IBM 650

TheIBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data-Processing Machineis an earlydigital computerproduced byIBMin the mid-1950s.It was the first mass-produced computer in the world.Almost 2,000 systems were produced, the last in 1962,and it was the first computer to make a meaningful profit.The first one was installed in late 1954 and it was the most popular computer of the 1950s.

IBM 650

Part of the first IBM 650 computer in Norway (1959), known as "EMMA". 650 Console Unit (right, an exterior side panel is open), 533 Card Read Punch unit (middle, input-output). 655 Power Unit is missing. Punched card sorter (left, not part of the 650). Now atNorwegian Museum of Science and TechnologyinOslo.
Type	Digital computer
Release date	1954(1954)
Predecessor	IBM CPC(604,605)
Successor	IBM 7070(hi-end) IBM 1620(low-end)
Related	IBM 701,IBM 702; IBM 608

IBM 650 at Texas A&M University. The IBM 533 Card Read Punch unit is on the right.

IBM 650 console panel, showing bi-quinary indicators.Note wear marks around frequently used switches, lower right. Collection of the Museo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. A Coruña (Galicia, Spain).

Close-up of bi-quinary indicators

Memory drum from an IBM 650

Side view of an IBM 650 Console Unit. First computer in Spain (1959) now atNational Museum of Science and TechnologyinA Coruña

The 650 was offered to business, scientific and engineering users as a slower and less expensive alternative to theIBM 701andIBM 702computers, which were for scientific and business purposes respectively.It was also marketed to users ofpunched card machineswho were upgrading fromcalculating punches,such as theIBM 604,to computers.

Because of its relatively low cost and ease ofprogramming,the 650 was used to pioneer a wide variety of applications, from modeling submarine crew performanceto teaching high school and college students computer programming. The IBM 650 became highly popular in universities, where a generation of students first learned programming.

It was announced in 1953 and in 1956 enhanced as theIBM 650 RAMACwith the addition of up to four disk storage units.The purchase price for the bare IBM 650 console, without the reader punch unit, was $150,000 in 1959,or roughly $1,500,000 as of 2023. Support for the 650 and its component units was withdrawn in 1969.

The 650 was atwo-address,bi-quinary coded decimalcomputer (both data and addresses were decimal), withmemoryon a rotating magneticdrum.Charactersupport was provided by the input/output units converting punched card Alpha betical and specialcharacter encodingsto/from a two-digit decimal code.

The 650 was clocked at a frequency of 125 kHz.It could add or subtract in 1.63 milliseconds, multiply in 12.96 ms, and divide in 16.90 ms. The average speed of the 650 was estimated to be around 27.6 ms per instruction, or roughly 40 instructions per second.

Donald Knuth's series of booksThe Art of Computer Programmingis famously dedicated to a 650.

History

The first 650 was installed on December 8, 1954 in thecontroller's department of theJohn Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Companyin Boston.

TheIBM 7070(signed 10-digit decimal words), announced 1958, was expected to be a "common successor to at least the 650 and the[IBM] 705".TheIBM 1620(variable-length decimal), introduced in 1959, addressed the lower end of the market. TheUNIVAC Solid State(a two-address computer, signed 10-digit decimal words) was announced by Sperry Rand in December 1958 as a response to the 650. None of these had an instruction set that was compatible with the 650.

Hardware

The basic 650 system consisted of three units:

• IBM 650 Console Unithoused the magnetic drum storage, arithmetical device (using vacuum tubes) and the operator's console.
• IBM 655Power Unit
• IBM 533orIBM 537Card Read Punch UnitThe IBM 533 had separate feeds for reading and punching; the IBM 537 had one feed, thus could read and then punch into the same card.

Weight: 5,400–6,263 pounds (2.7–3.1 short tons; 2.4–2.8 t).

