Wikipedia

Human shield

For other uses, seeHuman shield (disambiguation).

Ahuman shieldis anon-combatant(or a group of non-combatants) who either volunteers or is forced to shield a legitimate military target in order to deter the enemy from attacking it.[1]

Human shieldwar postcard bySergey Solomko

The concept of human shields as a resistance measure was created byMahatma Gandhias a weapon of resistance.[1]: 4–5 [2][3]

Main article:Human shield (law)

Forcingprotected personsto serve as human shields is awar crimeaccording to the 1949Geneva Conventions,the 1977Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions,and the 1998Rome Statute.[4]

According to law professor Eliav Lieblich, "Armed groups might be responsible for harm that they occasion to civilians under their control. But to argue that this absolves the other party from responsibility is to get both law and morality wrong."[5]

Law professorAdil Ahmad Haquestates that involuntary shields "retain their legal and moral protection from intentional, unnecessary, and disproportionate harm." He argues against the position of the United States Department of Defense (as well as the United Kingdom and some scholars) that attackers may discount or disregard collateral harm in determining proportionality and states that these views are "legally baseless and morally unsound".[6]

AuthorsNeve Gordonand Nicola Perugini, elaborating on their book,Human Shields: A History of People in the Line of Fire,discuss "proximate shields", humans as shields merely due to proximity to belligerents and assert that this type has become "by far the most prominent type of shield in contemporary discourse". They say that the proximate shielding accusation has been used by States to cover-upwar crimesagainst civilian populations and that human rights organizations frequently fail to question this charge which they claim is being improperly used to justify civilian deaths.[7]

20th century

The Barricadeby the American artistGeorge Bellows,inspired by an incident in August 1914 where German soldiers usedBelgian civilians as human shields

World War I

Article 23 of the1907 Hague Convention(IV) states that "A belligerent is forbidden to compel the nationals of the hostile party to take part in the operations of war directed against their own country".[8]The 1915 report says "If it be not permissible to compel a man to fire on his fellow citizens, neither can he be forced to protect the enemy and to serve as a living screen".[9]

Italian invasion of Ethiopia

During theSecond Italo-Ethiopian War,the army ofFascist Italysystematically bombed medical facilities in Ethiopia operated by various Red Cross societies. Italy accused Ethiopia of using hospitals to hide weapons and fighters.[10]

1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

In theBritish mandate of Palestine,Arab civilians and rebels who were captured by the British during theGreat Arab Revoltwere frequently taken and placed on "pony trucks","on which hostages could be made to sit "; these were placed at the front of trains to deter other rebels from detonating explosives on the railways.[1]: 198–199 [11][12]A soldier with theManchester Regimentdescribed the technique:

They would "go down to Acre jail and borrow say five rebels, three rebels, and you'd sit them on the bonnet, so the guy up in the hill could see an Arab on the truck so he wouldn't blow it… If [the rebel] was unlucky the truck coming up behind would hit him. But nobody bothered to pick the bits up. They were left."[13]

The practice began on 24 September 1936 when BrigadierJ. F. Evettsreacted to Palestinian rebel attacks against British positions inNablusby forcing the city mayor,Suleiman Abdul Razzaq Tuqan,to sit exposed on the roof of a garrison building under fire, as a 'high-value human shield'. Tuqan returned hisOrder of the British Empirecommendation in protest.[14]

World War II

On 14 August 1937, in what would become the first major battle ofWorld War IIin Asia betweenChinaand the occupying forces of theEmpire of Japanat theBattle of Shanghai,theImperial Japanese Navyberthed their flagshipIzumoin front of theShanghai International Settlement;it is believed in what would become known as "Black Saturday",Chinese Air ForceGamma 2E bomberpilots targeted the Japanese warship, but had to release the bombs at a much lower altitude than they usually trained for due to low cloud ceiling, and did not properly reset their bomb sights, which resulted in two of the 1,100 lb bombs falling short and landing on the adjacent International Settlement (one failing to explode) and killing at least 950 Chinese civilians, foreigners and refugees.[15][16]

After World War II, it was claimed bySSgeneralGottlob Bergerthat there was a plan, proposed by theLuftwaffeand approved byAdolf Hitler,to set up specialPOW campsfor capturedairmenof theRoyal Air Forceand theUnited States Army Air Forcesin large German cities, to act as human shields against theirbombing raids.Berger realized that this would contravene the1929 Geneva Conventionand argued that there was not enough barbed wire—as a result, this plan was not implemented.[17][18]

