TheIranian Armed Forces,[a]officially theIslamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces,[b]are the combined military forces ofIran,comprising theIslamic Republic of Iran Army(Artesh), theIslamic Revolutionary Guard Corps(Sepah) and theLaw Enforcement Command(Faraja).
Iranian Armed Forces are the largest in the Middle East in terms of active troops.[5]Iran's military forces are made up of approximately 610,000active-dutypersonnel plus 350,000reserveand trained personnel that can be mobilized when needed, bringing the country's military manpower to about 960,000 total personnel.[1]These numbers do not includeLaw Enforcement CommandorBasij.
Most of Iran's imported weapons consist of American systems purchased before the1979 Islamic Revolution,with limited purchases from Russia in the 1990s following theIran–Iraq War.[6][7]However, the country has since then launched a robust domestic rearmament program,[8]and its inventory has becomeincreasingly indigenous.According to Iranian officials, most of the country's military hardware is domestically manufactured, and the country had already become an exporter of arms by the 2000s.[9]Unable to import weapon systems from abroad due tointernational and U.S. sanctions,and suffering from an increasingly aging air force fleet, Iran has invested considerable funds into an ambitiousballistic and cruise missile programfor mid-range strike capability,[10]and has manufactured different types of arms and munitions, includingtanks,armoured vehiclesanddrones,as well as various naval assets and aerial defense systems.[11][12][13][14]
Iran'sballistic missile and space programis an internationally hot political topic over which it has consistently refused to negotiate. Iranian authorities state that the country's missile program is not designed to delivernuclear payloads,but used only forsurgical strikes,and is therefore not relevant to anynuclear negotiationswith theP5+1.[15][16]
TheIranian drone programhas also raised concerns across the Middle East and much of the Western world, especially with proliferation among Iranian-allied forces in the Middle East, as well as exports to countries hostile to the U.S.[17]According toU.S. Central CommandchiefGen. Kenneth McKenzie,the U.S. is "for the first time since the Korean War operating without complete air superiority" due to threats posed by Iranian drones.[18]
All branches of the armed forces fall under the command of theGeneral Staff of the Iranian Armed Forces.TheMinistry of Defense and Armed Forces Logisticsis responsible for planninglogisticsand funding of the armed forces and is not involved with in-the-field military operational command. The commander-in-chief of the armed forces is theSupreme Leader.
History
editAfter thecoup in 1953,Iran began purchasing some weapons fromIsrael,the United States and other countries of theWestern Bloc.Later on, Iran began establishing its own armaments industry; its efforts in this remained largely unrecognized internationally, until recently.
Following theIranian revolutionin 1979, deteriorating relations with the U.S. resulted in international sanctions led by the US, including an arms embargo being imposed on Iran.
Revolutionary Iran was taken by surprise by the Iraqi invasion that began theIran–Iraq Warof 1980–1988. During this conflict, there were several conflicts against the United States. From 1987, theUnited States Central Commandsought to stop Iranianmine-layingvessels from blocking the internationalsea lanesthrough thePersian GulfinOperation Prime Chance.The operation lasted until 1989. On April 18, 1988, the US retaliated for the Iranianminingof theUSSSamuel B. RobertsinOperation Praying Mantis.Simultaneously, the Iranian armed forces had to learn to maintain and keep operational, their large stocks of US-built equipment and weaponry, without outside help, due to the American-led sanctions. However, Iran was able to obtain limited amounts of American-made armaments, when it was able to buy American spare parts and weaponry for its armed forces, during theIran–Contra affair.At first, deliveries came via Israel and later, from the US.[19]
The Iranian government established a five-year rearmament program in 1989 to replace worn-out weaponry from the Iran–Iraq War. Between 1989 and 1992, Iran spent $10 billion on arms, some of which were designed to prevent other states' naval vessels from accessing the sea, including marines and long-range Soviet planes capable of attacking aircraft carriers.[20]
A former military-associated police force, theIranian Gendarmerie,was merged with the National Police (Shahrbani) andIslamic Revolution Committeesin 1990.
In 1991, the Iranian armed forces received a number of Iraqi military aircraft being evacuated from the PersianGulf Warof that year; most of which were incorporated into the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force.
From 2003, there have been repeated US and British allegations that Iranian forces have been covertly involved in theIraq War.In 2004, Iranian armed forcestook Royal Navy personnel prisoner,on theShatt al-Arab(Arvand Rud in Persian) river, between Iran and Iraq. They were released three days later following diplomatic discussions between the UK and Iran.
