Wikipedia

Jamal Khashoggi

Jamal Ahmad Khashoggi(/kəˈʃoʊɡdʒi,kəˈʃɒɡdʒi/;Arabic:جمال أحمد خاشقجي,romanized:Jamāl ʾAḥmad Ḵāšuqjī,Hejazi Arabic pronunciation:[dʒaˈmaːlxaːˈʃʊɡ.(d)ʒi];13 October 1958 – 2 October 2018) was a Saudi journalist,dissident,author, columnist forMiddle East EyeandThe Washington Post,and a general manager and editor-in-chief ofAl-Arab News Channelwhowas assassinatedat the Saudi consulate inIstanbulon 2 October 2018 by agents of the Saudi government at the behest ofCrown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.[8][9][10][11]

Jamal Khashoggi
جمال خاشقجي
Khashoggi in March 2018
Born
Jamal Ahmad Khashoggi[1]

(1958-10-13)13 October 1958[2]
Medina,Saudi Arabia
Died2 October 2018(2018-10-02)(aged 59)[3]
Istanbul,Turkey
Cause of deathAssassination
Alma materIndiana State University(BBA)
Occupation(s)Journalist, columnist, author
Spouse(s)
Rawia al-Tunisi
​
(divorced)​
[1]
Alaa Nassif
​
(divorced)​
[4]
Hanan Atr
​
(m.2018)​
[5][6]
Partner(s)Hatice Cengiz (fiancee, 2018)[7]
Children4[1]
Parents
  • Ahmad Khashoggi[1](father)
  • Esaaf Daftar[1](mother)
Relatives
Websitejamalkhashoggi

Khashoggi served as editor for the Saudi Arabian newspaperAl Watan,turning it into a platform for Saudi progressives.[12]Khashoggi fledSaudi Arabiain September 2017 and went into self-imposed exile. He said that the Saudi government had "banned him from Twitter",[13]and he later wrote newspaper articles critical of the Saudi government. Khashoggi had been sharply critical of the Saudi rulers,King Salmanand Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.[14]He also opposed theSaudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[15]

On 2 October 2018, Khashoggi entered the Saudi consulate in Istanbul to obtain documents related to his planned marriage but was never seen leaving. Amid news reports claiming that he had been killed anddismemberedinside, an inspection of the consulate, by Saudi and Turkish officials, took place on 15 October. Initially, the Saudi government denied the death, but following shifting explanations for Khashoggi's death, Saudi Arabia'sattorney generaleventually stated that the murder waspremeditated.[16][17]By 16 November 2018, theCentral Intelligence Agency(CIA) had concluded that Mohammed bin Salman ordered Khashoggi's assassination.[18][19]The murder has created tensions between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia, including calls for the U.S. to sever diplomatic ties with the kingdom.

On 11 December 2018, Khashoggi was posthumously namedTimemagazine'sperson of the yearfor his work in journalism, along with other journalists who faced political persecution for their work.Timereferred to Khashoggi as a "Guardian of the Truth".[20][21][22]

Early life

edit

Khashoggi's remote Turkish ancestors made theHajjfromKayseritoMeccasome four centuries earlier and decided to stay.[23][24]Their family surname means "spoon maker" (kaşıkçı) in Turkish.[25]

Jamal Ahmad Khashoggi was born inMedinaon 13 October 1958.[1][26]His grandfather wasMuhammad Khashoggi.[25]He was the nephew ofAdnan Khashoggi[27][28]and the first cousin ofDodi Fayed.[29]

Khashoggi received his elementary and secondary education inSaudi Arabiaand obtained aBachelor of Business AdministrationfromIndiana State Universityin the United States in 1982.[10][30]

Career

edit
U.S. PresidentObama(left) after his 2009 speechA New Beginning,with Khashoggi next to him

Khashoggi began his career as a regional manager for Tihama Bookstores from 1983 to 1984.[31]Later he worked as a correspondent for theSaudi Gazetteand as an assistant manager forOkazfrom 1985 to 1987.[31]He continued his career as a reporter for various daily and weekly Arab newspapers from 1987 to 1990, includingAsharq Al-Awsat,Al MajallaandAl Muslimoon.[10][31]He also served with theSaudi Arabian Intelligence Agency,and possibly worked with the United States, during theSoviet invasion in Afghanistan.[32]