Wehrmachtand later SS forces extensively used Polish civilians as human shields duringWarsaw Uprisingwhen attacking the insurgents' positions.[19][20]In theWola massacrein Poland on 7 August 1944, the Nazis forced civilian women onto the armored vehicles as human shields to enhance their effectiveness.[citation needed]

In Belgium in May 1940, at least 86 civilians were killed by the GermanWehrmachtin an event known as theVinkt Massacre,when the Germans took 140 civilians and used them as shields to cross a bridge while under fire by Belgian forces. As the battle progressed, German soldiers began executing hostages.[citation needed]

During theBattle of Okinawaand theBattle of Manila,Japanese soldiers often used civilians as human shields against American troops.[citation needed]

When the Japanese were concerned about the incoming Allied air raids on their home islands as they were losing their controlled Pacific islands one by one to theAlliesin thePacific War,they scattered majormilitary installationsandfactoriesthroughouturban areas.Historians argued that this meant Japan was using its civilians as human shields to protect theirlegitimate military targetsagainst Alliedbombardment.As a result, theU.S. Army Air Forces(USAAF) was unable to strike purely military targets due to the limitations of theirbombsight,the mi xing of military installations and factories with urban areas, and the widespreadcottage industryin Japan's cities. This led the USAAF in early 1945 to switch fromprecision bombingtocarpet bombing,which destroyed67 Japanese citieswithincendiary bombs,and ultimately led to the use ofatomic bombson the Japanese cities ofHiroshima and Nagasaki.[21][22][23][24]

Decolonization of India

Indian revolutionaryMahatma Gandhiis credited with creating the concept of human shield as a tool of resistance.[1]: 4 

Algerian War

In 1960sAlgeria,during theAlgerian War,Franceused civilians as hostages and human shields in its fight against theNational Liberation Army.[25]

Iraqi–Kurdish conflict

In 1963, aBa'athisttank unit inKirkukcovered its assault on aKurdishsuburb with a human shield of Kurdish women and children.[26]

Korean War

In theBattle of the Notch,North Korean forces were claimed to have used captured U.S. soldiers as human shields while advancing.[27]

Lebanese Civil War

In August 1976, at theSiege of Tel al-Zaatar,Christian Lebanese militias alleged that the Palestinians at Tel al-Zaatar were using Lebanese families inside the camp as human shields.[28]

1982 Lebanon War

During the1982 Lebanon War,the Palestinian refugee camp ofAin al-Hilwehwas surrounded by Israeli forces as the last stronghold of Palestinian militants in southern Lebanon, but "Soldiers of Allah" militants commanded by the Muslim fundamentalist Haj Ibrahim refused to surrender: Their motto was "Victory or death!" Over a two-day period, Israeli forces under the leadership of Brigadier GeneralYitzhak Mordechairepeatedly announced "Whoever does not bear arms will not be harmed" and urged civilians in the camp to evacuate, but few did. Three delegations of prominentSidonfigures were sent to persuade Haj Ibrahim's fighters that "their cause was hopeless, and whoever was willing to lay down his arms would be allowed to leave the camp unharmed." None of the delegations were successful; the first was prevented from approaching the fighters by "a spray of bullets", while the third "returned with the most harrowing tale of all": "Militiamen were shooting civilians who tried to escape. In one particularly grisly incident, three children were shot because their father had suggested calling an end to the fighting." After a delegation of PalestinianPOWs,"headed by aPLOofficer who was prepared to give the defenders his professional assessment of Ein Hilweh's grave military situation ", and an offer by Mordechai to" meet personally with "Haj Ibrahim were also rebuffed," a team of psychologists... was flown to Sidon to advise the command on how to deal with such irrational behavior. "However," the best advice the psychologists could offer was to organize yet another but considerably larger delegation comprising some forty or so people and including women and children "; Haj Ibrahim responded to the fifth delegation with" exactly the same three words "; triggering a bloody battle in which Israeli troops finally took the camp.[29]

According to 1982Newsweekphoto, Israeli soldiers were attacked byPLOfighters disguised as hospital patients.[30]

Bangladesh

During theChittagong Hill Tracts conflictin the 1970s, an account[by whom?]tells that throughout the conflict, the military burned the homes of theJummas,carried out mass killings and rape of Jumma women, and placedBengalisettlers as human shields on the land of the Jummas near the military camps.[31][full citation needed]

Iraq under Saddam Hussein

Saddam Husseinsystematically used human shields inIraq.[32]According to a CIA report, he used the tactics at least since 1988.[33]