In 2007, Iranian Revolutionary Guard forces alsotook prisonerRoyal Navypersonnel when a boarding party fromHMSCornwallwas seized in the waters between Iran and Iraq, in the Persian Gulf. They were released thirteen days later.
According toJuan Cole,Iran has never launched an "aggressive war" in modern history, and its leadership adheres to a doctrine of "nofirst strike".[21]The country's military budget is the lowest per capita in thePersian Gulfregion besides theUAE.[21]
Since 1979, there have been no foreign military bases present in Iran. According to Article 146 of theIranian Constitution,the establishment of any foreign military base in the country is forbidden, even for peaceful purposes.[22]
On 4 December 2011, an AmericanRQ-170 Sentinelunmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)was capturedby Iranian forces near the city ofKashmarin northeasternIran.
In 2012, it was announced that Iran'sQuds Forceis operating inside Syria providing the government of Bashar al-Assad with intelligence and direction against rebel opposition.[23]
In December 2012, Iran stated it had captured an AmericanScanEagleUAV that violated its airspace over the Persian Gulf. Iran later stated it had also captured two other ScanEagles.
In November 2015, Iranian special forces assisted in therescue of a Russian pilot that was shot downby Turkey, over Syria.[24]
In April 2016, Iran sent advisors from the65th Airborne Special Forces Brigadeto Syria in support of the government.[25]
In 2016, Revolutionary Guard forcescaptured US Navy personnelwhen their boats entered Iranian territorial waters off the coast of Farsi Island in the Persian Gulf. They were released the next day following diplomatic discussions between the US and Iran.
In March 2021 state TV in Iran showed footage of a "missile city" armed with ballistic and cruise weapons described as "a new Revolutionary Guard base" along the Gulf coast.[26]
In March 2023, Iran is in the process of allowing women to enlist in the military for the first time since theWhite Revolution.[27]
Commanders
edit
- AyatollahAli Khamenei(Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution and theCommander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic,inPersian:فرمانده کل قوا,romanized:Fermāndeh-e Koll-e Qavā)
- Brigadier GeneralAziz Nasirzadeh(امیر سرتیپ عزیز نصیرزاده) (Minister of Defence)
- Brigadier GeneralEskandar Momeni(اسکندر مؤمنی) (Minister of Interior)
- Major GeneralMohammad Bagheri(سردار سرلشکر پاسدار محمد باقری) (Commander of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, inPersian:رئیس ستاد کل نیروهای مسلح)
- Brigadier GeneralMohammad-Reza Gharaei Ashtiani(محمدرضا قرایی آشتیانی) (Deputy commander of General Staff of the Armed Forces, inPersian:جانشین رئیس ستاد کل نیروهای مسلح)
- Major GeneralYahya Rahim Safavi(سردار سرلشکر پاسدار یحیی رحیم صفوی) (Senior Military Advisor to the Leader of the Islamic Revolution)[citation needed]
- Islamic Republic of Iran Army
- Major GeneralAbdolrahim Mousavi(امیر سرلشکر عبدالرحیم موسوی) (Commander-in-Chief of the Army, inPersian:فرمانده کل ارتش)
- Brigadier GeneralMohammad-Hossein Dadras(امیر سرتیپ محمدحسین دادرس) (Deputy Commander in Chief of the Army)
- Rear admiralHabibollah Sayyari(امیر دریادار حبیبالله سیاری) (Chief of the Army Joint Headquarters)
- Brigadier GeneralKioumars Heydari(امیر سرتیپ کیومرث حیدری) (Commander of the Army Ground Forces)
- Brigadier General Hamid Vahedi (حمید واحدی) (Commander of the Air Force)
- Brigadier GeneralAlireza Sabahifard(امیر سرتیپ علیرضا صباحیفرد) (Commander of Air Defense Force)[28][29]
- Rear admiralShahram Irani(شهرام ایرانی) (Commander of the Navy)
- IRGC
- Major GeneralHossein Salami(سردار سرلشکر پاسدار حسین سلامی) (Commander-in-Chief of the IRGC, inPersian:فرمانده کل سپاه پاسداران)
- Rear admiralAli Fadavi(سردار دریادار پاسدار علی فدوی) (Deputy Commander of the IRGC)
- Brigadier GeneralMohammad Reza Naqdi(سردار سرتیپ بسیجی محمدرضا نقدی) (Chief of the IRGC Joint Headquarters)
- Brigadier GeneralMohammad Pakpour(سردار سرتیپ پاسدار محمد پاکپور) (Commander of IRGC Ground Force)[30]
- Brigadier GeneralAmir Ali Hajizadeh(سردار سرتیپ پاسدار امیرعلی حاجیزاده) (Commander of the IRGC Aerospace Force)[31]
