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Jagadish Chandra Bose

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Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose[1](/boʊs/;[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu];30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)[3]was apolymathwith interests inbiology,physicsand writing science fiction.[4]He was a pioneer in the investigation of radiomicrowaveoptics,made significant contributions to botany, and was a major force behind the expansion of experimental science on theIndian subcontinent.[5]Bose is considered the father ofBengali science fiction.A crater on the Moonwas named in his honour.[6]He founded theBose Institute,a premier research institute in India and also one of its oldest. Established in 1917, the institute was the first interdisciplinary research centre in Asia.[7]He served as the Director of Bose Institute from its inception until his death.

Sir
Jagadish Chandra Bose
CSICIEFRS
Bose in 1897
Born(1858-11-30)30 November 1858
Mymensingh,Bengal Presidency
Died23 November 1937(1937-11-23)(aged 78)
Giridih,Bihar Province,British Raj
Alma mater
Known for
Spouse
​
(m.1887)​
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsBiology
Physics
Institutions
Academic advisorsLord Rayleigh
Notable students
Signature

Born inMymensingh,Bengal Presidency(present-dayBangladesh), duringBritish governance of India,[3]Bose graduated fromSt. Xavier's College, Calcutta(nowKolkata, West Bengal,India). Prior to his enrollment at St. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose attendedPabna Zilla SchoolandDhaka Collegiate School,where he began his educational journey. He attended theUniversity of Londonto study medicine, but had to give it up due to health problems. Instead, he conducted research withNobel Laureate,Lord Rayleighat theUniversity of Cambridge.Bose returned to India to join thePresidency Collegeof theUniversity of Calcuttaas a professor of physics. There, despiteracial discriminationand a lack of funding and equipment, Bose carried on his scientific research. He made progress in his research into radio waves in the microwave spectrum and was the first to usesemiconductorjunctions to detect radio waves.

Bose made pioneering discoveries in plant physiology. He used his own invention, thecrescograph,to measure plant response to variousstimuliand proved parallelism between animal and plant tissues. Bose filed for a patent for one of his inventions because of peer pressure, but he was generallycritical of the patent system.To facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these instruments produced some striking results, such as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as apower of feeling in plants.His books includeResponse in the Living and Non-Living(1902) andThe Nervous Mechanism of Plants(1926). In a 2004BBCpoll to name theGreatest Bengali of All Time,Bose placed seventh.[8]

Early life and education

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Jagadish Chandra Bose was born on 30 November 1858 to aBengali Kayasthafamily ofBrahmosinMymensingh,Bengal Presidency(now part ofBangladesh).[3][9]His family were originally from the village ofRarhikhalinMunshiganj,Dacca district.[10]His father was a leading member of theBrahmo Samajand worked as a civil servant with the title Deputy Magistrate and Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) in several places, includingFaridpurandBardhaman.[11][12]

Bose's father sent Bose to aBengali-languageschool for his early education, as it was important to him that his son should study in hisnative languageand culture before studying in English. Speaking at theBikrampurConference in 1915, Bose described the effect this early education had on him:

At that time, sending children to English schools was an aristocratic status symbol. In the vernacular school, to which I was sent, the son of the Muslim attendant of my father sat on my right side, and the son of a fisherman sat on my left. They were my playmates. I listened spellbound to their stories of birds, animals, and aquatic creatures. Perhaps these stories created in my mind a keen interest in investigating the workings of Nature. When I returned home from school accompanied by my school fellows, my mother welcomed and fed all of us without discrimination. Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned lady, she never considered herself guilty of impiety by treating these 'untouchables' as her own children. It was because of my childhood friendship with them that I could never feel that there were 'creatures' who might be labeled 'low-caste', I never realized that there existed a 'problem' common to the two communities, Hindus and Muslims.[12]