Optional units:

• IBM 46 Tape To Card Punch, Model 3
• IBM 47 Tape To Card Printing Punch, Model 3
• IBM 355Disk Storage UnitSystems with a disk unit were known asIBM 650 RAMAC Data Processing Systems
• IBM 407Accounting Machine
• IBM 543Card Reader Unit
• IBM 544Card Punch Unit
• IBM 652Control Unit (magnetic tape, disk)
• IBM 653Storage Unit (magnetic tape, disk, core storage, index registers,floating-point arithmetic)
• IBM 654Auxiliary Alphabetic Unit
• IBM 727Magnetic Tape Unit
• IBM 838Inquiry Station

Main memory

Rotatingdrum memoryprovided 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000wordsof memory at addresses 0000 to 0999, 1999, or 3999 respectively. Each word had 10bi-quinary coded decimal digits,representing a signed 10-digit number or five characters. (Counting a bi-quinary coded digit as seven bits, 4000 words would be equivalent to 35 kilobytes.)Words on the drums were organized in bands around the drum, fifty words per band, and 20, 40, or 80 bands for the respective models. A word could be accessed when its location on the drum surface passed under the read/write heads during rotation (rotating at 12,500rpm,the non-optimized average access time was 2.5ms). Because of this timing, the second address in each instruction was the address of the next instruction. Programs could then beoptimizedby placing instructions at addresses that would be immediately accessible when execution of the previous instruction was completed. IBM provided a form with ten columns and 200 rows to allow programmers to keep track of where they put instructions and data. Later anassembler,SOAP (Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program), was provided that performed rough optimization.

TheLGP-30,Bendix G-15andIBM 305 RAMACcomputers used vacuum tubes and drum memory too, but they were quite different from the IBM 650.

Instructions read from the drum went to aprogram register(in current terminology, aninstruction register). Data read from the drum went through a 10-digitdistributor.The 650 had a 20-digitaccumulator,divided into 10-digit lower and upper accumulators with a common sign. Arithmetic was performed by a one-digit adder. The console (10 digit switches, one sign switch, and 10 bi-quinary display lights), distributor, lower and upper accumulators were all addressable; 8000, 8001, 8002, 8003 respectively.

IBM 653 Storage Unit

The optional IBM 653 Storage Unit, was introduced on May 3, 1955, ultimately providing up to five features:

• Magnetic tape controller (for IBM 727 Magnetic Tape units) (10 extra operation codes)
• Disk storage controller (1956 enhancement for then new IBM 355 Disk Storage Unit) (five extra operation codes)
• Sixty 10-digit words ofmagnetic corememory at addresses 9000 to 9059. This smallfast memoryhad an access time of 96μs,a 26-fold improvement relative to the rotating drum. This feature added five operation codes and was needed as a buffer for tape and disk I/O. The 60 words could also be used by programs to speed up inner loops and table lookups.
• Three four-digitindex registersat addresses 8005 to 8007; drum addresses were indexed by adding 2000, 4000 or 6000 to them, core addresses were indexed by adding 0200, 0400 or 0600 to them. If the system had the 4000 word drum then inde xing was by adding 4000 to the first address for index register A, adding 4000 to the second address for index register B, and by adding 4000 to each of the two addresses for index register C (the inde xing for 4000-word systems only applied to the first address). The 4000-word systems requiredtransistorizedread/write circuitry for the drum memory and were available before 1963. (18 extra operation codes)
• Floating point– arithmetic instructions supported an eight-digit mantissa and two-digit characteristic (offset exponent) –MMMMMMMMCC,providing a range of ±0.00000001E-50 to ±0.99999999E+49. (seven extra operation codes)

Instruction set

The 650instructionsconsisted of a two-digitoperation code,a four-digit data address and the four-digit address of the next instruction. The sign was ignored on the basic machine, but was used on machines with optional features. The base machine had 44 operation codes. Additional operation codes were provided for options, such as floating point, core storage, index registers and additional I/O devices. With all options installed, there were 97 operation codes.

The Table lookup (TLU) instruction could high-equal compare a referenced 10-digit word with 48 consecutive words on the same drum band in one 5ms revolution and then switch to the next band in time for the next 48 words. This feat was about one-third the speed of a one-thousand times faster binary machine in 1963 (1,500 microseconds on the IBM 7040 to 5,000 microseconds on the 650) for looking up 46 entries as long as both were programmed in assembler. There was an optional Table lookup Equal instruction, with the same performance.

