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Innsbruck

(Redirected fromInnsbruck, Austria)
For places with similar names, seeInnsbrook.

Innsbruck(German:[ˈɪnsbʁʊk]ⓘ;Austro-Bavarian:Innschbruck[ˈɪnʃprʊk]) is the capital ofTyroland thefifth-largest cityinAustria.On theRiver Inn,at its junction with theWipp Valley,which provides access to theBrenner Pass30 km (19 mi) to the south, it had a population of 132,493 in 2018.

Innsbruck
Innschbruck(Bavarian)
Statutory city
From top, left to right: Bürgerstraße, Conradstraße, view of Innsbruck,St. Anne's Columnin Maria-Theresien-Straße, Stift Wilten,Ambras Castle,Altes Landhaus
Flag of Innsbruck
Flag
Coat of arms of Innsbruck
Coat of arms
Innsbruck is located in Tyrol, Austria
Innsbruck
Innsbruck
Location within Austria
Innsbruck is located in Austria
Innsbruck
Innsbruck
Innsbruck (Austria)
Coordinates:47°16′06″N11°23′36″E/ 47.26833°N 11.39333°E/47.26833; 11.39333
CountryAustria
Federal stateTyrol
DistrictStatutory city
Government
•MayorJohannes Anzengruber
Area
[1]
104.91 km2(40.51 sq mi)
Elevation
574 m (1,883 ft)
Population
(2018-01-01)[2]
132,493
• Density1,300/km2(3,300/sq mi)
•Metro
228,583
Demonym(s)Innsbrucker (m.)
Innsbruckerin (f.) (de)
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+2(CEST)
Postal code
6010–6080
Area code0512
Vehicle registrationI
Websiteinnsbruck.at

In the broad valley between high mountains, the so-called North Chain in theKarwendel Alps(Hafelekarspitze,2,334 metres or 7,657 feet) to the north andPatscherkofel(2,246 m or 7,369 ft) andSerles(2,718 m or 8,917 ft) to the south, Innsbruck is an internationally renownedwinter sportscentre; it hosted the1964and1976 Winter Olympicsas well as the1984and1988 Winter Paralympics.It also hosted the firstWinter Youth Olympicsin 2012. The name means "bridge over the Inn".[3]

History

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Antiquity

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The earliest traces suggest initial inhabitation in the earlyStone Age.Survivingpre-Romanplace names show that the area has been populated continuously. In the 4th century theRomansestablished the army station Veldidena (the name survives in today's urban district Wilten) atOenipons(Innsbruck), to protect the economically important commercial road fromVerona-Brenner-Augsburgin their province ofRaetia.

The first mention of Innsbruck dates back to the nameOeni PontumorOeni Ponswhich isLatinfor bridge (pons) over the Inn (Oenus), which was an important crossing point over the Inn river. The Counts ofAndechsacquired the town in 1180.[4]In 1248 the town passed into the hands of theCounts of Tyrol.[5]The city's arms show a bird's-eye view of the Inn bridge, a design used since 1267. The route over theBrenner Passwas then a major transport and communications link between the north and the south of Europe, and the easiest route across theAlps.It was part of theVia Imperii,a medieval imperial road under special protection of the king. The revenues generated by serving as a transit station on this route enabled the city to flourish.

Early history

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View of InnsbruckbyAlbrecht Dürer,1495 (from the North)

Innsbruck became the capital of all Tyrol in 1429 and in the 15th century the city became a centre of European politics and culture as EmperorMaximilian Ialso resided in Innsbruck in the 1490s. The city benefited from the emperor's presence as can be seen for example in theHofkirche.Here a funeral monument for Maximilian was planned and erected partly by his successors. The ensemble with acenotaphand the bronze statues of real and mythical ancestors of theHabsburg emperorare one of the main artistic monuments of Innsbruck. A regular postal service between Innsbruck andMechelenwas established in 1490 by theThurn-und-Taxis-Post.

Ambras Castle,1679

In 1564Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austriareceived the rulership overTyroland otherFurther Austrianpossessions administered from Innsbruck up to the 18th century. He hadSchloss Ambrasbuilt and arranged there his unique Renaissance collections nowadays mainly part of Vienna'sKunsthistorisches Museum.Up to 1665 astirpsof the Habsburg dynasty ruled in Innsbruck with an independent court. In the 1620s the first opera house north of the Alps was erected in Innsbruck (Dogana).

