Wikipedia

Typhoon Vera

(Redirected fromIsewan Typhoon)

This article is about the 1959 typhoon. For other storms of the same name, seeList of storms named Vera.

Typhoon Vera,also known as theIsewan Typhoon(Y thế loan bão cuồng phong,Ise-wan Taifū),was an exceptionally intensetropical cyclonethat struck Japan in September 1959, becoming the strongest and deadliest typhoon on record to makelandfallon the country, as well as the only one to do so as a Category 5 equivalent storm. The storm's intensity resulted in catastrophic damage of unparalleled severity and extent, and was a major setback to the Japanese economy, which was stillrecoveringfromWorld War II.In the aftermath of Vera, Japan's disaster management and relief systems were significantly reformed, and the typhoon's effects would set a benchmark for future storms striking the country.

Typhoon Vera
IsewanTyphoon
Map of a tropical cyclone's position and other meteorological variables. The map shows isobars, or contours of barometric pressure, as lines with numbers denoting the pressure.
Surface weather analysisof Typhoon Vera near peak intensity on September 23
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 20, 1959(September 20, 1959)
DissipatedSeptember 29, 1959(September 29, 1959)
Category 5-equivalent super typhoon
1-minute sustained(SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds305 km/h (190 mph)
Lowest pressure895hPa(mbar); 26.43inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities5,098
Damage$261 million+ (1959 USD)
Areas affectedJapan
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata/[1]
Part of the1959 Pacific typhoon season

Vera developed on September 20 betweenGuamandChuuk State,and initially tracked westward before taking a more northerly course, reachingtropical stormstrength the following day. By this point Vera had assumed a more westerly direction of movement and had begun torapidly intensify,and reached its peak intensity on September 23 withmaximum sustained windsequivalent to that of a modern-dayCategory 5 hurricane.With little change in strength, Vera curved and accelerated northward, resulting in alandfallon September 26 nearShionomisakionHonshu.Atmospheric wind patterns caused the typhoon to briefly emerge into theSea of Japanbefore recurving eastward and moving ashore Honshu for a second time. Movement over land greatly weakened Vera, and after reentering the North Pacific Ocean later that day, Vera transitioned into anextratropical cycloneon September 27; these remnants continued to persist for an additional two days.

Though Vera was accurately forecast and its track into Japan was well anticipated, limited coverage of telecommunications, combined with lack of urgency from Japanese media and the storm's intensity, greatly inhibited potential evacuation and disaster mitigation processes. Rainfall from the storm's outerrainbandsbegan to causefloodingin river basins well in advance of the storm's landfall. Upon moving ashore Honshu, the typhoon brought a strongstorm surgethat destroyed numerous flood defense systems, inundating coastal regions and sinking ships. Damage totals from Vera reached US$600 million (equivalent to US$6.27 billion in 2023). The number of fatalities caused by Vera remain discrepant, though current estimates indicate that the typhoon caused more than 5,000 deaths, making it one of the deadliest typhoons in Japanese history. It also injured almost 39,000 people and displaced about 1.6 million.[2]

Relief efforts were initiated by Japanese and American governments immediately following Typhoon Vera. Due to the inundation caused by the typhoon, localizedepidemicswere reported, including those ofdysenteryandtetanus.The spread of disease and blocking debris slowed the ongoing relief efforts. Due to the unprecedented damage and loss of life following Vera, theNational Dietpassed legislation in order to more efficiently assist affected regions and mitigate future disasters. This included the passage of the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act in 1961, which set standards for Japanese disaster relief, including the establishment of the Central Disaster Prevention Council.