Gulf War

One of the most well-known uses of human shields occurred inIraqin 1990, following theIraqi invasionofKuwaitthat precipitated theGulf War of 1990–1991.Saddam Hussein's government detained hundreds of citizens ofWesterncountries who were in Iraq for use as human shields in an attempt to deter nations from participating in military operations against the country. A number of thesehostageswere filmed meeting Hussein, and kept with him to deter any targeted attacks, whilst others were held in or near military and industrial targets.[34]He used both Westerners and Iraqi civilians.[35]

In 1991, during the operations in the Gulf War, the U.S. submitted a report to theUN Security Councildenouncing Iraq for having "intentionally placed civilians at risk through its behavior". The report cited the following examples of such behavior:

  • The Iraqi government moved significant amounts of military weapons and equipment into civilian areas with the deliberate purpose of using innocent civilians and their homes as shields against attacks on legitimate military targets.
  • Iraqi fighter and bomber aircraft were dispersed into villages near the military airfields where they were parked between civilian houses and even placed immediately adjacent to important archaeological sites and historic treasures.
  • Coalition aircraft were fired upon by anti-aircraft weapons in residential neighborhoods in various cities. In Baghdad, anti-aircraft sites were located on hotel roofs.
  • In one case, military engineering equipment used to traverse rivers, including mobile bridge sections, was located in several villages near an important crossing point. The Iraqis parked each vehicle adjacent to a civilian house.[36]

Al-Qaeda

In the aftermath of the1998 United States embassy bombings,Osama bin Ladenstressed that he would have committed the attacks even if his own children were being used as human shields.[37]

Bosnian War

Shortly after the cease-fire between Croat and Serb forces, theArmy of Republika Srpskalaunched an assault against the safe area ofGoražde,heavily shelling the town and surrounding villages. Protests and exhortations from theUN Security Councilwere ineffective, and on 10 and 11 April 1994,NATOlaunched air strikes against Bosnian Serb positions. In retaliation, Bosnian Serb forces captured UN personnel within their areas of operation and used them as human shields at sites expected to be bombed. In a similar situation to what had happened inSarajevo,anultimatumwas issued, and by the 24th, most of the Serb troops had complied.

21st century

War in Afghanistan

According to various accounts, including that of the American ambassador to the U.N., the Taliban used women and children from their own population as human shields against coalition forces in 2006,[38]2007,[39]and 2008, during thewar in Afghanistan.[40]

Lord's Resistance Army

According toHuman Rights Watch2004 report, theLord's Resistance Armyused children as human shields, porters, and laborers.[41]

Abu Sayyaf

In 2018, severalAbu Sayyafmilitants were arrested in thePhilippines,among them being a "key man" of the group. The arrests occurred after clashes in Sabah and Putrajaya, where Abu Sayyaf allegedly used children as human shields against the Philippine army.[42]

Iran

Flight 752

UR-PSR, theBoeing 737-800shot down by the IRGC while operatingUkraine International Airlines Flight 752on 8 January 2020. It has been speculated that Iran didn't close its civil airspace followingits attack on U.S. forcesand used civilian airliners - along with their passengers and crew - as human shields in an attempt to avoid retaliatory strikes

In the aftermath ofIran's shoot down ofUkraine International Airlines Flight 752in January 2020,Iranand theIslamic Revolutionary Guard Corpswere accused of using civilian aircraft and their passengers and crew as human shields.[43]

According toThe New York Times:[44]"They also hoped that the presence of passenger jets could act as a deterrent against an American attack on the airport or the nearby military base, effectively turning planeloads of unsuspecting travelers into human shields."Canada's Minister of TransportMarc Garneaualso questioned why Iran let civilian aircraft in its airspace, and suggested Iran intended to use the civilian aircraft as human shields.[45]

Boko Haram

In 2015, the Islamist groupBoko Haramhas abducted some 500 women and children to serve as human shields.[46]

In 2016, it was reported the group kidnapped schoolgirls "used as human shield[s]".[47]

Houthis in Yemen

Houthishave been known to use human shields in their war in Yemen at least since 2016, as from aUNreport at the time.[48]

In 2018, the Houthis were accused by the Yemenite government of use of human shields[49]Amnesty Internationalwarned that the Houthis are "militarising" hospitals.[50]

In September 2019,UAEmedia reported that Houthi rebels blocked food from reaching civilians used as human shields.[51]

