenoît walked one fateful day: theGrande Chartreuse(20 km north ofGrenoble), the Mother House of theCarthusianorder.Adam of Eynsham,Hugh's hagiographer, tells us that Hugh:

[G]azed with awe at this place, situated almost in the clouds and close to the sky, far removed from the turmoil of almost all earthly things. He realized the great opportunity it offered of living alone with God, for which aim existed the rich collection of books, the long hours devoted to reading and the unbroken silence of prayer. The whole arrangement of the monastery seemed to be designed just for this. He observed the physical austerities of the monks, their peace of mind, their liberty of spirit, their cheerful demeanour and simplicity of speech. They had separate cells but their purpose was one. They combined solitude with community life. Each lived alone lest he should be hindered by another, but each lived in community so that none should lack brotherly help.[14]

And thus, in 1163, Hugh left the small community of Canons Regular of St. Augustine at Villarbenoît to become aCarthusianmonk at the Grande Chartreuse. He spent the bulk of his 20s in prayer and contemplation and was during that time ordained a priest. In his early 30s, he was madeprocurator,responsible for all of the temporal affairs of the monastery. After nearly a decade in this office, Hugh had (unwittingly) cultivated a reputation for efficiency and piety that reached far and wide – even across the channel toHenry II of England.TheCount of Marienne,whom Henry had employed on a marriage embassy and whose lands were near the Grande Chartreuse, extolled the virtues of the Carthusians to the King. And, according to Adam of Eynsham, he was particularly lavish in his praise of Hugh:

You will find united in this one individual all the patience, courtesy, courage, gentleness and other virtues possible in any mortal man. His presence will annoy nobody, he will not be shunned as a foreigner, rather everyone will treat him as a neighbour, as an old friend or as a brother. He loves the whole human race like himself: his abundant charity cherishes all men.[6]

Henry found himself in need of such a person. In 1170, Henry II had (intentionally or otherwise) precipitated the death of his one-time friend,the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket.This was a sin for which he famously suffered himself to be scourged (flogged), but part of his penance also involved the foundation of three monastic houses in England (possibly in lieu of going oncrusadewhich he had initially promised to do). One of these three monastic houses was a Carthusian house (corrupted in English to 'charterhouse'), theWitham Charterhouse,[15]Somerset,which had been established by a group of monks sent from the Grande Chartreuse in 1178/79. It was, however, facing several difficulties.[16]The first prior (Narbert) found he was not up to the task and when the second prior (Hamon) died unexpectedly very little had been accomplished.[17]And so Henry II, hearing of Hugh's reputation via the Count of Maurienne, sent for Hugh to be the third prior of Witham Charterhouse.

To become the prior of the first Carthusian monastery in England was a great honor, but for Hugh it was an honor he could do without. To him it represented only a distraction from prayer and contemplation. The prior of the Grande ChartreuseGuigo IIalso opposed the nomination.[18][19]It took the combined efforts of theReginald Fitz Jocelin,Bishop of Bath (in whose diocese Witham Charterhouse, Somerset, was located), andJean de Sassenage,Bishop of Grenoble (in whose diocese the Grande Chartreuse was located), to compel Hugh to accept.

Thus, Hugh set out for England and reached Witham in 1179.[20]Upon arrival, he found the monks in dire straits, living in wattled huts and with no plans yet advanced for the construction of more substantial monastery buildings. The establishment of the monastery had entailed the displacement of scores of peasants for whom little provision had been made and who were, consequently, inhospitable. The Carthusian monks were also far from content, complaining bitterly of the lack of building materials, money, and supplies promised to them. Hugh took these challenges, like all things, as a test. Henry was at that time at a manor or hunting lodge (presumably in nearbySelwood Forest) and thither Hugh went with a company of monks. Instead of finding fault with Henry, as one of his monastic companions had done, he told the king:

I have not lost confidence in you, lord king. Rather do I sympathize with you because so many occupations and distractions prevent you concerning yourself with your soul’s salvation. You are indeed very busy, but with God’s help you will complete the good work you have begun.[6]

The intercession was successful and work began to proceed apace. Hugh's first attention focused on the building of the Charterhouse. He prepared his plans and submitted them for royal approbation, exacting full compensation from the king for any tenants on the royal estate who would have to be evicted to make room for the building.[18]Hugh presided over the new house until 1186, attracting many to the community. Among the frequent visitors was King Henry, for the charterhouse lay near the borders of the king's chase inSelwood Forest,a favourite hunting-ground.