Meteorological history

edit
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
Storm type
Extratropical cyclone,remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origin of Typhoon Vera can be traced back to a diffusearea of low pressurefirst incorporated intosurface weather analysisearly on September 20. At the time, the disturbance was situated betweenGuamandChuuk State.[3]Though theJoint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC)did not classify the incipient system as a tropical cyclone,[4]theJapan Meteorological Agency(JMA)analyzed the disturbance to be atropical depressionas early as 0000UTCthat day.[5]Initially, the depression tracked westward,[3]but transiently shifted to a more northerly course on September 21.[4]Late that day, a reconnaissance airplane dispatched by the JTWC to analyze the disturbance failed to reach its center due to engine failure. However, the data collected from the storm's periphery was sufficient for the warning center to classify the depression as atropical stormat 1800 UTC that day.[3]Despite the flight data, the JMA had already determined the system to have been of at least tropical storm intensity six hours earlier.[5]As a result of the reclassification, the tropical storm wasdesignatedthe nameVeraby the JTWC.[6]At this point the tropical cyclone began to take a more westerly course.[4]

Early on September 22, anaircraft fixlocated Vera 175 km (110 mi) north-northeast ofSaipan.Throughout the course of the day, periodic reconnaissance flights into the storm indicated that Vera had begun torapidly intensify.By 1800 UTC later that day, data analysis concluded that the tropical cyclone had reachedtyphoonintensity.[3]Rapid intensification continued into the following day, as the typhoon'smaximum sustained windsandbarometric pressurequickly rose and fell, respectively.[4]Concurrently, Vera's size grew to a point at which it spanned 250 km (155 mi) across.[6]At 0600 UTC the following day, Vera achieved its minimum estimated barometric pressure at 895mbar(hPa;26.43inHg). This indicated a 75 mbar (hPa; 2.22 inHg) pressure drop in the preceding 24 hours.[4]Upon reaching its minimum pressure, Vera was estimated to have attained winds equivalent to aCategory 5– the highest classification possible on the modern-daySaffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[4][7]The typhoon's winds continued to increase before peaking at 1200 UTC on September 23, when reconnaissance aircraft reported maximum sustained winds of 305 km/h (190 mph).[3][6]Upon peaking in wind speed, Vera was located 645 km (400 mi) northeast of Guam.[3]The tropical cyclone's ability to quickly intensify was attributed to conduciveatmospheric divergenceand highly sustainablesea surface temperatures.[6]

Vera only maintained peak intensity for roughly twelve hours, but still remained a powerful tropical cyclone.[4]With very little change in strength, the typhoon tracked northwestward throughout September 24. Due to the influence of a nearbyhigh-pressure area,Vera began to gradually curve and rapidly accelerate northward towards Japan. At 0900 UTC on September 26, Vera made its firstlandfallonHonshu,just west ofShionomisaki.[3]At the time, the typhoon had maximum sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph), equivalent to aCategory 5 super typhoon,and a barometric pressure of 920 mbar (hPa; 27.17 inHg).[4]Vera traversed the Japanese island rather quickly at a speed 61 km/h (38 mph), and emerged into theSea of Japanat 1530 UTC that day.[3]Despite its short stint over land, the terrain greatly weakened the tropical cyclone.[4]Tracking into awesterly wind flow,Vera was forced eastward, resulting in a second landfall near Sakata, Honshu,[3]with an intensity equivalent to that of aCategory 1 hurricane.[4][7]Vera re-emerged into the North Pacific Ocean late on September 26, having weakened due toadvectionof cold air in addition to continued land interaction. At 0600 UTC on September 27, the JTWC analyzed the typhoon to have weakened to tropical storm intensity. The warning center discontinued its periodic monitoring of the system, as Vera had begun to transition into anextratropical cyclone.[3]Consequently, the JMA officially reclassified the system as an extratropical storm at 1200 UTC that day. Vera's extratropical remnants continued to persist and track eastward for the next two days before the JMA last noted the storm at 1200 UTC on September 29.[5]

Impact

edit
Significant typhoons with special names[8]
(from theJapan Meteorological Agency)
Name Number Japanese name
Ida T4518 Makurazaki Typhoon(Gối kỳ bão cuồng phong)[9][10]
Louise T4523 Akune Typhoon(A lâu căn bão cuồng phong)
Marie T5415 Tōya Maru Typhoon(Động gia hoàn bão cuồng phong)
Ida T5822 Kanogawa Typhoon(Thú dã xuyên bão cuồng phong)
Sarah T5914 Miyakojima Typhoon(Cung cổ đảo bếp phong)
Vera T5915 Isewan Typhoon(Y thế loan bão cuồng phong)
Nancy T6118 2nd Muroto Typhoon(Đệ 2 thất hộ bão cuồng phong)
Cora T6618 2nd Miyakojima Typhoon(Đệ 2 cung cổ đảo bếp phong)
Della T6816 3rd Miyakojima Typhoon(Đệ 3 cung cổ đảo bếp phong)
Babe T7709 Okinoerabu Typhoon(Hướng vĩnh lương bộ bão cuồng phong)
Faxai T1915 Reiwa 1 Bōsō Peninsula Typhoon(Lệnh cùng nguyên niên phòng tổng bán đảo bão cuồng phong)
Hagibis T1919 Reiwa 1 East Japan Typhoon(Lệnh cùng nguyên niên đông Nhật Bản bão cuồng phong)

