Wikipedia

Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)

This article is about the insurgency in Iraq after the withdrawal of US troops. For the ongoing insurgency in Iraq after the defeat of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, seeISIL insurgency in Iraq (2017–present).For the insurgency in Iraq after the US-led invasion in 2003, seeIraqi insurgency (2003–2011).

TheIraqi insurgencywas aninsurgencythat began in late 2011 after the end of theIraq Warand thewithdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq,resulting in violent conflict with the central government, as well as low-level sectarian violence amongIraq's religious groups.

Iraqi insurgency
Part of theIraqi conflict (2003–present)

U.S. and Kuwaiti troops unite to close the gate between Kuwait and Iraq after the last military convoy passed through on Dec. 18, 2011, signaling the end ofOperation New Dawnand the beginning of the post-U.S. phase of the insurgency
Date18 December 2011– 30 December 2013
(2 years, 1 week and 5 days)
Location
Iraq(mostly central and northern, includingBaghdad)
Result

Escalation of the insurgency, beginning of theWar in Iraq (2013–2017)

  • Significant increase in violence since the U.S. withdrawal, with an increasing number of insurgent large-scale attacks and assaults
  • Resurgence ofISI,[1]later transforming toISIL
Belligerents

Sunni insurgent factions:
Islamic StateIslamic State of Iraq(Islamic State of Iraq and the Levantsince April 2013)

Ba'ath Party Loyalists

IraqIraqi Government

Iraqi Kurdistan

IraqSons of Iraq
Supported by:
United States
Commanders and leaders
Abu Dua
Abu Mohammad al-Adnani
Ishmael Jubouri
Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed		 IraqKurdistan RegionJalal Talabani
IraqKurdistan RegionMasoud Barzani
IraqNouri al-Maliki
IraqBabaker Zebari
IraqAhmed Abu Risha
Strength
Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation: 2,000–3,000[2]
Islamic Army in Iraq: 10,400 (2007)[3]Al-Qaeda: 1,000–2,000[4]
JRTN: 1,500-5,000[5]		 Iraqi Security Forces
600,000 (300,000Armyand 300,000Police)[6]
Awakening Councilmilitias – 30,000[7]
Contractors~7,000[8][9]
Casualties and losses
919+ insurgents killed, 3,504 arrested 1,156 policemen and 949 soldiers killed
2,286 policemen and 1,759 soldiers wounded
6,746 civilians killed and 10,511 wounded; 9,770 people killed in total
(Government figures, December 2011 – December 2013)[10]
14,855 civilians killed
(Iraq body count figures, December 2011 – December 2013)[11]

The insurgency was a direct continuation of events following theU.S.-led invasion of Iraqin 2003.Sunnimilitant groups stepped up attacks targeting the country's majorityShiapopulation to undermine confidence in the Shia-led government and its efforts to protect people without coalition assistance.[12]Many Sunni factions stood against the Syrian government, which Shia groups moved to support, and numerous members of both sects also crossed the border to fight in Syria.[13]

In 2014, the insurgencyescalated dramaticallyfollowing the conquest ofMosuland major areas innorthern Iraqby theIslamic State in Iraq and Syria(ISIS), aSalafi jihadistmilitant group andunrecognisedproto-statethat follows afundamentalist,Qutbi-Wahhabidoctrine ofSunni Islam.[14][15]ISIL gained global prominence in early 2014 when it droveIraqi government forcesout of key cities in itsWestern Iraq offensive,[16]followed by itscapture of Mosul[17]and theSinjar massacre,[18]thereby merging the new conflict with the Syrian Civil War, into a new, far deadlier conflict.

Background

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Main article:Iraq War

The Iraq War[nb 1]was a protracted armed conflict that began with theU.S.-led invasion of Iraqin 2003, which toppled the government ofSaddam Hussein.However, the war continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to opposethe occupying forcesand the post-invasion Iraqi government.[19]The United States officiallywithdrew its troops from Iraqin 2011, but the insurgency and various dimensions of the civil armed conflict continued.