In 1186, Henry summoned a council of bishops and barons atEynshamAbbey to deliberate on the state of the Church and on the filling of vacant bishoprics, including Lincoln. On 25 May thecathedral chapterof Lincoln was ordered to elect a new bishop, and Hugh was elected.[5]Hugh insisted on a second, private election by thecanons,securely in theirchapterhouseat Lincoln rather than in the king's chapel - the result confirmed his election. Lincoln was the largest diocese in England, encompassing some 9 counties.

Hugh was consecratedBishop of Lincolnon 21 September 1186[21]atWestminster.[5]Almost immediately he established his independence of the crown, excommunicating a royal forester and refusing to seat one of Henry's courtly nominees as aprebendaryof Lincoln; he softened the king's anger by his diplomatic address and tactful charm. After the excommunications, he came upon the king hunting and was greeted with dour silence. He waited several minutes and the king called for a needle to sew up a leather bandage on his finger. Eventually Hugh said, with gentle mockery, "How much you remind me of your cousins ofFalaise"(whereWilliam I's unmarried motherHerleva,a tanner's daughter, had come from). At this Henry just burst out laughing and was reconciled.[22]

As a bishop, Hugh was exemplary, constantly in residence or traveling within his diocese, generous with his charity, and scrupulous in the appointments he made. He raised the quality of education at the cathedral school. Hugh was also prominent in trying to protect theJews,great numbers of whom lived in Lincoln, in the persecution they suffered at the beginning ofRichard I's reign (1189-1199), and he put down popular violence against them – as later occurred following the 1255 death ofLittle Saint Hugh of Lincoln– in several places.[22]

A plan of Lincoln Cathedral drawn by G Dehio (died 1932)

An earthquake had badly damagedLincoln Cathedralin 1185, and Hugh set about rebuilding and greatly enlarging the structure in the newGothic style;however, he only lived to see thechoirwell begun. In 1194, he (re)builtSt Mary Magdalen's Church,Oxford.Along withBishopHerbertofSalisbury,Hugh resisted theking's demand for 300knightsfor a year's service inhis French wars;the entire revenue of both men's offices was then seized by royal agents.[23]

As one of the premier bishops of theKingdom of EnglandHugh more than once accepted the role of diplomat to France for King Richard and then forKing Johnin 1199, a trip that ruined his health. He consecratedSt Giles' Church, Oxford,in 1200. There is a cross consisting of interlaced circles cut into the western column of the tower that is believed to commemorate this.[24]Also in commemoration of the consecration,St Giles' Fairwas established and continues to take place each September to this day.[25]While attending a national council in London, a few months later, Hugh was stricken with an unnamed ailment and died two months later on 16 November 1200.[21][26]He was buried inLincoln Cathedral.

Bishop Hugh was responsible for the building of the first (wooden) Bishop's Palace atBuckdenin Huntingdonshire, halfway between Lincoln and London. Later additions to the Palace were more substantial, and a tall brick tower was added in 1475, protected by walls and a moat, and surrounded by an outer bailey. It was used by the bishops until 1842. The Palace, now known asBuckden Towers,is owned by theClaretiansand is used as a retreat and conference centre. A Catholic church, dedicated to Saint Hugh, stands on the site.

Veneration

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Tour d'Avalon,Saint-Maximin, I sắc re,marking St Hugh's birthplace

Hugh wascanonisedbyPope Honorius IIIon 17 February 1220,[5]and is thepatron saintof sick children, sick people,cobblers,and swans. Hugh ishonouredin theChurch of Englandwith aLesser Festival[27]and in theEpiscopal Church (USA)on17 November.

Hugh'sVita,or written life, was composed by his chaplainAdam of Eynsham,a Benedictine monk and his constant associate; it remains in manuscript form in theBodleian Libraryin Oxford.