Despite being well forecast and tracked throughout its duration,[3]Typhoon Vera's effects were highly disastrous and long-lasting.[6]In addition to the storm's intensity, the severe damage and large death tolls were partially attributed to a lack of urgency from Japanese media in advance of Vera's landfall.[11]Though estimates for damage costs indicated totals in excess of US$261 million (equivalent to US$2.73 billion in 2023),[3]other damage estimates suggested that damage costs were as high as US$600 million (equivalent to US$6.27 billion in 2023).[12]Death tolls also remain unclear, but reports generally indicated that around 5,000 people were killed,[3][6][13]with hundreds of other persons missing.[3][13]In addition to the dead nearly 40,000 people were injured,[13]and an additional 1.6 million people were rendered homeless.[3]Countrywide approximately 834,000 homes were destroyed and roughly 210,000ha(520,000ac) of agricultural fields were damaged.[13]The damage wrought by Vera made it the deadliest typhoon in Japanese history, succeeding the1934 Muroto typhoon.[14][15]Vera was also the third deadliest natural disaster in Japan during the 20th century,[6][15]only behind theGreat Hanshin earthquakein 1995 and theGreat Kantō earthquakein 1923.[6]

ACBCcamera crew in a suburb ofNagoyain the wake of Typhoon Vera
Damage to a seawall caused by Typhoon Vera

Well in advance of Vera's landfall, heavy rainfall ahead of the typhoon occurred across theTōkai regionof Japan starting on September 23,[6]when the storm reached peak intensity over open waters.[5]InNagoya,rainfall totals reached 10 cm (4 in). In other parts of the Tōkai region, nearly 20 cm (8 in) of rain was reported. The precipitation caused flooding along several river basins in the swath of rain. Steady rainfall occurred throughout Vera's passage of Honshu, though the worst of the rain-induced flooding occurred well after the typhoon's initial landfall.[6]InKawakami, Nara,a landslide killed 60 people after crushing 12 homes.[3]

Typhoon Vera damage atHanda

Most of the damage associated with Vera was a result of highly destructive storm surge. At the coast, the typhoon's intensity resulted in a strongstorm surgethat inundated low-lying coastal regions. InIse Bay,storm surge heights were greatly enhanced due to the curvature of the land and the bay's shallow depth, which allowed water to be easily driven the length of the bay towards the coast.[6][11]In addition, the storm passed the area athigh tide.[16]Water levels began to rise prior to Vera's landfall and peaked during the typhoon's first traversal of Honshu. The highest storm surge measurement was observed in thePort of Nagoya,where water levels peaked 3.9 m (13 ft) above normal. The intense storm surge easily engulfed or breached earthenleveesand other flood prevention mechanisms around Ise Bay.[6]However, these coastaldykesstill remained partially unfinished and were seriously impacted by Vera's storm surge.[11]Only newly installed flood mitigation systems along the southern portion of the bay were able to withstand the wave action.[6]Offshore, the waves sunk 25 fishing boats, with thousands of other ships grounded or missing.[17]In total, damage was reported to 7,576 vessels.[13]In addition to the damaged craft, numerousoysterrafts were also lost, with losses totaling US$6 million.[17]Also, 75 million individual pearl oysters were lost to the waves, resulting in US$10 million in additional losses.[18]

Bloated bodies—human and cattle—float in muddy, brown floodwaters that enveloped 95 percent of Nagashima when Typhoon Vera turned the rivers into raging killers.

"Japan Counts 1,710 Dead in Wake of Typhoon Vera".The Ludington Daily News.Vol. 69, no. 276. Associated Press. September 29, 1959.