Myanmar

In 2014, a report noted that Myanmar's army abducts civilians and forces them to act as guides and human shields.[52]

Venezuela

In August 2017, Venezuelan presidentNicolas Madurohas been accused of turning to civilians for "human shields" against the US.Freddy Guevara,an opposition deputy, branded cowardly the actions of adding civilian personnel and the reserve to carry out military exercises and face a possible US attack.[53]

In April 2020, it was reported that Nicolas Maduro had imprisoned hundreds of opposition members to use as human shields in a potential US invasion.[54]

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Main article:Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Human shields have been used by theIsraeli Defense Forcesduring theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict,[55]with instances being widely documented in theSecond Intifada,and notably recurring in the2008–2009 Gaza War,the2014 Gaza Warand the2023 Israel–Hamas War.

The Israeli use of human shields was formally challenged in September 2004, when JusticeAharon Barak,presiding over the Israeli Supreme Court, issued a demand that theIDFdesist from the practice of using Palestinians as human shields, and in October outlawed the procedure.[56][better source needed]The independent human rights NGOsB'tselemandAmnesty Internationalhave stated that ample evidence exists in conflicts after that date that Israel has employed Palestinians as human shields. According to B'tselem, the practice goes back to 1967.[55][56]In 2010, two Israeli soldiers were convicted of using for using a Palestinian boy during the2008–2009 Gaza War.[57]

The charge has been leveled against Palestinian groups frequently by numerous observers.[55]Neve Gordonhas noted how Israel has used the charge as part of its 'infowar' on social media,[1]: 170–177 to explain the high ratio of civilian vs military casualties in its conflict with Gaza. InOperation Cast Lead100 Gazans died for every Israeli, and the civilian ratio was 400 Gazans to 1 Israeli. Israeli spokesmen explained the difference by alleging that Hamas used civilians as shields. It has been argued that no evidence has come to light proving these claims.[58][59][60][61]Amnesty International investigated the incidents which resulted in the largest number of civilian casualties, finding that these casualties were not the result of human shielding.[62]During the2023 Israel–Hamas War,theEuropean Unionand US PresidentJoe Bidencondemned the use of human shields by organizations such asHamas.[63][64]Janina Dill, a laws of war professor atUniversity of Oxford,stated, "Even if Hamas uses civilians as human shields, those civilians are entitled to full protection under international law unless they directly participate in the fighting".[65]

Amnesty International investigated claims made by Israel in the 2008–2009 Gaza War and the 2014 Gaza War that Hamas employed human shields, and said that "storing munitions in civilian buildings or launching attacks from the vicinity of civilian buildings" and public statements directing civilians to stay at home do not amount to using human shields.[66][67]

Iraq War

Main article:Human shield action to Iraq

During the2003 Invasion of Iraq,a group of people chose to travel to Iraq to act as human shields. Their purpose was to preventAmerican-led coalition forcesfrom bombing certain locations. Of about 200 to 500 human shields who traveled to Iraq before hostilities, at least eighty stayed.[citation needed][68]

U.S. Army Cavalry Scout Scott Ewing, who served in Iraq in the 2005–2006 period, stated that U.S. troops would give candy to Iraqi children so they would stay around their vehicles, thereby making more likely that enemies would not attack them.[69][70][68]

Lebanon War

AnAustralianjournalist claimed during the2006 Lebanon WarthatHezbollahusedLebanesecivilians as human shields to dissuade the IDF from firing at gunmen androcket launchers.Human Rights Watch conducted its own investigation and reported that Hezbollah did not "deliberately" use civilians as a deterrent from IDF attack. HRW did however conclude Hezbollah stored weapons "in or near civilian homes" and fighters launched rockets within populated areas and near UN observers.[71]HRW also accused Hezbollah of using Lebanese homes as sites for rocket launchers, usually without the homeowner's knowledge or permission, putting large numbers of civilians at risk.[72]

On July 25, 2006, Israeli forcesattacked and destroyedaUN observerpost in southern Lebanon, resulting in four deaths.[73]One of the fatalities,Canadian MajorPaeta Derek Hess-von Kruedener,had sent an e‑mail to his former commander, retired Major-GeneralLewis MacKenzie,several days before his death in which he described the Israeli bombardment, writing "The closest artillery has landed within two meters of our position and the closest 1,000 lb aerial bomb has landed 100 meters from our patrol base. This has not been deliberate targeting, but rather due to tactical necessity". MacKenzie interpreted this language for a reporter: "What that means is, in plain English, 'We've got Hezbollah fighters running around in our positions, taking our positions here and then using us for shields and then engaging the (Israeli Defence Forces).'"[74][75]A senior UN official, replying about Major Hess-von Kruedener's e-mail concerning Hezbollah's presence in the area of the UN base, said "At the time, there had been no Hezbollah activity reported in the area. So it was quite clear they were not going after other targets; that, for whatever reason, our position was being fired upon." He went on to claim that the Israelis were told where the UN base was and that it was clearly marked but they bombed it anyway.[76]