Khashoggi at a 2018Project on Middle East Democracyforum called"Mohammed bin Salman's Saudi Arabia: A Deeper Look."on 21 March 2018[33]

In 1991, Khashoggi became managing editor and acting editor-in-chief ofAl Madinaand his tenure in that position lasted until 1999.[31]During this period he was also a foreign correspondent in such countries asAfghanistan,Algeria,Kuwait,Sudan,and in the Middle East.[10]He then was appointed a deputy editor-in-chief ofArab News,and served in the post from 1999 to 2003.[34]

Political views

edit

Khashoggi wrote in aPostcolumn on 3 April 2018 that Saudi Arabia "should return to itspre-1979 climate,when the government restricted hard-lineWahhabitraditions. Women today should have the same rights as men. And all citizens should have the right to speak their minds without fear of imprisonment. "[35]He also said that Saudis "must find a way where we can accommodatesecularismand Islam, something like what they have in Turkey. "[36]In a posthumous (17 October 2018) article, "What the Arab world needs most isfree expression",Khashoggi described the hopes of Arab world press freedom during theArab Springand his hope that an Arab world free press, independent from national governments, would develop so that "ordinary people in the Arab world would be able to address the structural problems their societies face."[37]

In thePost,he criticized theSaudi Arabian-led blockade against Qatar,[35]Saudi Arabia'sdispute with Lebanon,[38]Saudi Arabia'sdiplomatic dispute with Canada,[39]and the Kingdom's crackdown on dissent and media.[40]Khashoggi supported some of Crown Prince's reforms, such asallowing women to drive,[41]but he condemned Saudi Arabia's arrest ofLoujain al-Hathloul,who was ranked third in the list of "Top 100 Most Powerful Arab Women 2015",Eman al-Nafjan,Aziza al-Yousef,and several other women's rights advocates involved in thewomen to drive movementand theanti male-guardianship campaign.[35]

Speaking to the BBC'sNewshour,Khashoggi criticizedIsrael's settlement buildingin the occupiedPalestinian territories,saying: "There was no international pressure on the Israelis and therefore the Israelis got away with building settlements, demolishing homes."[42]

Khashoggi criticized the arrest ofwomen's rightsactivistLoujain al-Hathloulin May 2018.

Appearing on Qatar-basedAl-JazeeraTV's programmeWithout Borders,Khashoggi stated thatSaudi Arabia,to confrontIran,must re-embrace its proper religious identity as a WahhabiIslamic revivaliststate and build alliances with organisations rooted inpolitical Islamsuch as theMuslim Brotherhood,and that it would be a "big mistake" if Saudi Arabia and the Muslim Brotherhood cannot be friendly.[43]

Khashoggi criticized theSaudi war on Yemen,writing "The longer this cruel war lasts in Yemen, the more permanent the damage will be. The people of Yemen will be busy fighting poverty,cholera,and water scarcity and rebuilding their country. The crown prince [Mohammed bin Salman] must bring an end to the violence ", and" Saudi Arabia's crown prince must restore dignity to his country – by ending Yemen's cruel war ".[44]

According to Khashoggi,Lebanon's Prime MinisterSaad Hariri'sforced resignationin a live television broadcast from Saudi Arabia on 4 November 2017 "could in part be due to the 'Trump effect,' particularly the U.S. president's strong bond with MBS. The two despiseIranand its proxyHezbollah,a sentiment the Israelis share. "[38]

Khashoggi wrote in August 2018 that "Saudi Arabia's Crown PrinceMohammed bin Salman,known by his initials, MBS, is signaling that any open opposition to Saudi domestic policies, even ones as egregious as the punitive arrests of reform-seeking Saudi women, is intolerable. "[39]According to Khashoggi, "while MBS is right to free Saudi Arabia fromultra-conservative religiousforces, he is wrong to advance a new radicalism that, while seemingly more liberal and appealing to the West, is just as intolerant of dissent. "[45]Khashoggi also wrote that "MBS's rash actions are deepening tensions and undermining the security of theGulf statesand the region as a whole. "[38]