- Rear admiralAlireza Tangsiri(سردار دريادار پاسدار علیرضا تنگسیری) (Commander of IRGC Navy)[32]
- Brigadier GeneralEsmail Qaani(Commander ofQuds Force)[33]
- Brigadier GeneralGholamreza Soleimani(سردار سرتیپ پاسدار غلامرضا سلیمانی) (Commander of theBasijResistance Force)[31]
- Law Enforcement Force
- Brigadier GeneralAhmad-Reza Radan(سردار سرتیپ پاسدار احمدرضا رادان) (Commander-in-Chief of the General Command of the Law Enforcement, inPersian:فرمانده کل انتظامی)
Structure
edit- The Iranian regular military, orIslamic Republic of Iran Army,consists of theIslamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces,Islamic Republic of Iran Navy,[34]Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force,and theIslamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force.The regular armed forces have an estimated 420,000 personnel: theIslamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forceswith 350,000, of which 220,000 are conscripts; theIslamic Republic of Iran Navywith 18,000, and theIslamic Republic of Iran Air Forcewith 37,000airmen.[1]TheIslamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Forceis a branch split off from theIRIAFand has 15,000 personnel.[1][35]
- TheIslamic Revolutionary Guard Corps,or Revolutionary Guards, has an estimated 190,000 personnel in five branches: Its ownNavy,[34]Aerospace Force,andGround Forces;and theQuds Force(special forces).[1]
- TheBasijis a paramilitary volunteer force controlled by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards. Its membership is a matter of controversy. Iranian sources claim a membership of 12.6 million, including women, of which perhaps 600,000 are combat capable.[1]There are a claimed 2,500 battalions of which some are composed of full-time personnel.[1]
Cyberwarfare
editIt has been reported that Iran is one of the five countries that has a cyber-army capable of conducting cyber-warfare operations. It has also been reported that Iran has immensely increased itscyberwarfarecapability since the post presidential election un-rest.[36][37][38][39][40]Furthermore, China has accused the United States of having initiated a cyber war against Iran through websites such asTwitterandYouTubein addition to employing a hacker brigade for the purpose of fomenting unrest in Iran.[41][42]It has also been reported in early 2010 that two new garrisons for cyberwarfare have been established atZanjanandIsfahan.[43]As of 2024, Iran's cyber activities have become more sophisticated, engaging in a persistent cyber struggle with Israel that focuses on espionage, information warfare, and attempts to target critical infrastructure, although Israel maintains a technological edge.[44]
Budget
editIran's 2021 defense budget was estimated to be $25.0 billion byIISS.[45]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info onPhabricatorand onMediaWiki.org. |
Defense industry
edit
Under the lastShah of Iran,Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,Iran's military industry was limited to assembly of foreign weapons. In the assembly lines that were put up by American firms, such asBell,LittonandNorthrop,Iranian workers put together a variety of helicopters, aircraft, guided missiles, electronic components and tanks.[46]
In 1973, theIran Electronics Industries (IEI)was established.[47]The company was set up in a first attempt to organize the assembly and repair of foreign-delivered weapons.[48]The IranianDefense Industries Organizationwas the first to succeed in taking a step into what could be called a military industry by reverse engineeringSovietRPG-7,BM-21,andSAM-7missiles in 1979.[48]
Nevertheless, most of Iran's weapons before theIslamic revolutionwere imported from the United States and Europe. Between 1971 and 1975, theShahwent on a buying spree, ordering $8 billion in weapons from the United States alone. This alarmed theUnited States Congress,which strengthened a 1968 law on arms exports in 1976 and renamed it the Arms Export Control Act. Still, the United States continued to sell large amounts of weapons to Iran until the 1979Islamic Revolution.[49]