Siege of Lal Masjid

According to the Pakistan Army spokesman, Islamic militants used girls as human shields in Pakistan during the 2007Siege of Lal Masjid.The mosque's head cleric denied the allegations.[77][78]

On 4 December 2009, terrorists attacked a Friday prayer ceremony in a mosque in Rawalpindi, Pakistan,[79]where Bilal Riaz, a graduate student, acted as a human shield to save his nephew's life.[80]

Sri Lankan Civil War

Main article:Sri Lankan Civil War

According to a Human Rights Watch report published on 19 February 2009, theLTTEhad been preventingTamil peoplecivilians from fleeing out of rebel held area and using them as human shields against theSri Lankan Army offensive.[81]The report outlines that according to the NGO's own findings, the human rights violations "include deliberate, indiscriminate, and disproportionate attacks on civilians, hostage taking, and use of human shields". This is concluded in the report's own recommendations to the LTTE, stating that the use of human shields as well as the placing of military targets near civilian populations being a war crime as per the International Humanitarian Law found in IHL.[82]Sri Lankan government's Maxwell Paranagama Commission stated that the LTTE was principally responsible for the loss of civilian life during thefinal phaseof the armed conflict through their action to use fleeing Tamil civilians as Human Shields clearly differing with theDarusman Report.[83]

Libyan Civil Wars

Main articles:First Libyan Civil WarandSecond Libyan Civil War

During theFirst Libyan Civil War,Gaddafiloyalists were acting as human shields in theLibya no-fly zone,to try to protect Gaddafi's compound and airports.[84][85]

In March 2016, during theSecond Libyan Civil War,it was reported that two Italians who had been kidnapped in June 2015 were killed while they were used as human shields byIslamic Stategunmen inSorman.[86]

Syrian Civil War

Main article:Syrian Civil War

During theSyrian Civil War,theSyrian Armed Forcesand loyalists were accused byHuman Rights Watchof using residents of towns as human shields when advancing on opposition held areas, forcing them to march in front of the army.[citation needed]Witness from different towns across the country said that the army had kidnapped people and forced them to march in front of them when attacking towns and villages. The purpose of this was to protect the army from attack. HRW said "The Syrian army should immediately stop this abhorrent practice." Witnesses stated that the army forcibly used children and elderly people as well to deter anyone from firing on the soldiers.[87]

ISIS in Syria

ISIS has ideologically justified use of Muslims as human shields.[88]

TheIslamic State(ISIL) militants,Saudi-supported[89]the Syrian branch ofal-Qaeda,[90]andJaysh al-Islamanti-Assad rebels were accused of using civilian residents of towns,[91]Alawitecivilians and captured Syrian soldiers as human shields.[92][93]

On the use of human shields byISISin Syria, most notably was in 2019 as reported by SDF: The jihadists were using the civilians as human shields to block.[94]The civilians were "on the front lines".[95]

ISIS in Iraq

Among publicized examples of Islamic StateISISmilitants using human shields in Iraq: In 2016, Islamic State militants rounded up thousands of villagers at gunpoint to use as human shields.[96]And in April 2017 inMosul.[97]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Main article:War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine § Use of human shields

During the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,Russian soldiers held over 300 Ukrainian civilians as human shields in the basement of the school ofYahidne,where a Russian military camp was located; dozens of civilians died in the process.[98][99]BBCfound "clear evidence" of Russian troops using Ukrainian civilians as human shields inObukhovychi,near the Belarusian border, where 150 people were held at the local school.[100]Local residents reported that Russian forces leaving the village ofNovyi Bykivused Ukrainian children as human shields.[101][102]