The resulting inundation caused by Vera's storm surge submerged areas around the periphery of the bay for extended periods of time, with some low-lying areas remaining underwater in excess of four months.[6]Due to the failure of multiple flood mitigation systems in quick succession, coupled with the narrow coverage of telecommunications exacerbated by Vera's strong winds, many persons in affected regions had very little time to evacuate.[11]Nagoya was one of the worst impacted cities by Vera, and as a result of the storm surge and wind, its harbor was put out of service in under three hours.[3]The effects of the typhoon's storm surge there were further worsened by the destruction oflumber yardsin Nagoya Harbor, which set loose large quantities of logs that caused considerable damage to structures.[11]The release of logs also hampered relief efforts following the typhoon's passage. Citywide, 50,000 homes were severely damaged by flood waters, and 1,800 other residences were washed away off of their foundations.[6]Total damage to crops was estimated at US$30 million.[17]Rice crops sustained heavy impacts, with 150,000 tons (135,000 tonnes) of rice lost. In addition to the crop damage, US$2.5 million worth of fruits and US$4 million worth of vegetables were lost.[19]The collapse of a single apartment home in the city buried 84 people under debris; a similar incident inNaka, Ibarakiburied roughly 300 people.[20]Beach houses were destroyed, and large swaths of nearby cropland were heavily damaged.[14]In addition to the storm surge, Nagoya experienced sustained winds of about 145 km/h (90 mph), with gusts reaching as high as 260 km/h (160 mph), downing power lines and causingpower outage.[6]Southeast of Nagoya, inHanda, Aichi,around 300 people were killed after Vera's waves engulfed more than 250 homes.[3]Casualties throughoutAichitotaled 3,168 and roughly 59,000 people were injured, based on an enumeration conducted in March 1960.[11]

On the western side of Ise Bay, inMie Prefecture,1,233 people were killed, with approximately 5,500 others sustaining injuries.[6]Approximately 95% ofNagashimawas submerged underwater.[21]NearbyKuwunasuffered a similar fate as 80% of the city proper was flooded. There, 58 people were killed and 800 others were displaced. The towns of Kamezaki and Kamiyoshi were also wiped out by the flood inundation.[22]Further inland, inNagano Prefecture,strong winds unroofed numerous homes.[3]TheUnited States Air Force'sTachikawa Airfieldnear Tokyo sustained significant damage from the typhoon, with damage costs totaling in excess of US$1 million.[23]

Aftermath

edit
Deadliest Pacific typhoons
Rank Typhoon Season Fatalities Ref.
1 August 1931 China typhoon 1931 300,000 [24][25][26]
2 Nina 1975 229,000 [27]
3 July 1780 Typhoon 1780 100,000 [28]
4 July 1862 Typhoon 1862 80,000 [29]
5 "Shantou" 1922 60,000 [27]
6 "China" 1912 50,000 [27]
7 "Hong Kong" 1937 10,000 [27]
8 Joan 1964 7,000 [30]
9 Haiyan 2013 6,352 [31]
10 Vera 1959 >5,000 [27]
Main article:List of tropical cyclone records

In the immediate aftermath following Typhoon Vera, the Japanese government established a disaster headquarters in Tokyo and allocated resources to aid impacted areas. The government also set up the Central Japan Disaster Relief Department in Nagoya.[6]Due to the large estimated damage cost of Vera's impacts,Japanese parliamentwas forced to introduce a supplementary national budget to cover the losses.[23]Beginning on September 27, refuge shelters were opened and local government agencies assisted in rescuing stranded civilians. On September 29, theJapan Self-Defense Forcesbegan to take part in the relief effort.[6]United Stateslieutenant generalRobert Whitney Burnsordered all available servicemen stationed in Japan to take part in typhoon relief efforts. TheUSSKearsargewas dispatched to Nagoya to assist in relief efforts there.[14]In Nagoya, the flood waters contaminated drinking water, greatly reducing clean water supplies. Despite rapid sanitation and disinfection work, diseaseepidemicbroke out in parts of the city. Over 170 cases ofdysenterywere reported, along with other cases ofgangreneandtetanus.In addition to water shortage, food rationing, which had been prompted due to food shortages caused by Vera, resulted in hunger issues for impacted populations.[3]