The university was founded in 1669. Also as a compensation for the court as EmperorLeopold Iagain reigned from Vienna and the Tyrolean stirps of the Habsburg dynasty had ended in 1665.[clarification needed]

Andreas Hofer with his Consultants at the HofburgbyFranz Defregger,1879

During theNapoleonic WarsTyrol was ceded toBavaria,ally of France.Andreas Hoferled a Tyrolean peasant army to victory in theBattles of Bergiselagainst the combined Bavarian and French forces, and then made Innsbruck the centre of his administration. The combined army later overran the Tyroleanmilitiaarmy and until 1814 Innsbruck was part of Bavaria. After theVienna CongressAustrian rule was restored. Until 1918, the town (one of the 4 autonomous towns in Tyrol) was part of theAustrian monarchy(Austria side after thecompromise of 1867), head of the district of the same name, one of the 21Bezirkshauptmannschaftenin theTyrolprovince.[6]

The Tyrolean heroAndreas Hoferwas executed in Mantua; his remains were returned to Innsbruck in 1823 and interred in the Franciscan church.

Innsbruck played a part during therevolution of 1848 in Austria.In May of that year, riots in Vienna made EmperorFerdinandto move the seat of government temporarily to that city.

During World War I, the only recorded action taking place in Innsbruck was near the end of the war. On 20 February 1918, Allied planes flying out of Italy raided Innsbruck, causing casualties among the Austrian troops there. No damage to the town is recorded.[7]In November 1918 Innsbruck and all Tyrol were occupied by the 20 to 22 thousand soldiers of the III Corps of the First Italian Army.[8]

In 1929, the first officialAustrian Chess Championshipwas held in Innsbruck.

Annexation and World War II

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Main article:Bombing of Innsbruck in World War II
Some residents of Innsbruck with swastika flags welcomed the German troops afterAnschlusson March 13, 1938

In 1938 Austria was annexed byNazi Germanyin theAnschluss.DuringWorld War II,Innsbruck was the location of two subcamps of theDachau concentration camp,including a special camp for prominent people from 16 countries and their families, who were held as hostages, including formerPrime Minister of FranceLéon Blum,formerregent of HungaryMiklós Horthy,former Chancellor of AustriaKurt Schuschnigg,Italian generalGiuseppe Garibaldi IIand a nephew ofWinston Churchill.[9]Between 1943 and April 1945, Innsbruck experienced twenty-twoair raidsand suffered heavy damage.

Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino

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In 1996, the European Union approved further cultural and economic integration between the Austrian province ofTyroland the Italian autonomous provinces ofSouth TyrolandTrentinoby recognizing the creation of theEuroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino.

Geography

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Climate

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Innsbruck has ahumid continentalclimate (KöppenDfb) using 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm oroceanic climate(Cfb) using the original −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm[10]since it has larger annual temperature differences than most of Central Europe due to its location in the centre of the Continent and its position around mountainous terrains. Winters are often very cold (colder than those of most major European cities) and snowy, although thefoehn windsometimes brings pronounced thaws.

Spring is brief; days start to get warm, often over 15 °C (59 °F), but nights remain cool or even freezing.

Summer is highly variable and unpredictable. Days can be cool 17 °C (63 °F) and rainy, or sunny and extremely hot, sometimes hitting 34 °C (93 °F). In summer, as expected for an alpine-influenced climate, thediurnal temperature variationis often very high as nights usually remain cool, being 12 °C (54 °F) on average, but sometimes dipping as low as 6 °C (43 °F).

The average annual temperature is 9 °C (48 °F).