The Read (RD) instruction read an 80-column card of numeric data into ten memory words; the distribution of digits to words determined by the card reader'scontrol panel wiring.When used with the 533 Reader Punch unit's Alphabetic device, a combination of numeric andAlpha numericcolumns (maximum of 30 Alpha numeric columns) could be read.An expansion feature allowed more Alpha numeric columns but certainly not over 50, as only ten words (five characters per word) were stored on the drum by a card read operation.

IBM 650 at Texas A&M, opened up to show rear of front panel, vacuum tube modules and storage drum

Vacuum tube circuit module of type used in the 650

A classroom in 1960 at theBronx High School of Sciencewith IBM 650 instruction chart above blackboard, upper right

The base machine operation codes were:

17	AABL	Add absolute to lower accumulator
15	AL	Add to lower accumulator
10	AU	Add to upper accumulator
45	BRNZ	Branch on accumulator non-zero
46	BRMIN	Branch on minus accumulator
44	BRNZU	Branch on non-zero in upper accumulator
47	BROV	Branch on overflow
90-99	BRD	Branch on 8 in distributor positions 1-10
14	DIV	Divide
64	DIVRU	Divide and reset upper accumulator
69	LD	Load distributor
19	MULT	Multiply
00	NO-OP	No operation
71	PCH	Punch a card
70	RD	Read a card
67	RAABL	Reset accumulator and add absolute to lower accumulator
65	RAL	Reset accumulator and add to lower accumulator
60	RAU	Reset accumulator and add to upper accumulator
68	RSABL	Reset accumulator and subtract absolute from lower accumulator
66	RSL	Reset accumulator and subtract from lower accumulator
61	RSU	Reset accumulator and subtract from upper accumulator
35	SLT	Shift accumulator left
36	SCT	Shift accumulator left and count
30	SRT	Shift accumulator right
31	SRD	Shift accumulator right and round accumulator
01	STOP	Stop if console switch is set to stop, otherwise continue as a NO-OP
24	STD	Store distributor into memory
22	STDA	Store lower accumulator data address into distributor Then store distributor into memory
23	STIA	Store lower accumulator instruction address into distributor Then store distributor into memory
20	STL	Store lower accumulator into memory
21	STU	Store upper accumulator into memory.
18	SABL	Subtract absolute from lower accumulator
16	SL	Subtract from lower accumulator
11	SU	Subtract from upper accumulator
84	TLU	Table lookup

Notes:

The IBM 653 options could implement additional instruction codes.

Sample program

This one-card program, taken from the650 Programming Bulletin 5, IBM, 1956, 22-6314-0,will set most of the drum storage to minus zeros. The program includes examples of instructions being executed from the console switches and from an accumulator.

To begin, a load card is keypunched with 80 consecutive digits (the second column below) so that, when read, drum locations 0001 through 0008 contents will be as shown.

0001 0000010000
0002 0000000000-
0003 1000018003
0004 6100080007
0005 2400008003
0006 0100008000
0007 6900060005
0008 2019990003

The console digit switches (address 8000) are manually set to a Read instruction with data address 0004.

loc- op|data|next
ation |addr|instruction
| |addr

8000 RD 70 0004 xxxx Read load card into first band read area

Each drum band has a read area; these read areas are in locations 0001-0010, 0051-0060, 0101-0110 and so on. Any address in a band can be used to identify that band for a read instruction; the address 0004 identifies the first band. Execution begins then, from the console with the reading of the eight words on the load card into locations 0001-0008 of the first memory band. In the case of reading a load card, the "next instruction address" is taken from the data address field, not the next instruction address field (shown above as xxxx). Thus execution continues at 0004

0004 RSU 61 0008 0007 Reset entire accumulator, subtract into upper (8003) the value 2019990003
0007 LD 69 0006 0005 Load distributor with 0100008000
0005 STD 24 0000 8003 Store distributor in location 0000, next instruction is in 8003 (the upper accumulator)
Note: the moving of data or instructions from one drum location to another
requires two instructions: LD, STD.

Now a two-instruction loop executes:

8003 STL 20 1999 0003 Store lower accumulator (that accumulator was reset to 0- by the RSU instruction above)
The "1999" data address is decremented, below, on each iteration.
This instruction was placed in the upper accumulator by the RSU instruction above.
Note: this instruction, now in the upper accumulator, will be decremented and then
executed again while still in the accumulator.