Jammu and Kashmir

Main article:Kashmir human shield incident

On 9 April 2017, during theSrinagar Lok Sabha by-election,a 26-year-old man captured by the Indian Army was tied to the front of a Jeep belonging to Indian Army as a column of Indian troops was moving through a locality. The man was reportedly tied to the vehicle to dissuade other Kashmiri insurgents from hurling stones at the Indian troops. The man was accused of being involved inthrowing stonesat Indian troops.[103]The Government of India stated that it would stand by the officer who took the decision to use the insurgent as a human shield.[104]J&K Human Rights Commissionasked theGovernment of Jammu and Kashmirto pay 10LakhRupees as compensation to the man used as human shield.[105]Jammu and Kashmir government refused to pay.[106]

2023 Israel–Hamas War

Main article:Use of human shields by Hamas
See also:Attacks on health facilities during the Israel–Hamas war,School airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war,andRefugee camp airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war

From the onset of the warHamas has been reportedly used human shieldsaccording toNATO,[2][3]the UN,[107]EU,[108]US,[109][110]Israel,[111][112][113]and other European countries.[114]Hamas has been accused of using schools, hospitals and other civilian infrastructure to hide weaponry and fighters.[115]On 31 October 2023, IDF spokesmanRichard Hechtdescribed civilian deaths in theJabalia refugee camp airstrikeas a tragic consequence of war and accused Hamas of using the local population as human shields, noting that civilians had been warned to move south.[116]

According toNATOresearch, the strategic use of human shields by groups like Hamas hinges on exploiting Israel's aim to minimizecivilian casualtiesand the sensitivity of Western public opinion. This tactic allowed Hamas to eitheraccuse Israel of war crimesif civilian casualties occur or to protect its assets and continue operations if theIsrael Defense Forceslimits its military response. This approach is an example of 'lawfare', using legal and public platforms to challenge an adversary.[2][3]

According to Israeli professorNeve Gordon,co-author ofHuman Shields: A History of People in the Line of Firethere is a double standard, with Israel blaming Hamas for using human shields whereas the Israeli civilians living near military bases, including those in centralTel AvivandBeer Sheba,are not considered human shields.[117]In November 2023, Cambridge University professorMarc Wellersaid that "The very fact that we have seen 44 [Israeli] soldiers killed in [the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip] and almost 11,000 [Palestinian] civilians gives an indication that the calculation ofproportionalityin Gaza has left the bounds of reasonableness. "[118]

The Israeli Defense Forces have been accused of using Palestinians as human shields. On 17 January 2024, Israeli soldiers were recorded using a Palestinian shop-owner inDura, Hebron,West Bank, as a human shield.[119][120]A 21-year-old man fromGaza Citystated toAl Jazeerathat he had been used as a human shield by Israeli forces.[121]

Voluntary human shields

See also:Human shields (law) § Voluntary and involuntary

Anti-war activists

In recent years civilians have volunteered to serve as "human shields" to prevent military conflict. In January 2003,anti-waractivists organisedHuman Shield Action to Iraqin advance of theMarch 2003 invasion.Ultimately, Human Shield Action brought 200 people to Iraq. Many of them left as they ran out of money and the likelihood of war became greater.[122][123]Several of these human shields had to be rescued by U.S. Marines after Iraqis threatened them for opposing the invasion of their country.[124][unreliable source?]

Pro-Palestinian activists

Rabbis for Human Rightsagreed to act as "human shields" during the annual olive harvest to protect Palestinian villages from settlers.[125]Rachel CorrieandTom Hurndall,WesternInternational Solidarity Movement(ISM) volunteers in thePalestinian territories,who died in 2003 and 2004 respectively have been described as "human shields" campaigning against house demolition. ISM, however, strongly takes offence at the use of the termhuman shieldto describe their work, preferring it be used only to refer to when armed combatants uses civilians as shields.[126]Not even Amnesty International defines volunteer activist's actions or activist's actions for non-military property as "human shields", and regards only the direction of "specific civilians to remain in their homes as" human shields "for fighters, munitions, or military equipment" as "human shields".[127]According to the 3 definitions in the header of this article the 'volunteers to protect Palestinians' make them not "human shields outside the battlefield" but protesters or ordinary pro-Palestinian demonstrants.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related toHuman shields.