Bose joined theHare Schoolin Kolkata in 1869, followed bySFX Greenherald International School,also in Dhaka. In 1875, he passed the entrance examination of theUniversity of Dhakaand was admitted toSt Xavier's College, Mohamudpur.There, he metJesuitFatherEugene Lafont,who played a significant role in developing his interest in natural sciences.[12][13]He received a BA from the University of Dhaka in 1879.[11]

Bose wanted to follow his father into theIndian Civil Service,but his father forbade it, saying his son should be a scholar who would “rule nobody but himself.”[14]Bose went to England to study medicine at theUniversity of London,but had to quit because of allergies and ill health, possibly worsened by the chemicals used in the dissection rooms.[15][self-published source][11]

Through the recommendation ofAnandamohan Bose,his brother-in-law and the first IndianWranglerat theUniversity of Cambridge,Bose secured admission inChrist's College,Cambridge to studynatural sciences.In 1884 he received a BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) from the University of Cambridge[13]as well as a BSc from theUniversity College Londonaffiliated under University of London in 1883.[16][17]

Among Bose's teachers at Cambridge wereLord Rayleigh,Michael Foster,James Dewar,Francis Darwin,Francis Balfour,and Sidney Vines. While at Cambridge, he metUniversity of EdinburghstudentPrafulla Chandra Roy,with whom he became close friends.[11][12]In 1887, Bose married feminist and social workerAbala Bose.[18]

Professorship at Presidency College

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After obtaining a degree from the University of Cambridge Bose returned to India.Henry Fawcetthad given Bose an introduction toLord Ripon,theViceroy of India,who recommended him for a post to the Director of Public Instruction in Kolkata. In those days such posts in the Imperial Education Service were usually reserved for Europeans. Bose was appointed as an officiating professor of physics atPresidency College.Although the principalCharles Henry Tawneyand Director of EducationAlfred Woodley Croftwere reluctant to appoint him, Bose took up his post in January 1885.[16][19]

At that time, an Indian professor was paid two thirds the salary of a European and since his appointment was considered temporary, his salary was further halved, making his salary one-third that of his European peers. As a protest, Bose did not accept his salary and worked without remuneration for the first three years at Presidency College.

He was popular among the students for his teaching style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of the roll call. After three years in this temporary post, the value of his professorial work was recognized by Tawney and Croft, who made Bose’s appointment permanent with retrospective effect.[20]Bose received his full pay for the last three years in a lump sum. However, another source states that his appointment was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 years after his joining the college.[21]

Bose used his own money to fund his research projects as well as receiving funding and support from the social activist nunSister Nivedita.[22]

Microwave radio research

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Bose's 60 GHz microwave apparatus at the Bose Institute, Kolkata, India. His receiver(left)used agalenacrystal detectorinside a horn antenna and galvanometer to detect microwaves. Bose invented the crystal radio detector,waveguide,horn antenna,and other apparatus used at microwave frequencies.
Diagram of microwave receiver and transmitter apparatus, from Bose's 1897 paper.
See also:Invention of radio

Bose became interested in radio following the 1894 publication of British physicistOliver Lodge's demonstrations on how to transmit and detect radio waves.[23]He began his own research in the new field in November 1894, setting up his equipment in small 20 ft sq room at Presidency College.[19]Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study usinglong radio waves,he managed to reduce the waves to the millimetre level (in the microwave range of about 5 mm wavelength).[23]

Bose’s research was not initially appreciated by his department at the college. They felt he should focus only on teaching and that research involved neglect of his duties as a teacher, in spite of Bose giving 26 hours of weekly lectures. Later, when interest was generated in the wider scientific community, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal proposed a research post to help Bose. But this scheme was withdrawn when Bose voted against the government’s stance during a university meeting. The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have a Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite this, Bose struggled to find time for research due to his teaching duties.[citation needed]