An AmericanHSS-1helicopter and JapaneseModel 44Ahelicopter evacuating affected civilians

As a result of breaches in flood defenses around Ise Bay, seawater continued to pour into inundated areas after Vera's passage, slowing down repair efforts. One breach spanning 150 km (93 mi) across required 5,000 personnel, 32,000 sandbags, and bulldozers dispatched by the JapaneseMinistry of Defenseto relieve water flow. In Aichi'sAma District,reconstruction efforts for levees, roadways, and infrastructure lasted until the end of December 1959.[6]Due to losses sustained by the pearl industry as a result of the typhoon, Japanese pearl production in 1959 was expected to decrease by 30% in 1959, with production losses of 40% expected in 1960. Monetary losses to the industry were expected to eclipse US$15 million, causing Japanese pearl costs to hike up by 20%. Furthermore, the effects of Vera on the country's pearl industry were expected to persist for two to three years.[18]

Disaster relief and mitigation reformation

edit

The unprecedented destruction caused by Vera prompted Japanese parliament to pass legislation in order to more efficiently assist affected regions and mitigate future disasters. In October 1959, a special parliamentary session enacted several measures coordinated by variousgovernment ministriesand provided subsidiaries to persons effected by Vera and other natural disasters in Japan from August and September of that year. A long lasting legislation prompted by Vera's effects was the 1961 passage of the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act, widely regarded as the "cornerstone of legislation on disaster risk reduction in Japan." The act established the Central Disaster Prevention Council, which was set to coordinate disaster risk reduction. The legislation also mandated an annual disaster prevention plan, to be submitted to the Japanese parliament yearly. Finally, the act established September 1 as a National Disaster Prevention Day.[6]