After the Islamic revolution, Iran found itself severely isolated and lacking technological expertise. Because of economic sanctions and a weapons embargo put on Iran by the United States, it was forced to rely on its domestic arms industry for weapons and spare parts, since there were very few countries willing to do business with Iran.[50]
TheIslamic Revolutionary Guardswere put in charge of creating what is today known as theIranian military industry.Under their command, Iran's military industry was enormously expanded, and with theMinistry of Defensepouring investment into the missile industry, Iran soon accumulated avast arsenal of missiles.[46] Since 1992, it has also produced its owntanks,armored personnel carriers,radar systems,guided missiles,marines,military vessels andfighter planes.[51]Iran is also producing its own submarines.[52]
In recent years, official announcements have highlighted the development of weapons such as theFajr-3 (MIRV),Hoot,Kowsar,Fateh-110,Shahab-3missile systems and a variety ofunmanned aerial vehicles,at least one of whichIsraelclaims has been used to spy on its territory.[53]
On November 2, 2012, Iran's Brigadier General Hassan Seifi reported that the Iranian Army had achieved self-suffiency in producing military equipment, and that the abilities of Iranian scientists have enabled the country to make significant progress in this field. He was quoted saying, "Unlike Western countries which hide their new weapons and munitions from all, the Islamic Republic of Iran's Army is not afraid of displaying its latest military achievements and all countries must become aware of Iran's progress in producing weaponry."[54]
UAV program
editIran has produced severalunmanned aerial vehicle (UAV),which can be used for reconnaissance and combat operations. Iran has also claimed to have downed,capturedand later reverse-engineered US and Israeli drones. Iranian drones have seen extensive combat during theSyrian Civil War[55]as well as by theHouthi movementduring theYemeni Civil War,mostly against Saudi targets.[56]Some time after the beginning ofRussia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022,the U.S. reported that Iran was supplying Russia with military drones.[57]Iran later confirmed the reports, though it denied the drones were meant to be used in the Ukraine war, and added that China was on the list of countries looking to import Iranian drones.[58][59]
Ballistic missile program
edit
2 November 2006.
On November 2, 2006, Iran fired unarmed missiles to begin 10 days ofmilitary simulations.Iranian state television reported "dozens of missiles were fired includingShahab-2andShahab-3missiles. The missiles had ranges from 300 km to up to 2,000 km. Iranian experts have made some changes to Shahab-3 missiles installing clusterwarheadsin them with the capacity to carry 1,400 bombs. "These launches came after some United States-led military exercises in thePersian Gulfon October 30, 2006, meant to train for blocking the transport ofweapons of mass destruction.[60]
Iran is also believed to have started the development of an ICBM/IRBM missile project, known asGhadr-110with a range of 3000 km; the program is believed to be a parallel of the advancement of a satellite launcher namedIRIS.Iran also dedicatedunderground ballistic missile bases and silos.Older generation platforms, like theShahab family,are slowly being phased out of service and replaced by newer generation ballistic missiles that emphasise accuracy and manoeuvrability over longer range, such as theFatehandSejjilfamilies. By 2020, the U.S. military command in the Middle East had assessed that Iran's missile forces, by far the largest and most diverse in the Middle East, have already achieved overmatch against their adversaries in the region.[61]
Weapons of mass destruction
editIran started a major campaign to produce and stockpile chemical weapons after a truce was agreed with Iraq after 1980–88Iran–Iraq War.[62]However, Iran ratified theChemical Weapons Conventionin 1997. Iranian troops and civilians suffered tens of thousands of casualties from Iraqichemical weaponsduring the 1980–88 Iran–Iraq War.