The invasion began in 2003 when the United States, joined by the United Kingdom and several coalition allies, launched a "shock and awe" surprise attack without declaring war. Iraqi forces were quickly overwhelmed as U.S. forces swept throughout the country. The invasion led to the collapse of theBa'athist government;Saddam was captured,and he wasexecutedby a military court three years later. However, the power vacuum following Saddam's fall, the mismanagement ofthe occupationand the sectarian policies of various militias[20]led to alengthy insurgencyagainst U.S., coalition forces and Iraqi government forces as well as widespreadsectarian violencebetweenShiasandSunnis.The United States responded with atroop surge in 2007;the heavy American security presence and deals made between the occupying forces andSunni militiasreduced the level of violence. The U.S. began withdrawing its troops in the winter of 2007–2008. The winding down of U.S. involvement in Iraq accelerated underPresidentBarack Obama.The U.S. withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by 2011.[21]

TheBush administrationbased itsrationale for warprincipally on the assertion thatIraq possessed weapons of mass destruction(WMDs) and that Saddam's government posed an immediate threat to the United States and its coalition allies.[22][23]Some U.S. officials accused Saddam of harboring and supportingal-Qaeda,[24]while others cited the desire to end a repressive dictatorship and bring democracy to the people of Iraq.[25][26]After the invasion, however, no evidence was found to verify the initial claims about WMDs. The rationale and misrepresentation of pre-war intelligence faced heavycriticismwithin the U.S. and internationally.

As a result of the war, Iraq held itsmulti-party electionsin 2005, andNouri al-Malikilater becamePrime Ministerthe following year. The Maliki government enacted policies that were widely seen as having the effect of alienating the country's Sunni minority, which worsened sectarian tensions. In 2014, ISIS launched amilitary offensive in Northern Iraqand later declared a worldwide Islamic caliphate, eliciting anothermilitary response from the United States and its allies.The Iraq War caused hundreds of thousands of civilian and military casualties (seeestimates). The majority of the casualties occurred as a result of the insurgency and civil conflicts between 2004 and 2007.

Timeline

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2011

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As previously planned, the last US combat troops were withdrawn from Iraq in 2011, with security responsibility in the hands of theIraqi Armed Forces.On 15 December, martial closing ceremony was held in Baghdad putting a formal end to the U.S. mission in Iraq. This ceased direct U.S. combat involvement in the war.[27][28][29]The last 500 soldiers left Iraq under cover of darkness and under strict secrecy early on the morning of 18 December 2011, ending the U.S. military presence in Iraq after nearly nine years.[30][31][32][33][34]On 22 December 2011 at least 72 civilians were killed and more than 170 wounded in aseries of bombingsacross Baghdad, while nine others died in various attacks inBaqubah,MosulandKirkuk.

2012

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Anumber of bombingstook place inBaghdadandNasiriyah,killing 73 and leaving 149 injured. The bombing in the southern Iraqi city was targeted at crowds of Shi'ite Muslims and killed at least 44, injuring more than 80 others. It was the first major attack in Nasiriyah sincea suicide attackagainst an Italian army base killed 28 in November 2003, including 19 Italians. ISIS claimed responsibility.

Asuicide bomberdetonated his explosives amid a crowd of Shi'ite pilgrims inBasra,killing 53 and injuring 141. This was the deadliest attack in the city sincecar bombs in April 2004killed at least 74. On January 27 – Asuicide bomberattacked a funeral procession in Baghdad's Zaafaraniyah district, killing 32 and injuring more than 70 others.[12] On February 23 – Aseries of attacksacross 15 Iraqi cities left 83 killed and more than 250 injured. ISIS claimed responsibility two days later. On March 5 – A gang of gunmen disguised in military-style uniforms and carrying forged arrest warrants killed 27 police and then hoisted the battle flag ofal-Qaedain a carefully planned early morning attack inAnbar Governorate.[35] On March 20 – Awave of attackscentered on Baghdad and Kerbala killed at least 52 and left more than 250 injured. ISIS claimed responsibility.[35] On April 19 – More than 20 bombs exploded across Iraq, killing at least 36 people and wounding almost 170.[36]ISIS claimed responsibility.[36] On June 4, A suicide bomber killed 26 people and wounded almost 200 at the offices of a Shiite foundation in Baghdad, sparking fears of sectarian strife at a time of political crisis. The attack in the center of the capital was followed later by an explosion near a Sunni religious foundation, causing no casualties.[37] On June 13, At least 93 people were killed and over 300 wounded in aseries of highly coordinated attacksacross Iraq. ISIS claimed responsibility.[38]