References

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  30. ^United States Policy Toward Lebanon-relief and Rehabilitation Assistance... By United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. 1983. United States Congress. House Committee on Foreign Affairs"Israel has found in Lebanon enough PLO weapons to equip a massive army and to supply untold numbers of terrorist cadres... First, the PLO consciously attacked only civilians and, secondly, the PLO used civilians as human shields to protect itself. Anyone who has been to the small country of Israel knows that there are many military targets to be easily found... Yet, the PLO could only find those 'military' targets disguised as kibbutz nurseries, school buses, marketplaces or passenger airplanes. And the second factor that differentiates the PLO terrorist army from conventional armies is its hiding in the midst of civilian locations. Israeli troops uncovered PLO arsenals, emplacements and bases in schools, mosques, and apartment basements. According toNewsweek,June 14, Israeli soldiers in one engagement, were attacked by PLO fighters disguised as hospital patients. "
  31. ^Hana S. Ahmed:"Tourism and state violence in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh".August 29, 2017.
  32. ^James R. Arnold (2008).Saddam Hussein's Iraq.p. 76
  33. ^"Putting Noncombatants at Risk: Saddam's Use of 'Human Shields'",. Central Intelligence Agency. February 26, 2003. "Over the past 15 years, Iraqi President Saddam Husayn has employed several variations of a 'human shields' tactic..."
  34. ^BBC News."1990: Outrage at Iraqi TV hostage show".ArchivedFebruary 1, 2008, at theWayback Machine.Retrieved September 2, 2007.
  35. ^Jan Goldman (2014).War on Terror Encyclopedia: From the Rise of Al-Qaeda to 9/11 and Beyond.ABC Clio. p.174
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  37. ^Yossef Bodansky (2011).bin Laden: The Man Who Declared War on America.Crown Publishing Group. p. 368.ISBN9780307797728.
  38. ^"Taleban use children as shields to fight British"[dead link‍].The Times,June 20, 2006.
  39. ^"Taliban 'using civilians as human shields'".ArchivedJuly 25, 2008, at theWayback MachineABC (Australia),July 3, 2007.
  40. ^Thomas Harding."Taliban 'used civilians as human shields' when British attacked".ArchivedNovember 10, 2017, at theWayback Machine,The Telegraph,August 18, 2008.
  41. ^Alfred G. Nhema, Tiyambe Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe Zeleza (2008)."The Resolution of African Conflicts: The Management of Conflict Resolution & Post-conflict Reconstruction".p.60.
  42. ^"Kuala Lumpur, eight Islamic militants arrested: they recruited children as 'human shields' for Abu Sayyaf".AsiaNewsNovember 16, 2018.
  43. ^"Legislative Proposal to Dete and Sanction the Use of Civilians As Human Shields Under Canadian law. Related Concern: International Air Travel Over Conflict Zones."ArchivedAugust 15, 2020, at theWayback MachineCanadian Coalition Against Terror.March 2020. Legislation that spotlights and sanctions the use of human shields – also conceivably captures actors that have allowed for civilian international air travel over conflict zones. For example, Iran and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) have recently been accused of using civil air traffic over Iran as human shields after the recent downing of Ukrainian Air Flight 752 (PS752) by Iranian missiles. The New York Times reported in the aftermath of the crash, based on interviews with Guards and other officials, that 'Iranian officials feared that shutting down the airport would create mass panic... [and] they also hoped that the presence of passenger jets could act as a deterrent against an American attack on the airport or the nearby military base, effectively turning planeloads of unsuspecting travelers into human shields "(emphasis added).
  44. ^Farnaz Fassihi."Anatomy of a Lie: How Iran Covered Up the Downing of an Airliner".The New York Times.January 26, 2020.
  45. ^Ashley Burke, Peter Zimonjic."Garneau calls on Iran to explain why it didn't ground aircraft following missile attack. New York Times report alleges Iran kept airspace open to discourage American counterattack".CBC News.January 27, 2020.
  46. ^Julia A. Seymour (March 26, 2015)."Boko Haram uses human shields after another mass abduction"[permanent dead link‍].[full citation needed]"Almost one year after Boko Haram kidnapped 276 girls in Chibok, Nigeria, the Islamic terror group abducted as many as 500 women and children to use as human shields. Nigerian official Mike Omeri, the director of the National Orientation Agency, could not confirm exactly how many people were kidnapped from Damasak, Nigeria. 'Some say 500, some 400, some say 300,' Omeri acknowledged. He said he was waiting for information from authorities in Damasak, a trading town near the Niger border that had been retaken from the Islamic extremists. According to Omeri, as multinational troops advanced on the town, Boko Haram retreated, taking hostages with them, but they remain in the region with their human shields."