Even today, more than twenty-four years after the end of the Iran–Iraq War, about 30,000 Iranians are still suffering and dying from the effects of chemical weapons employed by Iraq during the war. The need to manage the treatment of such a large number of casualties has placed Iran's medical specialists in the forefront of the development of effective treatment regimens for chemical weapons victims, and particularly for those suffering from exposure tomustard gas.[63]
Iran ratified theBiological Weapons Conventionin 1973.[64]Iran has advanced biological andgenetic engineeringresearch programs supporting an industry that producesvaccinesfor both domestic use and export.[65]
Military aid
editIn 2013, Iran was reported to supply money, equipment, technological expertise andunmanned aerial vehicles(drones) to the Syrian government and Hezbollah during theSyrian civil war,and to the Iraqi government and its state-sponsored organizations thePopular Mobilization Forces,andPeshmergaduringWar on ISIL.[66]
Equipment
edit| Model | Image | Origin | Quantity | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tanks | ||||
| T-54A |  Soviet Union
|
Unknown | [67] | |
| T-55A | [67] | |||
| Type 69 |  China
|
(Captured fromIraq).[67] | ||
| Safir-74 |  Iran
|
[67] | ||
| Chonma-ho |  North Korea
|
[67] | ||
| T-72M | Soviet Union
|
(Captured from Iraq), (Some with an upgraded fire-control system).[67] | ||
| T-72M1 | (Some with an upgraded fire-control system).[67] | |||
| T-72S |  Russia
|
(Some with electro-optical active protection system or slat armour).[67] | ||
| FV 101 Scorpion |  United Kingdom
|
(Locally upgraded examples known as Tosan).[67] | ||
| FV4201 Chieftain | (Locally upgraded examples known as Mobarez), (Some with a Russian V-84 engine).[67] | |||
| M47M |  United States
|
(Some upgraded with an EO device and explosive reactive armour).[67] | ||
| M48A5 | [67] | |||
| M60A1 Patton | [67] | |||
| Karrar | Iran
|
[67] | ||
| Armoured Fighting Vehicles | ||||
| EE-9 |  Brazil
|
Unknown | (Captured from Iraq).[67] | |
| Lynx | United States
|
(Some armed withZU-23s).[67] | ||
| Infantry Fighting Vehicles | ||||
| BMP-1 | Soviet Union
|
Unknown | [67] | |
| BMP-2 | (Some upgraded to carry Dehlavieh ATGMs).[67] | |||
| BTR-82 | Iran
|
[67] | ||
| Armoured Personnel Carriers | ||||
| BTR-50PK | Soviet Union
|
Unknown | [67] | |
| BTR-60PB | [67] | |||
| M113 | United States
|
[67] | ||
| Boragh | Iran
|
(Can be armed with MRLs and ZU-23s).[67] | ||
| Rakhsh | (Can be armed with ZU-23s).[67] | |||
| Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicles | ||||
| Toofan | Iran
|
Unknown | [67] | |
| Ra'ad | (Yet to enter mass production).[67] | |||
| Caracal | ||||
| Infantry Mobility Vehicles (IMV) | ||||
| M1151 | United States
|
Unknown | (Taken over fromAfghan National Armyelements that escaped to Iran).[67] | |
| YOZ 102 | Iran
|
[67] | ||
| Jasour | [67] | |||
| Fateq | (Can be armed with RCLs).[67] | |||
| Roueintan | (Yet to enter mass production).[67] | |||
| Early Rakhsh | (Can be armed with ZU-23s).[67] | |||
| Late Rakhsh | [67] | |||
| Kia | [67] | |||
See also
edit
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^abcdefghInternational Institute for Strategic Studies(15 February 2023).The Military Balance 2023.London: Routledge. pp. 324–328.ISBN9781032508955.Cite error: The named reference "IISS1" was defined multiple times with different content (see thehelp page).
- ^abTian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (24 April 2022)."Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2021"(PDF).Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.Archivedfrom the original on 25 April 2022.Retrieved25 April2022.
- ^abcdefghijklmnIran Military Power: Ensuring Regime Survival and Securing Regional Dominance(PDF),Defense Intelligence Agency, August 2019, p. 90,ISBN978-0-16-095157-2,DIA-Q-00055-A
- ^"Iran inaugurates new drone production line in Tajikistan",The Washington Post,Associated Press, 17 May 2022
- ^"2021 Military Strength Ranking".
- ^"The Iranian Army: Tasks and Capabilities".Retrieved11 October2024.
- ^Larson, Caleb (1 April 2020)."How Iran Got Russia's Deadly MiG-29 Fighter".The National Interest.Retrieved12 April2021.
- ^"Analysis of Defence Sector in Iran (2018 - 2023) | Size | Share".Retrieved28 March2021.
- ^"How Iran's Revived Weapons Exports Could Boost Its Proxies".The Washington Institute.Retrieved27 March2021.
- ^"Pentagon says Iran's missiles unrivaled in Middle East".news.yahoo.Retrieved28 March2021.
- ^"Iran Develops Air Defense Capability for Possible Regional Role".The Washington Institute.Retrieved28 March2021.
- ^Sutton, H. I."Iranian Navy Building New Submarines And A 6,000-Ton Destroyer".Forbes.Retrieved28 March2021.
- ^Beckhusen, Robert (7 September 2019)."How Does Iran's Karrar Tank Compare to The Best of the Best?".The National Interest.Retrieved28 March2021.