Climate data for Innsbruck-Flugplatz (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.3
(68.5) 		20.6
(69.1) 		24.3
(75.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		32.3
(90.1) 		37.2
(99.0) 		37.0
(98.6) 		36.5
(97.7) 		31.5
(88.7) 		25.9
(78.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		16.1
(61.0) 		37.2
(99.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.9
(39.0) 		7.2
(45.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		16.5
(61.7) 		20.2
(68.4) 		24.0
(75.2) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		20.6
(69.1) 		15.5
(59.9) 		9.3
(48.7) 		4.1
(39.4) 		15.2
(59.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.4
(31.3) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.2
(43.2) 		10.3
(50.5) 		14.7
(58.5) 		18.0
(64.4) 		19.5
(67.1) 		19.2
(66.6) 		15.1
(59.2) 		10.7
(51.3) 		4.8
(40.6) 		0.3
(32.5) 		10.0
(50.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.5
(23.9) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		0.4
(32.7) 		4.2
(39.6) 		8.2
(46.8) 		12.0
(53.6) 		13.1
(55.6) 		13.0
(55.4) 		9.6
(49.3) 		5.2
(41.4) 		0.5
(32.9) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		4.6
(40.2)
Record low °C (°F) −17.4
(0.7) 		−18.4
(−1.1) 		−16.5
(2.3) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		3.0
(37.4) 		6.0
(42.8) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−11.7
(10.9) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−18.4
(−1.1)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 46.6
(1.83) 		36.8
(1.45) 		54.1
(2.13) 		54.5
(2.15) 		85.9
(3.38) 		114.2
(4.50) 		121.4
(4.78) 		134.9
(5.31) 		83.0
(3.27) 		67.9
(2.67) 		59.1
(2.33) 		54.8
(2.16) 		913.2
(35.96)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 7.9 7.4 8.5 8.9 11.6 13.2 13.6 13 9.5 8.5 8.1 8.5 118.7
Source:NOAA NCEI[11]
Climate data for Innsbruck University (1981–2010, extremes 1777–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.8
(67.6) 		20.6
(69.1) 		24.8
(76.6) 		28.7
(83.7) 		33.7
(92.7) 		37.3
(99.1) 		37.4
(99.3) 		37.4
(99.3) 		31.7
(89.1) 		26.0
(78.8) 		23.0
(73.4) 		17.9
(64.2) 		37.4
(99.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5) 		6.4
(43.5) 		11.8
(53.2) 		16.3
(61.3) 		21.4
(70.5) 		23.8
(74.8) 		26.0
(78.8) 		25.1
(77.2) 		20.8
(69.4) 		16.0
(60.8) 		8.6
(47.5) 		3.8
(38.8) 		15.3
(59.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2) 		0.8
(33.4) 		5.4
(41.7) 		9.6
(49.3) 		14.6
(58.3) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.2
(66.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		14.4
(57.9) 		9.9
(49.8) 		3.9
(39.0) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		9.4
(48.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.0
(24.8) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		1.0
(33.8) 		4.7
(40.5) 		9.1
(48.4) 		12.0
(53.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		13.6
(56.5) 		10.2
(50.4) 		6.1
(43.0) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		5.2
(41.4)
Record low °C (°F) −26.6
(−15.9) 		−26.9
(−16.4) 		−16.9
(1.6) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		0.6
(33.1) 		2.0
(35.6) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−15.2
(4.6) 		−31.3
(−24.3) 		−31.3
(−24.3)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 42
(1.7) 		41
(1.6) 		57
(2.2) 		58
(2.3) 		84
(3.3) 		115
(4.5) 		136
(5.4) 		130
(5.1) 		80
(3.1) 		59
(2.3) 		60
(2.4) 		51
(2.0) 		911
(35.9)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 25
(9.8) 		28
(11) 		12
(4.7) 		3
(1.2) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		11
(4.3) 		21
(8.3) 		99
(39)
Averagerelative humidity(%)(at 14:00) 60.8 52.9 46.1 43.1 43.7 46.6 46.8 49.7 50.6 52.3 60.8 60.8 51.7
Mean monthlysunshine hours 100 123 165 183 206 198 231 212 183 163 101 83 1,949
Percentpossible sunshine 50.3 50.4 49.9 48.1 49.2 45.8 53.8 52.7 53.8 55.9 46.7 44.6 50.1
Source 1:Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics[12][13][14][15][16]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[17]
Climate data for Innsbruck-Flugplatz (LOWI) 1971–2000
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.2
(68.4) 		21.3
(70.3) 		23.9
(75.0) 		26.4
(79.5) 		32.2
(90.0) 		33.6