Khashoggi criticizedAbdel Fatteh el-Sisi's government inEgypt.According to Khashoggi, "Egypt has jailed 60,000 opposition members and is deserving of criticism as well."[39]Khashoggi wrote that despite U.S. PresidentBarack Obama's "declared support for democracy and change in the Arab world in the wake of the Arab Spring, then PresidentBarack Obamadid not take a strong position and reject thecoupagainst Egyptian President-electMohamed Morsi.The coup led to themilitary's return to power in the largest Arab country – along with tyranny, repression, corruption, and mismanagement. "[46]Morsi's government wasremoved from officein July 2013.[47]

Khashoggi was critical ofIran’sShi'asectarianism.He wrote in February 2016: "Iran looks at the region, particularlySyria,from a sectarian angle. ThemilitiasTehranis relying on, some of which come from as far as Afghanistan, are sectarian. They raid Syrian villages with sectarian slogans, bringing to life conflicts from over a thousand years ago. With blood and sectarianism, Iran is redrawing the map of the region. "[48]

Opinions on Khashoggi's views

edit

CNNdescribed Khashoggi as a "journalist simply doing his job who evolved from an Islamist in his twenties to a more liberal position by the time he was in his forties," and that "by 2005, Khashoggi said he had also rejected the Islamist idea of creating an Islamic state and had turned against the religious establishment in Saudi Arabia. According to CNN he also had embraced theEnlightenmentand the American idea of theseparation of church and state."[36]According toEgypt Today,Khashoggi revealed "yes, I joined the Muslim Brotherhood organization when I was at university; and I was not alone. Some of the current ministers and deputies did but later every one of us developed their own political tendencies and views."[47]Politically, Khashoggi was supportive of the Muslim Brotherhood as an exercise in democracy in the Muslim world. In one of his own blogs, he argued for the Muslim Brotherhood, and wrote that: "there can be no political reform and democracy in any Arab country without accepting that political Islam is a part of it."[49][46]The Irish TimesjournalistLara Marlowewrote that "IfChristian democracywas possible in Europe, why could Arabs not be ruled byMuslim democracy,Jamal asked. That may explain his friendship with Turkish presidentRecep Tayyip Erdogan...Erdogan constituted the greatest hope of Muslim democracy, until he too turned into a despot. "[50]

According toThe Washington Post,while "Khashoggi was once sympathetic to Islamist movements, he moved toward a more liberal, secular point of view, according to experts on the Middle East who have tracked his career."[51]

Donald Trump Jr.promoted the idea that Khashoggi was a "jihadist".[52]According toDavid Ignatius,Khashoggi was in his early 20s "a passionate member of the Muslim Brotherhood. The brotherhood was a secret underground fraternity that wanted to purge the Arab world of the corruption and autocratic rule it saw as a legacy ofWestern colonialism."[41]According toThe New York Times,Khashoggi "balanced what appears to have been a private affinity for democracy and political Islam with his long service to the royal [Saudi] family", and that "His attraction to political Islam helped him forge a personal bond with President Erdogan of Turkey". It also states that "Several of his friends say that early on Mr. Khashoggi also joined the Muslim Brotherhood", and that "Although he later stopped attending meetings of the Brotherhood, he remained conversant in its conservative, Islamist and often anti-Western rhetoric, which he could deploy or hide depending on whom he was seeking to befriend". The newspaper also writes that "By the time he reached his 50s, Mr. Khashoggi's relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood was ambiguous. Several Muslim Brothers said this week that they always felt he was with them. Many of his secular friends would not have believed it".[27]

According toAnthony Cordesman,the national security analyst at theCenter for Strategic and International Studies,Khashoggi's "ties to the Muslim Brotherhood do not seem to have involved any links to extremism."[53]According toThe Spectator,"Khashoggi and his fellow travellers believe in imposing Islamic rule by engaging in thedemocratic process",and that" In truth, Khashoggi never had much time for western-style pluralistic democracy ", and that he" was a political Islamist until the end, recently praising the Muslim Brotherhood inThe Washington Post",and that he" frequently sugarcoated his Islamist beliefs with constant references to freedom and democracy. "[54]According to others, Khashoggi was critical ofSalafism,the ultra-conservative Sunni movement, though "not as aFrench liberal,but as a moderate Muslim reformist ".[55][49][41]