0003 AU 10 0001 8003 Decrement data address of the instruction in the accumulator by 1
(by adding 10000 to a negative number)

The STL's data address will, eventually, be decremented to 0003, and the AU... instruction at 0003 will be overwritten with zeros. When that occurs (the STL's next instruction address remains 0003) execution continues as follows:

0003 NOOP 00 0000 0000 No-operation instruction, next instruction address is 0000
0000 HALT 01 0000 8000 Halt, next instruction address is the console
(this Halt instruction was stored in 0000 by the STD instruction above)

Software

Student program from 1961 written in IBM 650 machine language, based on an exercise in Andree's book

The 650 instruction set is simple enough that small programs could be written in machine language and this was common for student exercises.There was a single-instruction-per-card format that could be loaded directly into the machine and executed.

Machine language was awkward for large programs and, over time, a variety of programming languages and tools were written for the IBM 650. These included:

Assemblers

• Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program(SOAP) — Anassembler
• Technical Assembly System (TASS) — Amacro assembler.

Interpretive systems

• An Interpretiveapplication virtual machinepackage originally published as "Complete Floating Decimal Interpretive System for the IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Calculator". This was known by several names:
  • the Wolontis–Bell Labs Interpreter, the Bell System, the Bell interpreter, the Bell interpretive system,or BLIS — the Bell Lab Interpretive System
  • L1 and (later) L2– known outside Bell Labs as "Bell 1" and "Bell 2", among other names (see above)
• Synthetic Programming System for Commercial Applications

Algebraic languages / compilers

• Internal Translator (IT) — A compiler
• Revised Unified New Compiler IT Basic Language Extended (RUNCIBLE) — An extension of IT atCase
• FOR TRANSIT— A version ofFortranwhich compiled to IT which in turn was compiled to SOAP
• FORTRAN

• GATE — A simple compiler with one character variable names
• IPL— The first list processing language. The best-known version was IPL-V.
• SPACE (Simplified Programming Anyone Can Enjoy) — A business-oriented two-step compiler through SOAP

See also

• Ferranti Mark 1
• History of IBM#1946–1959: Postwar
• IBM 700/7000 series
• Bull Gamma 3,one of the main competitors to the IBM 650
• LEO (computer)
• List of vacuum-tube computers
• Short Code
• UNIVAC I
• UNIVAC Solid Stateannounced by Sperry Rand in December 1958 as a response to the IBM 650. In June 1959, Remington Rand announced that it had written an IBM 650 emulator program to ease conversion.

Further reading

• Andree, Richard V. (1958).Programming the IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Computer and Data-Processing Machine(PDF).
• IBM (1955).IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data-Processing Machine Manual of Operation(PDF).22-6060.
• IBM (1956).IBM 650 Data-Processing System, Customer Engineering Manual of Instruction(PDF).22-6284-1.
• IBM (1955).IBM Presents the 650 Magnetic Drum Data Processing Machine(PDF).32-6770. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2012-02-05.Retrieved2006-09-24.
• Knuth, Donald E. (January–March 1986)."The IBM 650: An Appreciation from the Field"(PDF).IEEE Annals of the History of Computing.8(1): 50–55.doi:10.1109/MAHC.1986.10010.S2CID34595049.

External links

• Bitsavers.org: IBM 650 documents(PDF files)
• Columbia University: The IBM 650 at Columbia University
• IBM - Archives - Valuable resources on IBM's history - United Statesat theWayback Machine(archived 2023-07-12)
• The IBM 650: Workhorse of Modern Industryat theWayback Machine(archived 2023-07-03) Includes a chronology, technical specifications, photographs, representative customers, and applications the 650 was used for.
• Video clip of IBM 650 and RAMAC in operation,alternate version
• Weik, Martin H. (March 1961).A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems.Ballistic Research Laboratories (BRL). Report No. 1115.Includes about 40 pages of IBM 650 survey detail: customers, applications, specifications, and costs.
• IBM 650 “Magnetic Drum Data Processing Machine"Archived2023-02-08 at theWayback Machine