Iraqi soldiers in Baghdad, 26 December 2011

On July 3, Explosions inDiwaniyah,Karbala,TajiandTuz Khormatokilled 40 and injured 122 others.[39] On July 22, Car bombs killed 23 and wounded 74 in Baghdad,MahmoudiyahandNajaf.[40] On July 23,Coordinated attacksacross Iraq killed 116 and left 299 injured. ISIS claimed responsibility.[41] On July 31, Attacks across Iraq killed 24 and injured 61, most of them in twin car bombings in Baghdad.[42] On August 13, at least 128 people were killed and more than 400 wounded incoordinated attacks across Iraq,making them the deadliest attacks in the country sinceOctober 2009,when 155 were killed in twin bombings near theJustice Ministryin Baghdad.[43][44] On September 9, Awave of attacksacross the country killed at least 108 and left more than 370 others injured.[45][46][47][48][49] On September 30, A string of attacks occur in at least 10 Iraqi cities, killing 37 and injuring more than 90 others, most of them civilians.[50] On October 27, a wave of attacks during theEid al-Adhaholiday across Iraq killed at least 46 and left 123 injured. Most incidents occurred in Baghdad,Taji,MosulandMuqdadiya.[51] On October 28, a Car bombings during the last day of Eid left 15 people dead and 33 injured in Baghdad.[52] On November 6, a car bombing outside an army base inTajikilled 31 people and injured at least 50 others, most of them soldiers. The blast struck as troops were leaving the base and potential recruits were lining up for job interviews.[53][54] On November 14, Insurgents staged a number of attacks on the eve of theIslamic New Year,killing 29 and injuring at least 194 others. The deadliest incidents took place inKirkukandHilla,where at least seven bombings killed 19 and left 129 wounded. Other attacks took place in Baghdad,Mosul,Kut,Fallujah andBaqubah.[55] On November 27, At least 29 people are killed and 126 wounded in eight car bombings across Iraq.[56]

Sunni protests (2012)

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Further information:2012–14 Iraqi protests

After a period of calm, renewed political tension within Iraq led to renewed protests, this time mostly centered around the country's Sunni minority. The main cause for upheaval was the ongoing standoff between Vice PresidentTareq al-Hashemiand Prime Minister al-Maliki, but strained relationships with the Kurdish autonomous regions added to the scene. On December 23, 2012, several thousand Iraqis marched against al-Maliki, responding to his moves against al-Hashemi and other influential Sunni leaders.[57]

2013

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Main article:Timeline of the Iraqi insurgency (2013)

On 4 January, a car bombing inMusayyibkilled 28 Shi'ite pilgrims and injured 60 others as they were returning fromKarbala.[58][59]In mid-January, a suicide bomber killed a prominent Sunni MP and six others in Fallujah, two days afterFinance MinisterRafi al-Issawisurvived an assassination attempt in the same city. The parliamentarian, Ayfan Sadoun al-Essawi, was an important member of theSons of Iraqcommittee in Fallujah and part of the opposition to Prime MinisterNouri al-Maliki.[60]A suicide truck-bomber also attacked the headquarters of theKurdistan Democratic PartyinKirkuk,killing 26 and leaving 204 injured. A similar attack against another Kurdish office inTuz Khormatokilled 5 and wounded 40.[61][62]Later that month, a suicide bomber blew himself up during a funeral for a politician's relative in the city of Tuz Khormato, killing 42 and leaving 75 others wounded.[63]In addition, protests bySunni Muslimsin Iraq against the government of Prime MinisterNouri al-Malikiturned deadly in Fallujah, as soldiers opened fire on a crowd of rock-throwing demonstrators, killing 7 and injuring more than 70 others. Three soldiers were later shot to death in retaliation for the incident, and clashes erupted in Askari, on the eastern outskirts of Fallujah. Security forces were placed on high alert as a curfew and vehicle ban were brought into effect. In a statement, Maliki urged both sides to show restraint and blamed the incident on unruly protesters. He also warned that it could lead to a "rise in tension that al-Qaida and terrorist groups are trying to take advantage of".[64][65]