Relationship with Osama bin Laden

edit

Khashoggi was acquainted withOsama bin Ladenin the 1980s and 1990s in Afghanistan while bin Laden was championing hisjihad against the Soviets.Khashoggi interviewed bin Laden several times, usually meeting bin Laden inTora Bora,and once more inSudanin 1995.[56][57]According toThe Washington PostcolumnistDavid Ignatius,"Khashoggi couldn't have traveled with the mujahideen that way without tacit support fromSaudi intelligence,which was coordinating aid to the fighters as part of its cooperation with theCIAagainst theSoviet Unionin Afghanistan.... Khashoggi criticizedPrince Salman,then governor ofRiyadhand head of the Saudi committee for support to the Afghan mujahideen, for unwisely fundingSalafistextremist groups that were undermining the war. "[41]

Al Arabiyareported that Khashoggi once tried to persuade bin Laden to quit violence.[58][41]In 1995 he was sent toKhartoumby the Saudi government to convince bin Laden to abandonjihad,whichCrown Prince Abdullahpromised would be reciprocated with a restoration of bin Laden'sSaudi citizenshipand readmission into Saudi Arabia. During their first meeting, bin Laden claimed to have moved on to peaceful agricultural and construction projects and repeatedly condemned the use of violence, but refused to allow Khashoggi to record his statements. During their second meeting, bin Laden became more belligerent and called for a military campaign to drive the United States out of theArabian Peninsula.On the third meeting, bin Laden refused to publicly condemn the use of violence without Saudi concessions such as a full pardon or an American military withdrawal.[59]

Khashoggi said: "I was very much surprised [in 1997] to see Osama turning into radicalism the way he did."[36]Khashoggi was the only non-royal Saudi Arabian who knew of the royals' intimate dealing withal-Qaedain the lead-up to theSeptember 11 attacks.He dissociated himself from bin Laden following the attacks.[54]

Khashoggi wrote in response to theSeptember 11 attacks:"The most pressing issue now is to ensure that our children can never be influenced by extremist ideas like those 15 Saudis who were misled into hijacking four planes that fine September day, piloting them, and us, straight into the jaws of hell."[56]

The New York Timesdescribes that afterSEAL Team Sixkilled Osama bin Ladenin 2011, Khashoggi mourned his old acquaintance and what he had become. He wrote on Twitter: "I collapsed crying a while ago, heartbroken for you Abu Abdullah", using bin Laden's nickname, and continued: "You were beautiful and brave in those beautiful days in Afghanistan before you surrendered to hatred and passion."[27]

Saudi Arabia

edit

Khashoggi briefly became the editor-in-chief of the Saudi Arabian dailyAl Watanin 2003.[10][34][60][61]After less than two months, he was dismissed in May 2003 by theSaudi Arabian Ministry of Informationbecause he had allowed a columnist to criticize the Islamic scholarIbn Taymiyyah(1263–1328), who is considered an important figure ofWahhabism.[62]This incident led to Khashoggi's reputation in the West as a liberal progressive.[54]

PrinceMohammed bin Salmanand his advisorAhmad Asiri(blamed for Khashoggi's death) meeting U.S. Secretary of DefenseAsh Carter,July 2016

After he was dismissed, Khashoggi went to London in voluntary exile. There he became an adviser to PrinceTurki Al Faisal.[63]He then served as a media aide to Al Faisal while the latter was Saudi Arabia's ambassador to the United States.[64]In April 2007, Khashoggi began to work as editor-in-chief ofAl Watanfor a second time.[34]

A column by poet Ibrahim al-Almaee challenging the basicSalafipremises was published inAl Watanin May 2010 and led to Khashoggi's second departure, on 17 May 2010.[65]Al Watanannounced that Khashoggi resigned as editor-in-chief "to focus on his personal projects". However, it is thought that he was forced out due to official displeasure with articles critical of the Kingdom's harsh Islamic rules.[65]After his second resignation, Khashoggi maintained ties with Saudi Arabian elites, including those in its intelligence apparatus. In 2015, he launched the satellite news channelAl-Arab,based inBahrainoutside Saudi Arabia, which does not allow independent news channels to operate within its borders. The news channel was backed by Saudi Arabian billionaire PrinceAlwaleed bin Talaland partnered with U.S. financial news channelBloomberg Television,it was also rumored to have received financial support from the King of Bahrain,Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa.[66]However, it was on air for less than 11 hours before it was shut down by Bahrain.[67][68]He was also a political commentator for Saudi Arabian and international channels, includingMBC,BBC,Al Jazeera,andDubai TV.[31]Between June 2012 and September 2016, his opinion columns were regularly published byAl Arabiya.[69]