(92.5) 		37.7
(99.9) 		35.0
(95.0) 		32.1
(89.8) 		26.0
(78.8) 		21.2
(70.2) 		17.1
(62.8) 		37.7
(99.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.5
(38.3) 		6.3
(43.3) 		11.3
(52.3) 		14.8
(58.6) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.4
(75.9) 		20.8
(69.4) 		15.8
(60.4) 		8.2
(46.8) 		3.7
(38.7) 		14.7
(58.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.7
(28.9) 		0.4
(32.7) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.4
(47.1) 		13.4
(56.1) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.1
(64.6) 		17.7
(63.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		9.1
(48.4) 		2.9
(37.2) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		8.5
(47.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.2
(22.6) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		0.2
(32.4) 		3.4
(38.1) 		7.8
(46.0) 		10.8
(51.4) 		12.8
(55.0) 		12.7
(54.9) 		9.3
(48.7) 		4.8
(40.6) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		4.0
(39.2)
Record low °C (°F) −23.8
(−10.8) 		−17.3
(0.9) 		−16.5
(2.3) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		3.0
(37.4) 		4.4
(39.9) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−17.9
(−0.2) 		−20.1
(−4.2) 		−23.8
(−10.8)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 43.9
(1.73) 		41.4
(1.63) 		55.9
(2.20) 		57.7
(2.27) 		87.1
(3.43) 		110.3
(4.34) 		137.2
(5.40) 		111.3
(4.38) 		78.1
(3.07) 		57.3
(2.26) 		63.2
(2.49) 		53.1
(2.09) 		896.5
(35.30)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 25.6
(10.1) 		30.0
(11.8) 		12.5
(4.9) 		3.5
(1.4) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.8
(0.3) 		12.0
(4.7) 		25.9
(10.2) 		110.3
(43.4)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 7.4 7.3 8.8 9.7 10.7 13.2 13.9 12.6 9.2 7.8 9.0 8.6 118.2
Averagerelative humidity(%)(at 14:00) 64.0 54.2 45.2 44.2 42.6 46.7 47.5 49.0 49.2 50.9 61.2 69.5 52.0
Source:Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics[18][19]
Climate data for Innsbruck University (1971–2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.8
(67.6) 		19.1
(66.4) 		24.8
(76.6) 		27.1
(80.8) 		32.3
(90.1) 		34.1
(93.4) 		37.4
(99.3) 		35.5
(95.9) 		31.6
(88.9) 		25.8
(78.4) 		20.9
(69.6) 		16.9
(62.4) 		37.4
(99.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.7
(38.7) 		6.5
(43.7) 		11.5
(52.7) 		15.2
(59.4) 		20.5
(68.9) 		22.8
(73.0) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.5
(76.1) 		20.8
(69.4) 		15.7
(60.3) 		8.1
(46.6) 		3.8
(38.8) 		14.8
(58.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.9
(30.4) 		0.9
(33.6) 		5.2
(41.4) 		8.7
(47.7) 		13.7
(56.7) 		16.3
(61.3) 		18.3
(64.9) 		17.9
(64.2) 		14.2
(57.6) 		9.4
(48.9) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		8.9
(48.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.9
(25.0) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		1.0
(33.8) 		4.1
(39.4) 		8.5
(47.3) 		11.4
(52.5) 		13.3
(55.9) 		13.2
(55.8) 		9.9
(49.8) 		5.5
(41.9) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		4.8
(40.6)
Record low °C (°F) −21.1
(−6.0) 		−14.5
(5.9) 		−15.0
(5.0) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		3.5
(38.3) 		4.4
(39.9) 		4.7
(40.5) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		−5.9
(21.4) 		−14.5
(5.9) 		−17.2
(1.0) 		−21.1
(−6.0)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 42.5
(1.67) 		36.8
(1.45) 		53.8
(2.12) 		58.8
(2.31) 		83.2
(3.28) 		111.8
(4.40) 		134.3
(5.29) 		116.5
(4.59) 		78.1
(3.07) 		56.1
(2.21) 		62.4
(2.46) 		48.8
(1.92) 		883.1
(34.77)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 21.8
(8.6) 		28.4
(11.2) 		12.6
(5.0) 		4.1
(1.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.7
(0.7) 		10.8
(4.3) 		15.9
(6.3) 		95.3
(37.5)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 7.6 6.9 8.7 9.4 10.7 13.6 13.7 12.5 9.1 7.6 8.7 8.5 117.0
Averagerelative humidity(%)(at 14:00) 61.0 53.0 45.4 43.9 43.5 47.3 47.8 49.2 50.4 51.8 60.5 66.7 51.7
Mean monthlysunshine hours 94.7 121.1 154.2 168.2 193.0 186.8 215.5 214.4 180.0 159.0 102.2 82.8 1,871.9
Percentpossible sunshine 39.1 48.8 45.3 43.3 45.9 43.8 50.1 52.6 54.6 53.3 46.5 43.8 47.4
Source:Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics[18]