Hugh is theeponymofSt Hugh's College, Oxford,where a 1926 statue of the saint stands on the stairs of the Howard Piper Library. In his right hand, he holds an effigy of Lincoln Cathedral, and his left hand rests on the head of a swan.

At Avalon, a round tower in theRomantic Gothic stylewas built by the Carthusians in 1895 in Hugh's honour on the site of the castle where he was born.[28]

Iconography

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Hugh's primary emblem is a whiteswan,in reference to the story of the swan ofStow, Lincolnshire(site of a palace of the bishops of Lincoln) which had adeep and lasting friendshipwith the saint, even guarding him while he slept. The swan would follow him about, and was his constant companion while he was at Lincoln. Hugh loved all the animals in the monastery gardens, especially a wild swan that would eat from his hand and follow him about, and yet the swan would attack anyone else who came near Hugh.[29]

Legacy

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BothBuckden Towers,and the local Roman Catholic Church in nearbySt Neots,are administered by theClaretians.[30]In Lincoln, there is the Roman CatholicSt Hugh's Church.There are many parish churches dedicated to St Hugh of Lincoln throughout England including theChurch of St Hugh of LincolninLetchworthfounded byAdrian Fortescue.

A number of churches are dedicated to St Hugh of Lincoln in the United States. These include St Hugh of Lincoln Roman Catholic Church, Huntington Station, New York[29]and St Hugh of Lincoln Roman Catholic Church in Milwaukee, Wisconsin,[31]St Hugh Roman Catholic Church and School in Coconut Grove, Miami, Florida.[32]There are also Episcopal churches dedicated to him in Elgin, Illinois;[33]and Allyn, Washington.[34]

In 2018 St Hugh was made a subject of the BBC Radio 4 dramaThe Man who bit Mary Magdaleneby Colin Bytheway, starringDavid Jasonas the bishop in search of relics that would help in the construction of Lincoln Cathedral.