Bose submitted hisfirst scientific paper,"On polarisation of electric rays by double-refracting crystals," to theAsiatic Society of Bengalin May 1895. He submittedhis second paper,"On a new electro-polariscope," to theRoyal Society of Londonin October 1895, and it was published byThe Electricianin December 1895. This may have been the first paper to be published by an Indian in Western scientific periodicals.[24]The paper described Bose's plans for acoherer,a term coined by Lodge referring toradio wavereceivers,which he intended to "perfect" but never patented. The paper was well received byThe ElectricianandThe Englishman,which in January 1896 (commenting on how this new type of wall and fog penetrating "invisible light" could be used inlighthouses) wrote:[23]

Should Professor Bose succeed in perfecting and patenting his ‘Coherer’, we may in time see the whole system of coast lighting throughout the navigable world revolutionised by a Bengali scientist working single handed in our Presidency College Laboratory.

In November 1895 at a public demonstration at theTown Hallof Kolkata, Bose showed how the millimetre range wavelength microwaves could travel through the human body (of Lieutenant Governor Sir William Mackenzie), and over a distance of 23 metres through two intervening walls to a trigger apparatus he had set up to ring a bell and ignite gunpowder in a closed room.[25][19][26]

Wanting to meet other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six month scientific deputation in 1896.[27]Bose went to London on a lecture tour and met Italian inventorGuglielmo Marconi,who had been developing a radio wavewireless telegraphysystem for over a year and was trying to market it to the British post service. He was also congratulated byWilliam Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvinand received an honorary Doctor of Science ( DSc) from the University of London.[24][13]In an interview, Bose expressed his disinterest in commercial telegraphy and suggested others use his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the development of an "iron-mercury-ironcohererwith telephone detector"in apaperpresented at theRoyal Society,London.[28]

Place in radio development

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Bose's work in radio microwave optics was specifically directed towards studying the nature of the phenomenon and was not an attempt to develop radio into a communication medium.[29]His experiments took place during the same period (from late 1894 on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs on a radio system specifically designed for wireless telegraphy[30]and others were finding practical applications for radio waves, such as Russian physicistAlexander Stepanovich Popov's radio wave based lightning detector, also inspired by Lodge's experiment.[31]Although Bose's work was not related to communication he, like Lodge and other laboratory experimenters, probably had an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio as communications medium.[31][32][33]Bose was not interested in patenting his work, and openly revealed the operation of his galena crystal detector in his lectures. A friend in the US persuaded him to take out a US patent on his detector, but he did not actively pursue it and allowed it to lapse. "[11]

Bose was the first to use a semiconductor junction to detect radio waves, and he invented various now-commonplace microwave components.[31]In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose for the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector of radio waves.[31]In fact, further work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the following 50 years. In 1897, Bose described to the Royal Institution in London his research carried out in Kolkata at millimetre wavelengths. He used waveguides, horn antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz.[31]Much of his original equipment is still in existence, especially at theBose Institutein Kolkata. A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver now in use on the NRAO 12 Metre Telescope, Arizona, US, incorporates concepts from his original 1897 papers.[31]

Sir Nevill Mott,Nobel Laureate in 1977 for his own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead of his time. In fact, he had anticipated the existence ofP-typeandN-typesemiconductors. "[31]

Jagadish Chandra Bose with other prominent scientists from Calcutta University.

Bose's 1898 experiment on theoptical rotationof microwaves in a twistedjutestructure[34]pioneered the study ofchiral media,and preceded the fields ofartificial dielectricsandmetamaterialsby decades and a century, respectively.[35][36][37]

Plant research

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Bose conducted most of his studies in plant research onMimosa pudicaandDesmodium gyransplants. His major contribution in the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the electrical nature of the conduction of various stimuli (e.g., wounds, chemical agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be of a chemical nature. In order to understand theheliotropicmovements of plants (the movement of a plant towards a light source), Bose invented a torsional recorder. He found that light applied to one side of the sunflower caused turgor to increase on the opposite side.[38][non-primary source needed]These claims were later proven experimentally.[39][non-primary source needed][original research?]He was also the first to study the action of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in the cell membrane potential. He researched the mechanism of the seasonal effect on plants, the effect of chemical inhibitors on plant stimuli and the effect of temperature.[citation needed]

Autochromeof Jagadish Chandra Bose by Georges Chevalier, 1920.
Autochromeof Lady Abala Bose by Georges Chevalier, 1920.