Boroughs and statistical divisions

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Cadastral settlements (red) and wards (grey) of Innsbruck

Innsbruck is divided into nine boroughs (cadastral settlements) that were formed from previously independent municipalities or villages.[20]These nine boroughs are further divided into twenty wards (cadastral districts). All wards are within one borough, except for the ward of Hungerburg (Upper Innsbruck), which is divided between two. For statistical purposes, Innsbruck is further divided into forty-two statistical units (Statistischer Bezirk) and 178 numbered blocks (Zählsprengel).[21]

The following are the nine boroughs with the population as of 31 October 2011:[22]

  • Innsbruck (inner city) (18.524), consisting of Oldtown (Altstadt), Dreiheiligen-Schlachthof, and Saggen
  • Wilten (15.772), consisting of Mentlberg, Sieglanger, and Wilten West
  • Pradl (30.890), consisting of Pradler-Saggen, Reichenau, and Tivoli
  • Hötting (31.246), consisting of Höttinger Au, Hötting West, Sadrach, Allerheiligen, Kranebitten, and part of Hungerburg
  • Mühlau (4.750), consisting of part of Hungerburg
  • Amras (5.403), consisting of Roßau
  • Arzl (10.293), consisting of Neuarzl and Olympisches Dorf
  • Vill (535)
  • Igls (2.204)

Places of interest

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Mountains

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Buildings and monuments

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Imperial Hofburg(Kaiserliche Hofburg)
Goldenes Dachl(Golden Roof)

Museums

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Tyrolean Folk Art Museum next to the Hofkirche in Innsbruck

Churches

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Innsbruck Cathedral (Dom zu St. Jakob)
  • Court Church(Hofkirche)
  • Innsbruck Cathedral(Dom zu St. Jakob)
  • Old Ursuline Church
  • Jesuit Church
  • Church of Our Lady
  • Church of Our Lady of Perpectual Succour
  • Servite Church
  • Hospital Church
  • Ursuline Church
  • Wilten Abbey (Stift Wilten)
  • Wilten Basilica (Wiltener Basilika)
  • Holy Trinity Church
  • St. John's Church
  • St. Theresa's Church (Hungerburg)
  • Pradler Parish Church
  • St. Paul's State Memorial Church in the Reichenau
  • Evangelical Church of Christ
  • Evangelical Church of the Resurrection
  • Old Höttingen Parish Church
  • Höttingen Parish Church
  • Parish Church of St. Nicholas
  • Parish Church of Neu-Arzl
  • Parish Church of St. Norbert
  • Parish Church of Maria am Gestade
  • Parish Church of the Good Shepherd
  • Parish Church of St. George
  • Parish Church of St. Paul
  • Parish Church of St. Pirminius
  • Church of the Guardian Angel

Parks and gardens

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  • Ambras Castle
  • Armoury
  • City Tower (Stadtturm)
  • Helblinghaus
  • Innsbruck from the Inn river (looking towardsNordkette)
  • Maximilian's Cenotaph and the Black Men in theCourt Church
  • Old Town (Altstadt) with theGoldenes Dachl
  • Siebenkreuzkapelle
  • Tyrolean State Museum (Tiroler Landesmuseum)
  • Wilten Basilica
Panoramic view looking north to theNordkette

Government and politics

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Panoramic view looking down withSerlesin the background.

The results of the 2018local electionswere:

Culture

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Cultural events

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Towel DayInnsbruck − Towels with a silkscreen print as homage to Douglas Adams. Next to the words 'DON'T PANIC' there are theGPSdata from the city Innsbruck where Adams had the idea for theHitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.[23]

Innsbruck is a very populartourist destination,organizing the following events every year:

  • Innsbrucker Tanzsommer
  • Bergsilvester (New Year's Eve)
  • Innsbrucker Festwochen der Alten Musik (Innsbruck Festival of Early Music)
  • Los Gurkos Short Film Festival[24]
  • Christkindlmarkt (Christmas fair)

In 1971, authorDouglas Adamswas inspired to write the internationally successfulThe Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxyseries while lying intoxicated in a field in Innsbruck.[25]From 2003 onwards each yearTowel Dayis celebrated worldwide on 25 May.