References

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  1. ^abWoolley, Reginald Maxwell (1927)."Chapter I. Early Days".St. Hugh of Lincoln.London: Society for promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 1. Accessed via Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  2. ^abcMarson, Charles Latimer (1901)."Chapter I. The Boy Hugh".Hugh, Bishop Of Lincoln: A Short Story Of One Of The Makers of Mediaeval England.London: Edward Arnold. p. 2. Accessed via Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  3. ^abThurston, Herbert (1898)."Book I. Chapter I. The Birth And Early Years of St. Hugh".The Life of Saint Hugh of Lincoln.London: Burns and Oates. p. 2. Accessed via Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  4. ^Marson, Charles Latimer (1901)."Chapter X. Homeward Bound".Hugh, Bishop Of Lincoln: A Short Story Of One Of The Makers of Mediaeval England.London: Edward Arnold. p. 154. Accessed via Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  5. ^abcdBritish History Online Bishops of LincolnArchived9 August 2011 at theWayback Machineaccessed on 28 October 2007
  6. ^abcdFarmer, David Hugh (1985).Saint Hugh of Lincoln(1st ed.). Darton, Longman & Todd Ltd. p. 4.ISBN0232516413.
  7. ^"Villard-Benoît · 73260 La Léchère, France".Villard-Benoît · 73260 La Léchère, France.Retrieved27 May2024.
  8. ^Thurston, Herbert (1898)."Book I. Chapter I. The Birth And Early Years of St. Hugh".The Life of Saint Hugh of Lincoln.London: Burns and Oates. p. 13. Accessed via Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  9. ^Farmer, David Hugh (1985).Saint Hugh of Lincoln.London: Darton, Longman & Todd. p. 4.ISBN978-0-232-51641-8.
  10. ^Thurston, Herbert (1898)."Book I. Chapter III. Preaching And Parochial Ministry".The Life of Saint Hugh of Lincoln.London: Burns and Oates. p. 23. Accessed via Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  11. ^Farmer, David Hugh (1985).Saint Hugh of Lincoln.London: Darton, Longman, and Todd. p. 4.ISBN978-0-232-51641-8.
  12. ^Farmer, David Hugh (1985).Saint Hugh of Lincoln.London: Darton, Longman & Todd. p. 4.ISBN978-0-232-51641-8.
  13. ^Farmer, David Hugh (1985).Saint Hugh of Lincoln.London: Darton, Longman & Todd. p. 4.ISBN978-0-232-51641-8.
  14. ^Farmer, David Hugh (1985).Saint Hugh of Lincoln.London: Darton, Longman & Todd. pp. 6–7.ISBN978-0-232-51641-8.
  15. ^Woolley, Reginald Maxwell (1927)."Chapter III. The Founding of Witham".St. Hugh of Lincoln.London: Society for promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 25. Accessed via Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  16. ^ Coppack, Glyn; Aston, Michael (2002).Christ's Poor Men: The Carthusians in England.Sutton Series. Tempus. p. 27.ISBN9780752419619.Retrieved6 November2023.When the first [Carthusian] house in England was established at Witham, it was the Grande Chartreuse that provided the founding party in 1178/9, led by a monk called Narbert.
  17. ^ Coppack, Glyn; Aston, Michael (2002).Christ's Poor Men: The Carthusians in England.Sutton Series. Tempus. p. 28.ISBN9780752419619.Retrieved6 November2023.Narbert could not cope and was recalled to France to be replaced by a new monk, Hamon, who fared little better and died shortly after his arrival from exposure.
  18. ^ab"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Saint Hugh of Lincoln".newadvent.org.Retrieved16 October2018.
  19. ^Colledge, O.S.A., Edmund; Walsh, S.J., James (1981).The ladder of monks: A letter on the contemplative life and Twelve Meditations.Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian Publications. p. 3.ISBN978-0-87907-848-5.Retrieved8 March2024.
  20. ^Woolley, Reginald Maxwell (1927).St. Hugh of Lincoln(1st ed.). London: Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge. p. 24.
  21. ^abFryde, et al.Handbook of British Chronologyp. 255
  22. ^ab"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Saint Hugh of Lincoln".newadvent.org.Retrieved16 October2018.
  23. ^Robinson, J. Armitage."Peter of Blois" inSomerset Historical Essays,pp. 128 f.Oxford University Press (London), 1921.
  24. ^Crossley, Alan;Elrington, C.R.;Chance, Eleanor; Colvin, Christina; Cooper, Janet; Day, C.J.; Hassall, T.G.; Selwyn, Nesta (1979).A History of the County of Oxford, Volume 4.Victoria County History.pp. 369–412.
  25. ^St Giles' FairArchived11 September 2012 atarchive.today,St Giles' Church.
  26. ^Thurston, Herbert (1898)."Book IV. Chapter VII. The Death of St. Hugh".The Life of Saint Hugh of Lincoln.London: Burns and Oates. p. 533. Accessed via Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  27. ^"The Calendar".The Church of England.Retrieved10 April2021.
  28. ^La tour d'Avalonaccessed on 28 October 2007
  29. ^ab"St. Hugh of Lincoln – Roman Catholic Church".sthugh.org.Archived fromthe originalon 29 May 2013.Retrieved16 October2018.
  30. ^"RC Parish of St Hugh of Lincoln and St Joseph, Cambridgeshire - Home Page".Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2013.Retrieved11 May2013.
  31. ^"St. Hugh of Lincoln Catholic Church".St. Hugh of Lincoln.Wordpress & DreamHost.Retrieved31 July2014.
  32. ^"St. Hugh Catholic Church & School".sthughmiami.org.Retrieved29 March2020.
  33. ^"St. Hugh Episcopal | Elgin, IL | A Faith Community".St. Hugh Episcopal | Elgin, IL | A Faith Community.Retrieved16 October2018.
  34. ^"St. Hugh".sthughchurch.org.Retrieved16 October2018.

Attribution:

Notes

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  1. ^In their biographies of Hugh, both Thurston and Marson put his year of birth as being in 1140. Woolley gave his year of birth as being "at about 1140."[1][2][3]

Sources

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Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Bishop of Lincoln
1186–1200 		Succeeded by

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