Iguaniais aninfraorderofsquamatereptilesthat includesiguanas,chameleons,agamids,andNew Worldlizards likeanolesandphrynosomatids.Usingmorphologicalfeatures as a guide to evolutionary relationships, the Iguania are believed to form thesister groupto the remainder of the Squamata,[1]which comprise nearly 11,000 named species, roughly 2000 of which are iguanians. However, molecular information has placed Iguania well within the Squamata as sister taxa to theAnguimorphaand closely related tosnakes.[2]The order has been under debate and revisions after being classified byCharles Lewis Campin 1923 due to difficulties finding adequatesynapomorphicmorphological characteristics.[3]Most iguanians arearborealbut there are several terrestrial groups. They usually have primitive fleshy,non-prehensiletongues, although the tongue is highly modified in chameleons.[citation needed]Today they are scattered occurring in Madagascar, the Fiji and Friendly Islands and Western Hemisphere.[4]
| Iguanomorpha Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Leiocephalus personatus,a species of iguanian | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Clade: | Toxicofera |
| Clade: | Iguanomorpha Sukhanov, 1961 |
| Suborder: | Iguania Cope,1864 |
| Subgroups | |
Classification
editThe Iguania currently include these extant families:[5][6]
- CladeAcrodonta
- FamilyAgamidae– agamid lizards, Old World arboreal lizards
- FamilyChamaeleonidae– chameleons
- CladePleurodonta– American arboreal lizards, chuckwallas, iguanas
- FamilyLeiocephalidae
- GenusLeiocephalus:curly-tailed lizards
- FamilyCorytophanidae– helmet lizards
- FamilyCrotaphytidae– collared lizards, leopard lizards
- FamilyHoplocercidae– dwarf and spinytail iguanas
- FamilyIguanidae– marine, Fi gian, Galapagos land, spinytail, rock, desert, green, and chuckwalla iguanas
- FamilyTropiduridae– tropidurine lizards
- subclade of TropiduridaeTropidurini– neotropical ground lizards
- FamilyDactyloidae– anoles
- FamilyPolychrotidae
- subclade of PolychrotidaePolychrus
- FamilyPhrynosomatidae– North American spiny lizards
- FamilyLiolaemidae– South American swifts
- FamilyOpluridae– Malagasy iguanas
- FamilyLeiosauridae– leiosaurs
- subclade of LeiosauriniLeiosaurae
- subclade of LeiosauriniAnisolepae
- FamilyLeiocephalidae
Phylogeny
editBelow is acladogramfrom thephylogeneticanalysis of Dazaet al.(2012) (a morphological analysis), showing the interrelationships of extinct and living iguanians:[3]
| Iguanomorpha | |
The extinctArretosauridae(Paleogeneiguanians from Central Asia) are alternatively classified in either the Acrodonta with other Old World iguanians, or inPleurodontaas a sister group to theCrotaphytidae.[7][8]
Conservation status
editAs of 2020 TheIUCN Red Listof endangered species lists 63.3% of the species asLeast concern,6.7%Near Threatened,8.2vulnerable,9.1%endangered,3.1%critically endangered,0.3extinctand 9.2%data deficient.The major threats include agriculture, residential and commercial development.[9]
References
edit- ^Gauthier, Jacques A.;Kearney, Maureen; Maisano, Jessica Anderson; Rieppel, Olivier; Behlke, Adam D. B. (April 2012). "Assembling the Squamate Tree of Life: Perspectives from the Phenotype and the Fossil Record".Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History.53(1): 3–308.doi:10.3374/014.053.0101.S2CID86355757.
- ^Vidal, N.; Hedges, S. B. (2005)."The phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein-coding genes".Comptes Rendus Biologies.328(10–11): 1000–1008.doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001.PMID16286089.
- ^abDaza, Juan D.; Abdala, Virginia; Arias, J. Salvador; García-López, Daniel; Ortiz, Pablo (2012). "Cladistic Analysis of Iguania and a Fossil Lizard from the Late Pliocene of Northwestern Argentina".Journal of Herpetology.46(1): 104–119.doi:10.1670/10-112.hdl:11336/61054.JSTOR41515023.S2CID85405843.
- ^Moody, Scott M. (June 1985). "Charles L. Camp and His 1923 Classification of Lizards: An Early Cladist?".Systematic Zoology.34(2): 216–222.doi:10.2307/2413329.JSTOR2413329.
- ^Wiens, John J.; Hutter, Carl R.; Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Noonan, Brice P.; Townsend, Ted M.; Sites, Jack W.; Reeder, Tod W. (23 December 2012)."Resolving the phylogeny of lizards and snakes (Squamata) with extensive sampling of genes and species".Biology Letters.8(6): 1043–1046.doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0703.PMC3497141.PMID22993238.
- ^Schulte, James A.; Valladares, John Pablo; Larson, Allan (2003). "Phylogenetic Relationships within Iguanidae Inferred Using Molecular and Morphological Data and a Phylogenetic Taxonomy of Iguanian Lizards".Herpetologica.59(3): 399–419.doi:10.1655/02-48.JSTOR3893615.S2CID56054202.
- ^Alifanov, V. R. (2012-07-01)."Lizards of the family Arretosauridae Gilmore, 1943 (Iguanomorpha, Iguania) from the Paleogene of Mongolia".Paleontological Journal.46(4): 412–420.Bibcode:2012PalJ...46..412A.doi:10.1134/S0031030112040028.ISSN1555-6174.S2CID119087759.
- ^Bolet, Arnau; Stubbs, Thomas L; Herrera-Flores, Jorge A; Benton, Michael J (2022-05-03). Zhu, Min; Perry, George H; Zhu, Min (eds.)."The Jurassic rise of squamates as supported by lepidosaur disparity and evolutionary rates".eLife.11:e66511.doi:10.7554/eLife.66511.ISSN2050-084X.PMC9064307.PMID35502582.
- ^https:// iucnredlist.org/[vague]
Further reading
edit
- Frost, Darrel R.; Etheridge, Richard (1989).A Phylogenetic Analysis and Taxonomy of Iguanian Lizards (Reptilia: Squamata).University of Kansas.ISBN978-0-89338-033-5.
- Frost, Darrel R.; Etheridge, Richard; Janies, Daniel; Titus, Tom A. (June 2001)."Total Evidence, Sequence Alignment, Evolution of Polychrotid Lizards, and a Reclassification of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania)".American Museum Novitates(3343): 1–39.doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2001)343<0001:TESAEO>2.0.CO;2.S2CID55299129.