Sports

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Bergiselschanzeski jumping facility

Due to its location between high mountains, Innsbruck serves as an ideal place forskiingin winter,ski-jumpingandmountaineeringin summer. There are severalski resortsaround Innsbruck, with theNordketteserved by a cable car and additional chair lifts further up. Other ski resorts nearby includeAxamer Lizum,Muttereralm,Patscherkofel,Igls,Seefeld,TulfesandStubaiValley. The glaciated terrain in the latter makes skiing possible even in summer months.

TheWinter Olympic Gameswere held in Innsbruck twice, first in1964,then again in1976,whenColoradovoters rejected a bond referendum in 1972 to finance theDenvergames, originally awarded in 1970. The1976 Winter Olympicswere the last games held in the German-speakingAlps(Austria, Germany, or Switzerland).

Along withSt. Moritz,Switzerland andLake Placid, New Yorkin the United States, it is one of three places which have twice hosted the Winter Games. It also hosted the1984and1988 Winter Paralympics.

Innsbruck hosted the1st Winter Youth Olympic Gamesin 2012.[26]

Other notable events held in Innsbruck include theAir & Style Snowboard Contestfrom 1994 to 1999 and 2008 and theIce Hockey World Championshipin 2005. Together with the city ofSeefeld,Innsbruck organized the WinterUniversiadein 2005. Innsbruck'sBergiselschanzeis one of the hills of the famousFour Hills Tournament.

Innsbruck is home tofootballclubsWSG TirolandFC Wacker Innsbruck,who play in theAustrian Bundesligaand theAustrian Landesligarespectively. Former teams include theFC Swarovski TirolandFC Tirol Innsbruck.The teams' stadium,Tivoli Neu,is one of eight stadiums which hostedEuro 2008,which took place in Switzerland and Austria in June 2008.

The city is home to the American football teamRaiders Tirol.Innsbruck hosted an American football final,EurobowlXXII between theSwarco Raiders Tiroland theRaiffeisen Vikings Vienna.

The city hosted opening round games in the2011 IFAF World Championship,the official internationalAmerican Footballchampionship.

In 2018 Innsbruck hosted theIFSCClimbing World Championships 2018 from 6 to 16 September and the2018 UCI Road World Championshipsfrom 22 to 30 September.[27]

Language

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Innsbruck is part of theAustro-Bavarianregion ofdialectsand, more specifically,Southern Bavarian(Südbairisch).[28]Irina Windhaber, professor for linguistics at the Universität Innsbruck, has observed a trend among young people to choose more often Standard German language structures and pronunciation.[29]

Economy and infrastructure

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Innsbruck is a substantial tourist centre, with more than a million overnight stays.

In Innsbruck, there are 86,186 employees and about 12,038 employers. 7,598 people are self-employed.[30]Nearly 35,000 people commute every day into Innsbruck from the surrounding communities in the area. The unemployment rate for the year 2012 was 4.2%.[31]

The national statistics office,Statistik Austria,does not produce economic data for the City of Innsbruck alone, but on aggregate level with theInnsbruck-Land Districtsummarized as NUTS 3-region Innsbruck. In 2013, GDP per capita in the NUTS 3-region Innsbruck was €41,400 which is around 60% above the EU average.[32]

The headquarters ofTiroler Wasserkraft(Tiwag, energy production),Bank für Tirol und Vorarlberg(financial services), Tiroler Versicherung (insurance) andMED-EL(medical devices) are located in Innsbruck. The headquarters ofSwarovski(glass), Felder Group (mechanical engineering) and Swarco (traffic technology) are located within 20 km (12 mi) from the city.

Residential property is very expensive by national standards. The average price per square meter in Innsbruck is €4,430 (2015), which is the second highest per square meter price among Austrian cities surpassed only by Salzburg (€4,823), but followed by Vienna (€3,980).[33]

Transport

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Innsbruck Airport

Innsbruck is located along the A12/A13 highway corridor (Inn Valley AutobahnandBrenner Autobahnrespectively), providing freeway access toVerona,Italy andMunich,Germany. The A12 and A13 converge near Innsbruck, at which point the A13 terminates.

