Jōyōkanji

Thejōyōkanji(Thường dùng chữ Hán,Japanese pronunciation:[dʑoːjoːkaꜜɲdʑi],lit. "regular-use kanji" )are thosekanjilisted on theJōyō kanji hyō(Thường dùng chữ Hán biểu,literally "list of regular-use kanji" ),officially announced by theJapanese Ministry of Education.The currentlist of 2,136 characterswas issued in 2010. It is a slightly modified version of thetōyōkanji,which was the initial list ofsecondary school-level kanji standardized afterWorld War II.The list is not a comprehensive list of all characters and readings in regular use; rather, it is intended as a literacy baseline for those who have completed compulsory education, as well as a list of permitted characters and readings for use in official government documents. Due to the requirement that official government documents make use of onlyjōyōkanji and their readings, several rare characters are also included due to their use in theConstitution of Japan,which was being written at the same time the original 1,850-charactertōyōkanji list was compiled.

The 2,136 kanji in thejōyōkanji consist of:

1,026 kanji taught in primary school (Grade 1-6) (thekyōikukanji)
1,110 additional kanji taught in secondary school (Grade 7-9)

List

Changes from thetōyōkanji

In 1981, thejōyōkanji replaced thetōyōkanjias the standardized list of common kanji. The differences between the two consisted of 95 additional characters, and the simplification ofĐènasĐèn.

History

1923: TheMinistry of Educationspecified 1,962 kanji and 154 simplified characters.
1931: The formerjōyōkanji list was revised and 1,858 characters were specified.
1942: 1,134 characters as standardjōyōkanji and 1,320 characters as sub-jōyōkanji were specified.
1946: The 1,850 characters oftōyōkanjiwere adopted by law "as those most essential for common use and everyday communication".^[1]This list included 881 "basic requirement" kanji for elementary school.
1981: The 1,945 characters ofjōyōkanji were adopted, replacing the list oftōyōkanji.^[2]
2010: The list was revised on 30 November to include an additional 196 characters and remove 5 characters (Muỗng,Tiển,Trướng,Chùy,and匁), for a total of 2,136. The amendment also made changes to the readings ofkanjipresent in the previousjōyōkanji list. Twenty-eightkanjigained new readings, threekanjilost obscure readings and thekun'yomiofSườnwas changed fromkawa(かわ)togawa(がわ).^[3]The 196 additional characters are:^[3]^[4]

ViệnOán Úc Bái Dâm NuốtTìHối Ghế Héo Sợ Lam Uyển Ngạc Ái Ai Hàn Liêm Cát Hài Cái Nhai Hài Hội Ngói Nha Hà Yêm ỨcCươngVượng Diễm Kê Cảnh NghệHùngQuật Xuyến Sợ Cẩm Chỉ Khăn Ngửi Cối Kỳ Quy Kĩ Chơi Tỏa Sa Ngân Khoảnh Câu Ngạo Khất Hầu Ngạnh Hổ Cổ Huyền Kiện Quyền Hằng Khích Chú Sưng Ghét 𠮟/SấtLộcNhị Chí Tứ Trảm Tạt Sát SáchKỳTắc Thải Thích Sống Tỉnh Thê Vạt Cần Thận Tâm Mông Lau Sung Dẫm Xấu hổ Tay áo Thái Tốn Bắt Tung Gầy Tằng Sảng Tố Thư Thiện Tiên Thuyên Tuyến Chiên Tiện Hạc Trảo Chuy 捗 Trào Dán Trữu Trí Trán Đán Ai Mang Đôi Thóa Nồi MêLêNạiKia Tỉnh Tham Đốn栃Đồng Đằng Đánh cuộc Đố Điền[Điền]Chìm ĐếPhụPhó Khuỷu tay Đầu gối Mi ĐốmPhảnPhiếm Phiếm Đũa Lột[Lột]Mắng Vê Hồng Hung 喩 Ám Di Dã Diện Minh Mật Gối Muội Bột Má[頬]Mạo Ong Miệt Bích Bánh Tế Hiếp Lộc Lung Lộng Lữ Lưu Lữ Lật Li Lam Cay Kéo Ốc Dương Yêu Dũng Thị Đút Giai Mục Phủ Cố Lộ Hủy Câu

Note: Characters inboldare used in the names ofprefectures.Jōyōkanji followed by a character in brackets are not included inJIS X 0208;the character in brackets is the unofficial print variant JIS X 0208 does have. JIS X 0208 also lacks𠮟,but does include the official variantSất.ThejōyōkanjiTì,Hàn,Nha,and栃also have official variants.^[5]

TheMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technologyinstructed teachers to start teaching the new characters infiscal2012, so thatjunior high schoolstudents would be able to read them andhigh schoolstudents would be able to write them. High schools and universities started using the characters in their entrance exams in the 2015 academic year.^[6]

References

^A Guide to Reading & Writing Japanese,Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1961 Edition
^"In 1981 thejōyō kanjilist superseded the oldtōyō kanjilist — the list of Chinese characters which was announced in November 1946 and designated for daily use. "-Japan Timeseditorial,"Revising the list of kanji"Archived2009-02-16 at theWayback Machine,Nov. 16, 2008, retrieved 27 May 2009.
^^a ^b"Sửa định thường dùng chữ Hán biểu, 30 ngày に Nội Các bố cáo các nghị で chính thức quyết định"[The amended list ofjōyōkanji receives cabinet notice on 30th: to be officially confirmed in cabinet meeting.] (in Japanese). Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 24 November 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 3 March 2016.Retrieved1 February2015.
^"“Thị” など９ tự thêm vào, “Ưng” は tuyển ngoại tân thường dùng chữ Hán の tu chỉnh án "[Nine kanji such as "Thị"added,"Ưng"is not selected in the newjōyōkanji amendment] (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun. 23 October 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 14 February 2010.Retrieved25 October2009.
^https:// bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/sisaku/joho/joho/kijun/naikaku/pdf/joyokanjihyo_20101130.pdf,p. 6.
^http:// japantoday /category/national/view/govt-to-announce-new-list-of-kanji-for-common-use-at-end-of-month^{[permanent dead link‍]}

External links

[1] A Guide to Reading & Writing Japanese,Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1961 Edition

[jtimes-2] "In 1981 thejōyō kanjilist superseded the oldtōyō kanjilist — the list of Chinese characters which was announced in November 1946 and designated for daily use. "-Japan Timeseditorial,"Revising the list of kanji"Archived2009-02-16 at theWayback Machine,Nov. 16, 2008, retrieved 27 May 2009.

[nikkei-3] "Sửa định thường dùng chữ Hán biểu, 30 ngày に Nội Các bố cáo các nghị で chính thức quyết định"[The amended list ofjōyōkanji receives cabinet notice on 30th: to be officially confirmed in cabinet meeting.] (in Japanese). Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 24 November 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 3 March 2016.Retrieved1 February2015.

[asahi-4] "“Thị” など９ tự thêm vào, “Ưng” は tuyển ngoại tân thường dùng chữ Hán の tu chỉnh án "[Nine kanji such as "Thị"added,"Ưng"is not selected in the newjōyōkanji amendment] (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun. 23 October 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 14 February 2010.Retrieved25 October2009.

[5] ttps:// bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/sisaku/joho/joho/kijun/naikaku/pdf/joyokanjihyo_20101130.pdf,p. 6.

[6] ttp:// japantoday /category/national/view/govt-to-announce-new-list-of-kanji-for-common-use-at-end-of-month^{[permanent dead link‍]}

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