Citing a report fromMiddle East Eye,The Independentsaid in December 2016 that Khashoggi had been banned by Saudi Arabian authorities from publishing or appearing on television "for criticising U.S. President-electDonald Trump".[70]

Wikistrat

edit

According to an article fromForensic News,Oren Kesler, then Director of Operations atWikistrat,told a subordinate in a July 2018 email that Jamal Khashoggi worked for Wikistrat, but it is unclear when Khashoggi was hired by Wikistrat.[71]When a Wikistrat employee asked about Khashoggi's recruitment shortly after his death, Kesler denied Khashoggi's employment with the firm. Wikistrat later admitted in an email toForensic Newsthat Khashoggi did in fact work for the firm.[71]Articles published byThe Daily BeastandThe New York Timesreported that the founder of Wikistrat, Joel Zamel, met with GeneralAhmed al Assiri,a Saudi general involved in the Khashoggi's assassination, in early 2017 to discuss covert operations to destabilize Iran.[72][73]One of the topics discussed was assassinating dissidents. According to Zamel's lawyers, Zamel turned down the offer to participate in "lethal operations," i.e. assassination operations.[73]

The Washington Post

edit

Khashoggi relocated to the United States in June 2017[74]where he continued writing forMiddle East Eyeand began writing forThe Washington Postin September 2017.[75]

In September 2017, Prince Mohammed bin Salman, who felt that Khashoggi's work was tarnishing his image, toldTurki Aldakhilthat he would go after Khashoggi "with a bullet".[76]

Saudi Arabia used a reputedtroll farmin Riyadh, employing hundreds of people, to harass Khashoggi and other critics of the Saudi regime.[77]Former U.S. intelligence contractorEdward Snowdenaccused the Saudi government of usingspywareknown as"Pegasus"to monitor Khashoggi'scell phone.[78]

According toThe Spectator,"With almost two million Twitter followers, he was the most famous political pundit in the Arab world and a regular guest on the major TV news networks in Britain and the United States."[54]In 2018, Khashoggi established a new political organisation called "Democracy for the Arab World Now(DAWN) ", with the aim of promoting democratic movements in the Arab world.[54]

In December 2018,The Washington Postrevealed that Khashoggi's columns "at times" were "shaped" by an organization funded by Saudi Arabia's regional nemesis, Qatar, including by proposing his topics, giving him drafts, goading him, and giving him research.[79]

Assassination

edit
Main article:Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Khashoggi entered theSaudi Arabian consulate in Istanbulon 2 October 2018[80]to obtain documents related to his planned marriage, but noCCTVrecorded him exiting.[8][81]Amid news reports claiming that he had beendismemberedwith abone sawinside the consulate,[82][83]he was declared a missing person.[84]Saudi Arabian and Turkish officials inspected the consulate on 15 October, during which Turkish officials found evidence that Khashoggi had been killed and that chemical experts had tampered with evidence.[85][86]

In November 2018, theCIAconcluded that Saudi Crown PrinceMohammed bin Salmanhad ordered Khashoggi's assassination.[18][19]News reports since early October (based on communication intercepted by the U.S.) had suggested that bin Salman had given direct orders to lure the journalist into the embassy, intending to bring him back to Saudi Arabia in an illegalextraordinary rendition.[87]

In March 2019,InterpolissuedRed Noticesfor twenty people wanted in connection to the murder of Khashoggi.[88]

On 19 June 2019, following a six-month investigation, theOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rightsreleased a 101-page report holding theState of Saudi Arabiaresponsible for the "premeditated extrajudicial execution" of Khashoggi. The report was issued byAgnes Callamard,a French human rights expert andUN Special Rapporteur.[89]