  47. ^Harriet Agerholm (December 28, 2016)."Kidnapped schoolgirls 'used as human shield' by Boko Haram".The Independent.
  48. ^Michelle Nichols (August 4, 2016).Exclusive: U.N. report on Yemen says Houthis used human shields, Islamic State got cash ".Reuters.
  49. ^"Houthis use civilians as human shields: Yemen gov't".Anadolu. November 11, 2018.
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  51. ^"Houthi rebels block food from reaching civilians used as human shields". September 27, 2019.The National(UAE)
  52. ^"Myanmar's army still abducts civilians and forces them to act as guides and human shields".GlobalPost.June 9, 2014.
  53. ^"Maduro recurre a los civiles para 'escudos humanos' contra EU".El Financiero(in Spanish)
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  55. ^abcNorman Finkelstein,Gaza: An Inquest into Its Martyrdom,University of California Press,2018ISBN978-0-520-96838-7pp.68–82.
  56. ^ab'Human Shields,'B'tselem11 November 2017
  57. ^Harriet Sherwood,"Israeli Soldiers Convicted of Using Palestinian Boy as Human Shield,"The Guardian3 October 2010.
  58. ^Amnesty International wrote as of 2014 that it does not have evidence at this point that Palestinian civilians have been intentionally used by Hamas or Palestinian armed groups during the current hostilities to 'shield' specific locations or military personnel or equipment from Israeli attacks "and further saying that" Under international humanitarian law even if “human shields” are being used Israel’s obligations to protect these civilians would still apply. ""Israel/Gaza conflict: Questions and Answers".Amnesty International.July 25, 2014.RetrievedNovember 28,2021.
  59. ^Nida’a Yousef,Under Scrutiny: Allegations of Use of Human Shields by Palestinian Armed Groups and the International Criminal Court InvestigationLaw for Palestine2 August 2021
  60. ^Diana Buttu,'Blaming the Victims,'Journal of Palestine StudiesVol. 44, No. 1, (Autumn 2014), pp. 91–96.
  61. ^Stephen Zunes,Have ‘Human Shields’ Accusations Become an Excuse for War Crimes?The ProgressiveJune 17, 2021. "Despite repeated claims by both Israel and the United States, there is absolutely no evidence that any of the more than 3,000 Palestinian civilians killed in Israeli military operations against Gaza since 2008 were a result of Hamas using human shields."
  62. ^"Israel/Gaza: Operation" Cast Lead ": 22 days of death and destruction".Amnesty International.The attacks that caused the greatest number of fatalities and injuries were carried out with long-range high-precision munitions fired from combat aircraft, helicopters and drones, or from tanks stationed up to several kilometres away – often against pre selected targets, a process that would normally require approval from up the chain of command. The victims of these attacks were not caught in the crossfire of battles between Palestinian militants and Israeli forces, nor were they shielding militants or other legitimate targets. Many were killed when their homes were bombed while they slept. Others were going about their daily activities in their homes, sitting in their yard, hanging the laundry on the roof when they were targeted in air strikes or tank shelling. Children were studying or playing in their bedrooms or on the roof, or outside their homes, when they were struck by missiles or tank shells. Others were in the street, walking or cycling. Paramedics and ambulances were repeatedly attacked while rescuing the wounded or recovering the dead
  63. ^Orde Kittrie, Opinion Contributor (October 18, 2023)."US law requires Biden to impose sanctions on Hamas for using human shields".The Hill.RetrievedOctober 27,2023.{{cite web}}:|first=has generic name (help)
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  65. ^Yee, Vivian (December 17, 2023)."More Than 100 Members of This Gaza Clan Have Been Killed in War".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on December 19, 2023.RetrievedDecember 19,2023.
  66. ^"UNLAWFUL AND DEADLY"(PDF).Amnesty International.RetrievedMarch 2,2024.
  67. ^Burgis, Ben (November 20, 2023)."The" Human Shields "Defense of Bombing Gaza's Civilians Is Morally Bankrupt".Jacobin.
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  84. ^David D. Kirkpatrick.At Qaddafi Compound, a Human Shield ".The New York Times.March 19, 2011. "At Qaddafi's compound, hundreds of supporters offered themselves up as human shields, cheering to newly minted dance."
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  104. ^Halder, Debarati (May 3, 2021).Advancement of Human Rights in India: Contemporary and Emerging Challenges.SAGE Publishing India.ISBN978-93-5388-788-9.RetrievedDecember 10,2021.
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  120. ^Shawer, Mosab (January 31, 2024)."West Bank human shield describes '100 breathless minutes' held by Israel".Al Jazeera.
  121. ^Humaid, Maram (February 23, 2024)."'Beaten, stripped, used as human shield': Gaza victim recalls Israel terror ".Al Jazeera.
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