Innsbruck Hauptbahnhof,the most important railway station of Innsbruck and Tyrol, is one of the busiest railway stations in Austria. It is served by theLower Inn Valley lineto Germany and eastern Austria, theArlberg lineto the west and theBrenner line,which connects northern Italy with southern Germany via theBrenner Pass.Since December 2007 suburban services have been operated as theInnsbruck S-Bahn.

Innsbruck Airportis located in the suburb of Kranebitten, which is located in the west of the city. It provides services to airports includingFrankfurt,London,AmsterdamandVienna.It also handles regional flights around theAlps,as well as seasonal flights to other destinations. During the winter, activity increases significantly, due to the high number of skiers travelling to the region. The airport is approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the centre of Innsbruck.

Trambahn in Innsbruck

Local public transport is provided by Innsbrucker Verkehrsbetriebe (IVB), a public authority operating a network of bus andtramroutes. The metre-gaugetram networkconsists of four city lines, 1, 2, 3 and 5, and two lines serving the surrounding area:line 6,the Innsbrucker Mittelgebirgsbahn to Igls, and lineSTB,theStubaitalbahnrunning through theStubai ValleytoFulpmes.The network is planned to be enlarged during the coming years to reach the neighboring village Rum in the east andVölsin the west. Numerous bus lines serve the inner city and connect it with surrounding areas. Until 2007 the bus network included twotrolleybusroutes, but these were abandoned in preparation for planned expansion of the tram network.

In December 2007, theHungerburgbahn,afunicularservice to the district of Hungerburg, was reopened after a two-year closure for extensive rebuilding, with partial realignment and a new extension under theInn Riverand into central Innsbruck. The line was also equipped with new vehicles. Because of the unique design of the stations, drafted by the famous architectZaha Hadid,the funicular evolves immediately to a new emblem of the city.[34]The line was rebuilt by the Italian company Leitner, and can now carry up to 1,200 persons per hour.[35]It is operated by a private company, the 'Innsbrucker Nordkettenbahnen'.

Education

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Innsbruck is a university city, with several locally based colleges and universities.

Innsbruck is home to the oldest grammar school(Gymnasium)of Western Austria, the "Akademisches Gymnasium Innsbruck".The school was founded in 1562 by theJesuitorder and was the precursor of the university, founded in 1669.

Innsbruck hosts several universities. The most well-known are theUniversity of Innsbruck(Leopold-Franzens-Universität), theInnsbruck Medical University,and the university of applied sciencesMCI Management Center Innsbruck.

Organizations

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Notable residents

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portrait ofMargaret of Austria
Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle,1561
Leopold, Duke of Lorraine,1703

Monarchy and aristocracy

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Public service

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Josef Speckbacher,1891
Christian Schwarz-Schilling,1993

War figures

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Arts

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Karl Schönherr
Erwin Faber,1976
William Berger,1967
Alice Tumler,2015

Science

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Wilibald Swibert Joseph Gottlieb von Besser,1830's
Roderich Menzel,1934
Hermann Buhl,1953

Sport

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International relations

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See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Austria

Twin towns and sister cities

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Partnerships

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Austrian Service Abroad

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TheAustrian Service Abroadis a NGO, which provides positions for an alternative Austrian national service at 85 organizations in 35 countries worldwide in the sectorsHolocaust Memorial Service,Social ServiceandPeace Service.It was founded byAndreas MaislingerandAndreas Hörtnaglin 1998 and is based in Innsbruck.

See also

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References

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Citations
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  7. ^Reynolds, Churchill, et al.The Story of the Great War,vol. 14. (New York: Collier and Son, 1919)
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  23. ^Erik van Rheenen (2017).16 Fun Facts About The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.
  24. ^slashcam.dehttp:// slashcam.de/kalender/A-Los-Gurkos-Short-Film-Festival-2012-760.html"Festival"
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Bibliography

Further reading

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Published in the 19th century
Published in the 20th century
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Wikimedia Commons has media related toInnsbruck.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forInnsbruck.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forIgls.
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