Study of metal fatigue and cell response

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Bose performed a comparative study of the fatigue response of various metals and organic tissue in plants. He subjected metals to a combination of mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electrical stimuli and noted the similarities between metals and cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated a cyclical fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, as well as a distinctive cyclical fatigue and recovery response across multiple types of stimuli in both living cells and metals.[citation needed]

Bose documented a characteristic electrical response curve of plant cells to electrical stimulus, as well as the decrease and eventual absence of this response in plants treated with anaesthetics or poison. The response was also absent in zinc treated withoxalic acid.He noted a similarity in reduction of elasticity between cooled metal wires and organic cells, as well as an impact on the recovery cycle period of the metal.[40][41][non-primary source needed]

Science fiction

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In 1896, Bose wroteNiruddesher Kahini (The Story of the Missing One),a short story that was later expanded and added toAbyakta (অব্যক্ত)collection in 1921 with the new titlePalatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm).It was one of the first works ofBengali science fiction.[42][43]

Bose Institute

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Bose lecturing on the "nervous system" of plants at the Sorbonne in Paris in 1926
Main article:Bose Institute

In 1917 Bose established the Bose Institute inKolkata, West Bengal,India. Bose served as its director for its first twenty years until his death. Today it is a public research institute of India and also one of its oldest. Bose in his inaugural address on 30 November 1917 dedicated the institute to the nation saying:

I dedicate today this Institute—not merely a Laboratory but a Temple. The power of physical methods applies to the establishment of that truth which can be realised directly through our senses, or through the vast expansion of the perceptive range by means of artificially created organs... Thirty-two years ago I chose the teaching of science as my vocation. It was held that by its very peculiar constitution, the Indian mind would always turn away from the study of Nature to metaphysical speculations. Even had the capacity for inquiry and accurate observation been assumed to be present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians. This was all too true. It is not for man to complain of circumstances, but bravely to accept, to confront and to dominate them; and we belong to that race which has accomplished great things with simple means.[44][45]

Later life

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He spent the last years of his life inGiridih.Here he lived in the house located near Jhanda Maidan. This building was named Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated on 28 February 1997 by then Governor of BiharAkhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.[citation needed]

Personal views

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Philosophical views

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Jatras,which were popular ancient plays, sparked his interest in the stories of theMahabharataandRamayana.In the latter, he was particularly impressed by the character ofRamaand even more so by the soldierly devotion of his brotherLakshmana.[46]However, he found that most of the characters in these stories seemed too good and perfect. It was the elderly warriors of theMahabharata,with their flaws and qualities that were both human and superhuman, who appealed more to his imagination as a boy.

Impressed byKarna,Bose said:

Always in struggle for the uplift of the people, yet with so little success, such frequent failures, that to most he seemed a failure. All this too gave me a lower and lower idea of all worldly success - how small its so-called victories are! - and higher and higher idea of conflict and defeat; and of true success born of defeat. In such ways I have come to feel one with the highest spirit of my race; with every fibre thrilling with the emotion of the past. That is its noblest teaching - that the only real and spiritual advantage is to fight fair, never to take crooked ways, but keep to the straight path, whatever be in the way.[47]

Legacy and honors

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Acharya Bhavan, the residence of J C Bose built in 1902, was turned into a museum.[48]

Bose's place in history is now being re-evaluated. His work may have contributed to the development of radio communication.[28]He is also credited with discovering millimetre length electromagnetic waves and being a pioneer in the field of biophysics.[49]

Many of his instruments are still on display and remain largely usable over 100 years later. They include various antennas, polarisers, and waveguides.