- ^"How to Combat the Iranian Drone Threat".The Defense Post.1 September 2020.Retrieved28 March2021.
- ^"Iran's missile programme is non-negotiable, says Rouhani".Reuters. 14 December 2020. Archived fromthe originalon 14 December 2020.Retrieved27 March2021.
- ^Sharafedin, Bozorgmehr (30 March 2016)."Khamenei says missiles, not just talks, key to Iran's future".Reuters.Retrieved12 April2021.
- ^"SFRC Approves Stop Iranian Drones Act | United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations".foreign.senate.gov.9 June 2022.Retrieved20 August2022.
- ^"Iran's Game of Drones".The Washington Institute.Retrieved20 August2022.
- ^"The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On".nsarchive2.gwu.edu.Retrieved28 March2021.
- ^Pipes, Daniel; Patrick Clawson (1992–1993). "Ambitious Iran, Troubled Neighbors".Foreign Affairs.72(1): 127.doi:10.2307/20045501.JSTOR20045501.
- ^abCole, Juan (2 October 2009)."The top ten things you didn't know about Iran: The assumptions most Americans hold about Iran and its policies are wrong".Salon.Archivedfrom the original on 4 October 2009.Retrieved2 October2009.
- ^"Russian Military Alliance With Iran Improbable Due To Diverging Interests".RFE/RL.Archivedfrom the original on 18 September 2008.Retrieved16 September2008.
- ^Spillius, Alex (9 February 2012)."Syria: Iran's elite Quds force 'advising Assad regime'".Archivedfrom the original on 12 April 2018.Retrieved5 April2018– via telegraph.co.uk.
- ^Webb, Sam (26 November 2015)."Pilot of Russian jet downed by Turkey was 'rescued by elite Iranian squad'".Daily Mirror.Archivedfrom the original on 10 April 2018.Retrieved5 April2018.
- ^"Iran sends special forces to Syria as 'advisors': report".i24news.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2016.
- ^"Iran reveals underground 'missile city' as regional tensions rise".CNBC.16 March 2021.
- ^"تصاویری متفاوت از زنان ارتشِ ایران".Bartarinha.1 March 2023.
- ^"Government creates 4th military arm: Air Defense".Iran Times International.20 February 2009.[dead link]
- ^"Appointment of Farzaf Esmaili as commander of IRIADF".20 February 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 22 January 2016.Retrieved3 November2018.
- ^"Appointment of Mohammad Pakvar as commander of IRGC Ground Force".dolat.ir.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2017.Retrieved3 November2018.
- ^ab"Iran's Khamenei reshuffles Revolutionary Guards top brass".4 October 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 13 October 2009.Retrieved11 December2020.
- ^"Appointment of Ali Fadavi as commander of IRGC Navy".Mehrnews.[permanent dead link]
- ^"Iran names deputy commander of Quds Force to replace Soleimani after killing".CNBC.3 January 2020. Archived fromthe originalon 14 March 2020.Retrieved5 January2020.
- ^ab"The Consequences of a Strike on Iran: The Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy"Global Bearings,15 December 2011.
- ^"Air Defense Unit Added to Iran's Armed Forces".Farsnews.15 February 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 1 June 2012.
- ^Leyne, Jon (11 February 2010)."How Iran's political battle is fought in cyberspace".BBC News.Archivedfrom the original on 14 February 2010.Retrieved13 February2010.
- ^"Iran among 5 states with cyber warfare capabilities: US institute".Payvand. 22 November 2006.Archivedfrom the original on 6 August 2009.Retrieved13 February2010.
- ^"Who's winning Iran's cyber-war?".Channel 4 News. 16 June 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 30 December 2009.Retrieved13 February2010.
- ^"BBC فارسی – ايران – سایت رادیو زمانه هک شد".BBC News. 30 January 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 2 February 2010.Retrieved13 February2010.
- ^Alka Marwaha (24 June 2009)."What rules apply in cyber-wars?".BBC News.Archivedfrom the original on 27 June 2009.Retrieved13 February2010.
- ^Simon Tisdall (3 February 2010)."Cyber-warfare 'is growing threat'".The Guardian.London.Archivedfrom the original on 9 September 2013.Retrieved13 February2010.
- ^"Beijing accuses U.S. of cyberwarfare".Washington Times.26 January 2010.Retrieved13 February2010.