Saudi response

edit

The Saudi Arabian government changed its story several times. Initially, it denied the death and claimed that Khashoggi had left the consulate alive.[90]Eighteen days later, it said he had been strangled inside the consulate during a fistfight.[91]Eighteen Saudis were arrested, including the team of fifteen who had been sent to "confront him".[92][93]The "fistfight" story was contradicted on 25 October when Saudi Arabia'sattorney generalsaid the murder waspremeditated.[94]

Many Saudi critics have been reported missing under similarly suspicious circumstances.[95]

On 16 November 2018, the Saudi Arabian government organizedIslamic funeral prayers in absentiafor Jamal Khashoggi inal-Masjid an-NabawiinMadinahafter the morning Friday and in theGreat Mosque of Meccaafter theFriday Jumu'ah prayer.[96]

In a 20 June 2019 interview, Saudi Arabia's Minister of State for Foreign AffairsAdel al-Jubeiracknowledged toCNN'sChristiane Amanpourthat the murder of Jamal Khashoggi was "gruesome", but he said he disagreed with the conclusion of theUnited Nations' 101-page report, calling it "flawed".[97]

In September 2019, Saudi Crown PrinceMohammed bin Salmanstated that he bears the responsibility for Khashoggi's assassination by Saudi operatives "because it happened under my watch", according to a preview of aPBSdocumentary. However, he denied having any prior knowledge of the plot.[98]

On 23 December 2019, a Saudi Arabian court sentenced five officials to death and three others to 24 years in prison.[99]Amnesty International’s Middle East Research Director Lynn Maalouf stated that Saudi Arabia's verdict against the officials was a "whitewash". In a statement released, she said, "The trial has been closed to the public and to independent monitors....the verdict fails to address the Saudi authorities’ involvement."[100]On 22 May 2020, Khashoggi's children pardoned the five officials, which means they will be set free rather than executed.[101]

On 7 September 2020, eight people tied to the murder were sentenced to prison. Their sentences ranged from 7 to 20 years. Saudi Arabia did not release their names.[102]

Turkish response

edit

On 31 October, Istanbul's chief prosecutor released a statement saying that Khashoggi had been strangled as soon as he entered the consulate building, and that his body was dismembered and disposed of.[103]This was the first such accusation by a Turkish government figure.[104]Unknown to the Saudis, the consulate had beenbuggedby Turkish intelligence and both the planning and the execution were recorded.[105]His body may have been dissolved inacid,according to Turkish officials,[106]and his last words captured on an audio recording were reported as "I can't breathe."[107]The recording was subsequently released by the Turkish government.[108]Officials believed this recording contained evidence that Khashoggi was assassinated on the orders of theSaudi royal family.[8]

On 25 March 2020, the Istanbul prosecutor's office said that it had prepared an indictment against 20 suspects over the killing of Khashoggi:

For instigating a premeditated murder with the intent of [causing] torment through fiendish instinct
  • Ahmad Asiri,who was the deputy head of Saudi Arabia's general intelligence at the time of the murder
  • Saud al-Qahtani,who was a royal court adviser at the time of the murder
For carrying out the killing[citation needed]
  • Maher Mutreb, intelligence operative
  • Salah al-Tubaigy, forensic expert
  • Fahad al-Balawi, member of the Saudi royal guard
  • 15 others.

As a response, Saudi Arabia refused to extradite the defendants even though after the death of Khashoggi, KingSalmandismissed both al-Qahtani and Asiri from their posts.

The indictment by the Istanbul prosecutor was based on:

  • Analysis of mobile phone records of the suspects,
  • Records of their entry and exit into Turkey,
  • Presence at the consulate,
  • Witness statements,
  • Analysis of Khashoggi's phone, laptop, and tablet.[109]

Istanbul prosecutor will try the accused in absentia as none of the accused are in Turkey and seek life sentences for 18 of them and 2 (al-Qahtani and Asiri) with incitement of first-degree murder. In the meantime, Turkey accused Saudi officials of obscuring investigations at the consulate while Saudis said that the Istanbul prosecutor has not complied with their requests to share information.[110]