In February, a suicide car-bomber detonated his vehicle near the provincial police headquarters inKirkuk,killing at least 36 and injuring 105 others. Among the wounded was Major General Jamal Tahir, the city's chief of police, who had surviveda previous attackat almost the same spot two years earlier. Three additional attackers were killed after the initial blast, as they attempted to throw grenades at security forces. Several officers who survived the attack reported that the first bomber was driving a police car and wearing a uniform. When guards at the gate stopped him to check his credentials, he detonated his explosives.[66][67]

In early March, unidentified gunmen ambushed aSyrian Armyconvoy escorted by Iraqi soldiers in theBattle of Akashat,killing 48 Syrians and 13 Iraqis. The assault took place near the desert border between the two nations in Iraq'sAl Anbar Governorate.Authorities suspected theFree Iraqi Army,Jabhat al-Nusra,oral-Qaeda in Iraqof being behind the attack.[68]A week later, ISIS claimed responsibility for the attack, stating that they had "annihilated" a "column of theSafavidarmy, "a reference to the Shia Persian dynasty that ruled Iran from 1501 to 1736. The group also claimed that the presence of Syrian soldiers in Iraq showed" firm co-operation "between the Syrian and Iraqi governments.[69]In mid-March, a series ofcoordinated attacksacross the capital Baghdad and several major cities in the north and central parts of the country killed at least 98 people and left 240 others injured. The wave of violence was directed mostly at Shia civilians and took place on the tenth anniversary of the beginning of theIraq War.ISIS later claimed responsibility for the attacks.[70]

In April, a tanker bomb exploded at the police headquarters inTikrit,killing at least 42 people and injuring 67 others. Insurgents attacked an oil field near Akaz in a remote part ofAl Anbar Governorate,killing 2 engineers and kidnapping a third one. Other attacks across the country left a prison warden inMosuldead and 11 others injured, including the mayor ofTuz Khormatoand at least four journalists, who were stabbed by unknown assailants in a series of attacks on media offices in the capital Baghdad.[71]Five days later, a suicide bomber killed 22 and injured 55 at a political rally for a local Sunni candidate inBaqubah.[72]On April 23,Iraqi Armyunits moved against an encampment set up by protesters inHawija,west of the city ofKirkuk,sparkingdeadly clashes and reprisal attacksacross the country.[73]According to army officers, the operation was aimed at Sunni militants from theNaqshbandi Army,who were reportedly involved in the protests. A total of 42 people were killed and 153 others injured, with most of them being protesters - only 3 soldiers were confirmed dead and 7 others wounded.[73][74]The incident sparked a number of revenge attacks, that soon spread out across much of the country.Minister of EducationMohammed Tamim resigned from his post in response to the Army's operation, and was followed later by Science and Technology Minister Abd al-Karim al-Samarrai.[73]Insurgents from theNaqshbandi Armycompletely captured the town of Sulaiman Bek, about 170 km north of Baghdad, after heavy fighting with security forces on April 25, only to relinquish control of it a day later, while escaping with weapons and vehicles. More than 340 were killed and 600 others injured in the four days of heaviest violence, while attacks continued after that at a pace higher than earlier in the year.[75][76][77][78]

In late May, the Iraqi government launchesOperation al-Shabah(Phantom), with the stated aim of severing contact betweenAl-Qaeda in Iraqand the Syrianal-Nusra Frontby clearing militants from the border area with Syria and Jordan.[79]

Aftermath

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Main article:Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)

From January 2014 onwards, the rise of theIslamic State,a major belligerent in theSyrian Civil War,has transformed the insurgency into a regional war that includes Syria, Iran and a large coalition of Western and Arab forces led by the United States.

Casualties

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Further information:Casualties of the Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)

Humanitarian aid

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^The conflict is also known as theWar in Iraq,theOccupation of Iraq,theSecond Gulf War,Gulf War II,andGulf War 2.The period of the war lasting from 2003 to 2010 was referred to asOperation Iraqi Freedomby the United States military.

References

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