- ^BBC فارسی - ايران - قرارگاه های 'جنگ نرم' در اصفهان و زنجان راه اندازی شدArchived2012-06-17 at theWayback Machine.Bbc.co.uk (1970-01-01). Retrieved on 2014-06-09.
- ^"Iran's electronic confrontation with Israel".The Economist.ISSN0013-0613.Retrieved18 August2024.
- ^The military balance. 2022.James Hackett, International Institute for Strategic Studies. Abingdon, Oxon. 2022.ISBN978-1-000-61972-0.OCLC1296940601.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^abDar Al HayatArchived2006-06-23 at theWayback Machine.Dar Al Hayat. Retrieved on 2014-06-09.
- ^"A Brief Introduction".Archived fromthe originalon 19 October 2007.Retrieved20 July2008.
- ^abNTI: Country Overviews: Iran: Missile ChronologyArchivedJune 18, 2009, at theWayback Machine
- ^"A Code of Conduct for Weapons Sales".Archived fromthe originalon 8 March 2006.Retrieved6 February2012..cdi.org. May 22, 1994
- ^Procurement:November 3, 2004Archived2007-03-10 at theWayback Machine.Strategypage (2004-11-03). Retrieved on 2014-06-09.
- ^Iran Launches Production of StealthArchived2011-02-08 at theWayback Machine.FOXNews (2005-05-10). Retrieved on 2014-06-09.
- ^"Iran set to unveil new submarine class".UPI.19 July 2010.
- ^British Broadcasting Corporation,Hezbollah drone flies over IsraelArchived2006-05-27 at theWayback Machine,7 December 2004
- ^Iran reports that Iran's Army has achieved self-suffiency in producing military equipmentArchivedNovember 8, 2012, at theWayback Machine– Armyrecognition, November 5, 2012
- ^agencies, The New Arab & (16 October 2018)."Iran admits to conducting 700 drone attacks in Syria".alaraby.Retrieved12 April2021.
- ^"Iran-backed Houthis in Yemen ramp up drone, missile attacks on Saudis".NBC News.12 March 2021.Retrieved12 April2021.
- ^"Russian officials visited Iran to view drones, says U.S. official".Reuters. 16 July 2022.Retrieved18 August2022.
- ^"Iran says it shipped drones to Russia before Ukraine war".Reuters. 5 November 2022.Retrieved12 February2023.
- ^"Iran intel official says China in line to buy Tehran's drones – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East".al-monitor.9 February 2023.Retrieved12 February2023.
- ^"Iran fires unarmed missiles".CNN.Archived fromthe originalon 7 November 2006.Retrieved27 February2014.
- ^"The Effects of Iran Drone & Missile Strikes".Tablet Magazine.2 November 2022.Retrieved12 February2023.
- ^Times, Michael R. Gordon With Stephen Engelberg and Special To the New York (27 June 1989)."A GERMAN CONCERN SOLD CHEMICALS TO IRAN, U.S. SAYS".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 19 August 2017.Retrieved24 August2017.
- ^"Basic Facts on Chemical Disarmament".Archived fromthe originalon 9 June 2008.Retrieved9 June2008..Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. opcw.org
- ^Signatories of the Biological Weapons ConventionArchived2008-02-24 at theWayback Machine.Opbw.org. Retrieved on 2014-06-09.
- ^"Razi Institute produces dlrs 100 m worth of vaccines, serums a year".Archivedfrom the original on 19 April 2006.Retrieved22 April2006.
- ^Warrick, Joby (2 June 2013)."National Security".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 15 June 2013.Retrieved24 August2017.
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiOryx."The Oryx Handbook Of Iranian Fighting Vehicles".Oryx.Retrieved4 March2023.
Further reading
edit
- IISS (2020).The Military Balance 2020.Routledge.ISBN978-0367466398.
- (in French)Alain Rodier,"The Iranian Menace"(PDF).,French Centre for Research on Intelligence, January 2007 – Order of Battle, strategy, asymmetric warfare, intelligence services, state terrorism. Includes detailed order of battle for both regular army and Revolutionary Guard
- Anthony H. Cordesman, Iran's Military Forces in Transition: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction,Centre for Strategic and International Studies,ISBN0-275-96529-5
- 'Iranian exercise reveals flaws in air defences,'Jane's Defence Weekly,9 December 2009
- Kaveh Farrokh, Iran at War: 1500–1988, Osprey Hardcover, released May 24, 2011;ISBN978-1-84603-491-6.