To commemorate his birth centenary in 1958, theJBNSTSscholarship programme was started inWest Bengal.In the same year, India issued a postage stamp bearing his portrait.[50]The same yearAcharya Jagdish Chandra Bose,a documentary film directed by Pijush Bose, was released. It was produced by theGovernment of India'sFilms Division.[51][52]Films Division also produced another documentary film, again titledAcharya Jagdish Chandra Bose,this time directed by the prominent Indian filmmakerTapan Sinha.[53]

On 14 September 2012, Bose's experimental work in millimetre-band radio was recognised as an IEEE Milestone in Electrical and Computer Engineering, the first such recognition of a discovery in India.[54]

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in a Google Doodle on the 158th anniversary of his birth.[55]

In 2018, theBank of Englanddecided to redesign the50 pound notewith a prominent scientist. Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in that nomination list for his pioneering work on technology that would enable later development ofWi-Fi.[56][57][58]However, he was not shortlisted.

Honors

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Legacy

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Publications

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Bust of Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose which is placed in the garden ofBirla Industrial & Technological Museum
Jagadish Chandra Bose 1958 stamp of India

Journals

  • Naturepublished about 27 papers.
  • Bose, Jagadis Chunder (September 1902)."On Electromotive Wave accompanying Mechanical Disturbance in Metals in Contact with Electrolyte".Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.70(459–466):273–294.Bibcode:1902RSPS...70..273C.doi:10.1098/rspl.1902.0029.ISSN0370-1662.S2CID97371107.
  • Bose, J.C. (August 1902)."Sur la réponse électrique de la matière vivante et animée soumise à une excitation. - Deux procédés d'observation de la réponse de la matière vivante".Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée.1:481–491.doi:10.1051/jphystap:019020010048100.

Books

  • Response in the Living and Non-living, 1902[68]
  • Plant response as a means of physiological investigation, 1906[69]
  • Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907[70]
  • Researches on Irritability of Plants, 1913[71]
  • Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985[72]
  • Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919[73]
  • Physiology of the Ascent of Sap, 1923[74]
  • The physiology of photosynthesis, 1924[75]
  • The Nervous Mechanism of Plants,1926
  • Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
  • Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929[76]
  • Motor mechanism of plants, 1928