In addition to legislative reform, the breaching of coastal flood defense systems during Vera prompted a redesign of such mechanisms. In Nagoya, regulation was created for coastal construction and their heights. Development of flood defenses in Ise,Osaka,andTokyo bayswas also set into motion. The heights of such defense systems were based on worst-case scenarios and maximum storm surge heights caused by the typhoon.[6]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^1959 y thế loan bão cuồng phong- tai hoạ giáo huấn の kế thừa に quan する chuyên môn điều tra sẽ báo cáo thư
  2. ^"Ise Bay typhoon of 1959".Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  3. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstTilden, Charles E. (1959).1959 Annual Typhoon Report(PDF).Annual Tropical Cyclone Report(Report).San Francisco, California:Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on February 21, 2013.RetrievedJanuary 1,2014.
  4. ^abcdefghijNational Climatic Data Center."1959 VERA (1959263N11160)".International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.Asheville, North Carolina:University of North Carolina at Asheville. Archived fromthe originalon January 6, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 1,2014.
  5. ^abcdJapan Meteorological Agency."Japan Meteorological Agency Best Track Database"(TXT).National Climatic Data Center.RetrievedJanuary 1,2014.
  6. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvDonovan, Matthew; Grossi, Patricia (2009). Ericksen, Shelly (ed.).1959 Super Typhoon Vera: 50-Year Retrospective(PDF)(Report). Risk Management Solutions, Inc. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on January 4, 2014.RetrievedJanuary 1,2014.
  7. ^abNational Hurricane Center (May 24, 2013)."Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale".Miami, Florida:United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service.RetrievedJanuary 2,2014.
  8. ^"Khí tượng sảnh が tên を định めた khí tượng ・ động đất ・ núi lửa hiện tượng một lãm"(in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency.RetrievedFebruary 20,2020.
  9. ^"Gối kỳ bão cuồng phong chiêu cùng 20 năm ( 1945 năm ) ９ nguyệt 17 ngày ～９ nguyệt 18 ngày".data.jma.go.jp(in Japanese).RetrievedAugust 8,2020.
  10. ^"Đệ tam bản, Nhật Bản đại bách khoa toàn thư (ニッポニカ) - gối kỳ bão cuồng phong (まくらざきたいふう)とは".コトバンク(in Japanese).RetrievedAugust 8,2020.
  11. ^abcdefOda, Hideaki."Typhoon Isewan (Vera) And Its Lessons"(PDF).Tokyo, Japan: Japan Water Forum. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on November 10, 2013.RetrievedJanuary 2,2014.
  12. ^Emergency Events Database (2009)."EMDAT Disaster List".Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. Archived fromthe originalon February 3, 2014.RetrievedJanuary 2,2014.
  13. ^abcdeKITAMOTO Asanobu."Typhoon 195915 (VERA)".Digital Typhoon.National Institute of Informatics.RetrievedJanuary 2,2014.
  14. ^abcCary, James (September 30, 1959)."Typhoon Vera Officially Japan's Worst Storm".The Florence Times.Vol. 100, no. 183. Florence, Alabama. Associated Press. p. 4.RetrievedJanuary 2,2014.
  15. ^abKITAMOTO Asanobu."Typhoon Damage List".Digital Typhoon.National Institute of Informatics.RetrievedJanuary 2,2014.
  16. ^"5-Year Scar Left By Typhoon Vera".Milwaukee Sentinel.Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Associated Press. October 12, 1959. p. 6.RetrievedJanuary 3,2014.[permanent dead link‍]
  17. ^abc"Death Toll 1544 in Typhoon Vera".The Spokesman-Review.Vol. 77, no. 138.Spokane, Washington.Reuters. September 29, 1959. p. 3.RetrievedJanuary 2,2014.
  18. ^ab"Typhoon Vera Will Boost Pearl Prices".Schenectady Gazette.Vol. 66, no. 112. Schenectady, New York. United Press International. February 8, 1960. p. 14.RetrievedJanuary 2,2014.
  19. ^"Fear 2,500 Dead In Japan".The Lewiston Daily Sun.Vol. 67. Lewiston-Auburn, Maine. Associated Press. September 28, 1959. pp. 1, 12.RetrievedJanuary 2,2014.
  20. ^"Typhoon Vera May Prove Worst Japanese Disaster".Spartanburg Herald-Journal.Vol. 69, no. 42. Spartanburg, South Carolina. Associated Press. September 27, 1959. p. A-5.RetrievedJanuary 2,2014.
  21. ^"Japan Counts 1,710 Dead in Wake of Typhoon Vera".The Ludington Daily News.Vol. 69, no. 276. Ludington, Michigan. Associated Press. September 29, 1959.RetrievedJanuary 3,2014.
  22. ^"2600 Dead, Missing As Typhoon Slashes Disaster Upon Japan".Lodi News-Sentinel.Lodi, California. United Press International. September 28, 1959. p. 1.RetrievedJanuary 3,2014.
  23. ^ab"Typhoon Vera Slashes Japan".Sarasota Herald-Tribune.Vol. 34, no. 358.Sarasota, Florida.United Press International. September 28, 1959. pp. 1–2.RetrievedJanuary 2,2014.
  24. ^"History's worst flood finally revealed".chinadaily.cn.
  25. ^Courtney, Chris (February 15, 2018).The Nature of Disaster in China: The 1931 Yangzi River Flood.Cambridge University Press.ISBN9781108284936.
  26. ^"Flood Horror".Geraldton Guardian and Express.September 1931.
  27. ^abcde"The Worst Natural Disasters by Death Toll"(PDF).National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2009.RetrievedJanuary 2,2012.
  28. ^Pedro Ribera, Ricardo Garcia-Herrera and Luis Gimeno (July 2008). "Historical Deadly Typhoons in the Philippines".Weather.63(7).Royal Meteorological Society:196.doi:10.1002/wea.275.
  29. ^Huang, G; Yim, Wyxx W-S."Reconstruction of an 8,000-year record of Typhoons in the Pearl River Estuary, China"(PDF).HKU Scholars Hub.
  30. ^Associated Press (November 16, 1964)."Another Typhoon Descends on Flood Stricken Vietnam".The Milwaukee Journal.p. 2.RetrievedMarch 11,2010.
  31. ^SitRep No.108 re Effects of Typhoon YOLANDA (HAIYAN)(PDF)(Report). National Reduction Risk Reduction And Management Council. April 3, 2014.RetrievedDecember 2,2014.
edit


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Vera&oldid=1248489270"