Other

Notes

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  1. ^Page 3597 of Issue 30022.The London Gazette(17 April 1917). Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  2. ^"Bose".Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  3. ^abcEditorial Board (2013).Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose.Edinburgh,Scotland:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.ISBN978-1-59339-292-5.
  4. ^"A versatile genius".Frontline.Vol. 21, no. 24. The Hindu. 20 November 2004.
  5. ^Chatterjee, Santimay; Chatterjee, Enakshi (1976).Satyendra Nath Bose.New Delhi: National Book Trust. p. 6.OCLC3017431.
  6. ^Bose (crater)
  7. ^"Bose Institute | History".jcbose.ac.in.Retrieved29 July2020.
  8. ^ab—"Listeners name 'greatest Bengali'".BBC.14 April 2004.Retrieved16 April2018.
    —Habib, Haroon (17 April 2004)."International: Mujib, Tagore, Bose among 'greatest Bengalis of all time'".The Hindu.
    —"Bangabandhu judged greatest Bangali of all time".The Daily Star.16 April 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 25 December 2018.Retrieved19 August2018.
  9. ^David L. Gosling (2007).Science and the Indian Tradition: When Einstein Met Tagore.Routledge. p. 143.ISBN978-1-134-14332-0.
  10. ^Murshed, Muhammad Mahbub (2012)."Bose, Sir Jagadish Chandra".InSirajul Islam;Miah, Sajahan;Khanam, Mahfuza;Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.).Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust,Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.ISBN984-32-0576-6.OCLC52727562.OL30677644M.Retrieved26 February2025.
  11. ^abcdeMahanti, Subodh."Acharya Jagadis Chandra Bose".Biographies of Scientists.Vigyan Prasar, Department of Science and Technology,Government of India.Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2012.Retrieved12 March2007.
  12. ^abcdMukherji, pp. 3–10.
  13. ^abcMurshed, Md Mahbub (2012)."Bose, Sir Jagdish Chandra".InIslam, Sirajul;Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh(Second ed.).Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  14. ^"Pursuit and Promotion of Science: The Indian Experience"(PDF).Indian National Science Academy. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2 December 2012.Retrieved1 October2013.
  15. ^"Jagdish Chandra Bose".calcuttaweb.Archived fromthe originalon 3 February 2007.Retrieved10 March2007.
  16. ^abJagadis Chandra Bose, Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose, His Life and Speeches, The Cambridge Press, Madras (Project Gutenberg eBook)
  17. ^"Bose, Jagadis Chandra (BS881JC)".A Cambridge Alumni Database.University of Cambridge.
  18. ^Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), 1976/1998,Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan(Biographical dictionary) Vol I,(in Bengali),p23,ISBN81-85626-65-0
  19. ^abcS. Ramaseshan, The centennial of the discovery of millimetre waves by Jagadis Chandra Bose (1858–1937), Current Science, Vol. 70, No. 2 (25 January 1996), pp. 172-175
  20. ^Geddes 1920,pp. 33–39.
  21. ^Bose,p. 7.
  22. ^"The Scientist and the Nun: How Sister Nivedita Made Sure J.C. Bose Never Gave Up"– via thewire.in.
  23. ^abcMukherji, pp. 14–25
  24. ^abhttps://vigyanprasar.gov.in/bose-jagdish-chandra/Bose Jagdish Chandra, igyanprasar.gov.in
  25. ^Savneet kaur, Great Scientists of the World: Jagdish Chandra Bose, Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd - 2022, page 45
  26. ^Subal Kar, Physics and Astrophysics - Glimpses of the Progress, CRC Press · 2022, 1.5.4 - Fallout of Maxwell and Faraday's Electromagnetism
  27. ^Geddes 1920,pp. 41–44.
  28. ^abBondyopadhyay, P.K. (January 1998)."Sir J. C. Bose's Diode Detector Received Marconi's First Transatlantic Wireless Signal of December 1901 (The" Italian Navy Coherer "Scandal Revisited)".Proceedings of the IEEE.86(1):259–285.doi:10.1109/5.658778.
  29. ^Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 199
  30. ^Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 21
  31. ^abcdefgEmerson, D. T. (1997). "The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research".IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Research.45(12):2267–2273.Bibcode:1997ITMTT..45.2267E.doi:10.1109/22.643830.reprinted in Igor Grigorov, Ed.,Antentop,Vol. 2, No.3, pp. 87–96.
  32. ^Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 22
  33. ^Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Real Inventor of Marconi’s Wireless ReceiverArchived16 June 2015 at theWayback Machine;Varun Aggarwal, NSIT, Delhi, India
  34. ^Bose, Jagadis Chunder(1898). "On the rotation of plane of polarisation of electric wave by a twisted structure".Proceedings of the Royal Society.63(389–400):146–152.doi:10.1098/rspl.1898.0019.
  35. ^Engheta, Nader;Ziolkowski, R. W.(April 2005). "A positive future for double-negative metamaterials".IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.53(4):1535–1556.doi:10.1109/TMTT.2005.845188.
  36. ^Caloz, Christophe;Sihvola, Ari (February 2020). "Electromagnetic Chirality, Part 1: The Microscopic Perspective".IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.62(1):58–71.doi:10.1109/MAP.2019.2955698.
  37. ^Iyer, Ashwin K.;Alù, Andrea;Epstein, Ariel (March 2020). "Metamaterials and Metasurfaces—Historical Context, Recent Advances, and Future Directions".IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.68(3):1223–1231.Bibcode:2020ITAP...68.1223I.doi:10.1109/TAP.2020.2969732.
  38. ^The dia-heliotropic attitude of leaves as determined by transmitted nervous excitation.https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.1922.0011
  39. ^Wildon, D. C.; Thain, J. F.; Minchin, P. E. H.; Gubb, I. R.; Reilly, A. J.; Skipper, Y. D.; Doherty, H. M.; O'Donnell, P. J.; Bowles, D. J. (1992). "Electrical signalling and systemic proteinase inhibitor induction in the wounded plant".Nature.360(6399):62–5.Bibcode:1992Natur.360...62W.doi:10.1038/360062a0.S2CID4274162.
  40. ^Response in the Living and Non-Living by Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose – Project Gutenberg.Gutenberg.org (3 August 2006). Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  41. ^Jagadis Bose (2009).Response in the Living and Non-Living.Plasticine.ISBN978-0-9802976-9-0.
  42. ^"Bengal".The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction.Retrieved5 September2014.
  43. ^"Symposium at Christ's College to celebrate a genius".University of Cambridge.University of Cambridge.27 November 2008.Retrieved26 January2009.
  44. ^Jagadish Chandra Sera Rachana Sambhar,Patra Bharati, Kolkata, 1960, p 251,252
  45. ^Geddes 1920,p. 227.
  46. ^Geddes 1920,pp. 16.
  47. ^Geddes 1920,pp. 17–18.
  48. ^Acharya Bhavan Opens Its Doors to Visitors.The Times of India.3 July 2011.
  49. ^"Collected Physical Papers".1927. Archived fromthe originalon 2 March 2017.Retrieved30 April2017.
  50. ^"J C Bose: The Scientist Who Proved That Plants Too Can Feel".Phila Mirror: The Indian Philately Journal.30 November 2010.Retrieved3 August2012.
  51. ^"ACHARYA JAGDISH CHANDRA BOSE (LV)".Films Division.
  52. ^"Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose".Films Division. 10 September 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 12 December 2021.
  53. ^Jag Mohan (1990).Documentary films and Indian Awakening.Publications Division.p. 128.ISBN978-81-230-2363-2.
  54. ^"First IEEE Milestones in India: The work of J.C. Bose and C.V. Raman to be recognized".the Institute.7 September 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 5 March 2017.Retrieved14 September2012.
  55. ^"Jagadish Chandra Bose's 158th Birthday".30 November 2016.Retrieved30 November2016.
  56. ^"Proud Moment For India As Scientist Sir JC Bose May Get Featured On New UK 50 Pound Note".The Times of India.28 November 2018.Retrieved28 November2018.
  57. ^"Jagadish Chandra Bose may become face of UK's new 50-pound note".dna.26 November 2018.Retrieved28 November2018.
  58. ^"Jagadish Chandra Bose among nominees to become face of UK's new 50-pound note".The Week.Retrieved28 November2018.
  59. ^"The Durbar Honours".The Times.No. 36966. London. 1 January 1903. p. 8.
  60. ^"No. 27511".The London Gazette(Supplement). 1 January 1903. p. 3.
  61. ^Saha, M. N. (1940). "Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose. 1858–1937".Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society.3(8):2–12.doi:10.1098/rsbm.1940.0001.S2CID176697911.
  62. ^"List of Past General Presidents".Indian Science Congress Association.Retrieved28 February2018.
  63. ^Grandjean, Martin (2018).Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres[The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period] (phdthesis) (in French). Lausanne: Université de Lausanne.
  64. ^"IEEE Jagadish Chandra Bose Medal in Wireless Communications".
  65. ^"Indian-American scientist funds award in honour of JC Bose".The Times of India.7 January 2024.
  66. ^"IEEE Heritage Circle – IEEE Foundation, Inc".22 June 2022.
  67. ^"A new name now for grand old Indian Botanical Gardens".The Hindu.26 June 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 8 November 2012.Retrieved26 June2009.
  68. ^Response in the Living and Non-living, 1902
  69. ^Plant response as a means of physiological investigation, 1906
  70. ^Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907
  71. ^Researches on Irritability of Plants, 1913
  72. ^Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985
  73. ^Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919
  74. ^Physiology of the Ascent of Sap, 1923
  75. ^The physiology of photosynthesis, 1924
  76. ^Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929

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