On 3 July 2020, Hatice Cengiz, the fiancée of Jamal Khashoggi spoke at the opening of the trial of his assassination at the Turkish court stating that theWashington Postcolumnist was killed by a team of Saudi agents inside the kingdom's consulate in Istanbul through "a great betrayal and deception," and she asked that all persons responsible for his killing be brought to justice.[111]

On 28 September 2020, Turkish prosecutors prepared a second indictment against six Saudi officials involved in the murder of Khashoggi. Earlier in July 2020, the first public trial was opened into Khashoggi's murder against 20 Saudi nationals.[112]

On 7 April 2022, a Turkish court ordered the transfer of the trial to Saudi Arabia, despite the fact that many of the suspects had already been acquitted in Saudi Arabia. The decision was criticized by human rights advocates and lawyers involved in the case.[113]

U.S. response

edit
U.S. SenatorRon Wydenat "Justice for Jamal: The United States and Saudi Arabia One Year After the Khashoggi Murder", theProject on Middle East Democracy(POMED) and 12 other human rights organizations held a public event on Capitol Hill to commemorate his life, to call for accountability, and to cast a light on the repression of those who are perceived to be critical of Crown Prince bin Salman and his regime.

Immediately following the assassination, politicians were divided as to which, if any, economic or other sanctions should be applied to Saudi Arabia.[114][115]

Six weeks after the assassination, the CIA leaked its conclusion thatCrown Prince bin Salmanhad ordered the assassination. From then on, theU.S. Congresstried without success to force the Trump administration to reveal the U.S. intelligence community's findings.[116]

On 20 November 2018, U.S. PresidentDonald Trumprejected the CIA's conclusion that Crown Prince bin Salman had ordered the killing. He issued a statement saying "it could very well be that the Crown Prince had knowledge of this tragic event – maybe he did and maybe he didn't" and that "In any case, our relationship is with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia."[117]Two days later, Trump denied that the CIA had even reached a conclusion.[118]His statements were criticized by Congressional representatives from both parties, who promised to investigate the matter.[119]Adam Schiff,the top Democrat on theHouse Intelligence Committee,who was briefed by the CIA on the agency assessment, accused President Trump of lying about the CIA findings.[120]

On 13 December, in opposition to the Trump administration's position, theUnited States Senateunanimously passed a resolution that held bin Salman personally responsible for the death of Khashoggi.[121]On the same day, the Senate voted 56–41 to pass legislation to end U.S. military aid for theSaudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen,a vote attributable to senators' desires to punish Saudi Arabia for the Khashoggi murder and for thehumanitarian crisisin Yemen, including afamineandhuman rights violations.[121]This was the first-ever invocation of theWar Powers Actby the Senate.[122]TheU.S. House of Representativesnarrowly blocked consideration of any War Powers Resolution restricting U.S. actions relating to Yemen for the rest of the year.[123]

In June 2019, when President Trump and Secretary of StateMike Pompeomet with bin Salman to discuss military matters, they did not bring up the subject of Khashoggi's assassination.[124]A week later, at the2019 G20 Osaka summit,during a group photo of international leaders, Trump shook bin Salman's hand.[125]Pompeo reiterated his efforts to minimize Saudi responsibility in the killing in a book released in January 2023,Never Give an Inch: Fighting for the America I Love,when he returned to his theme that the gruesome death was of little consequence; that the victim was only an "activist." He further described Khashoggi as being, "cozy with the terrorist-supportingMuslim Brotherhood."[126]

On 11 March 2020, theU.S. State Department,in its 2019Country Reports on Human Rights Practices,blamedSaudi Arabian governmentagents for Khashoggi's death. The department also said that the realm did not punish those accused of committing serious human rights abuses.[127]

On 20 August 2020, theOpen Society Justice Foundationfiled a lawsuit in theSouthern District of New Yorkover the killing of Khashoggi. As part of the lawsuit, the group also demanded the release of the Khashoggi report under theFreedom of Information Act.[128](It was the second lawsuit filed by the initiative involving Khashoggi's assassination. The first was filed in January 2019 with a more general focus, demanding that the CIA and six other federal agencies disclose "all records" relating to the assassination.[116])

According toBob Woodward's bookRage,Trump protected bin Salman from Congress following the murder of Khashoggi. According to an interview with Woodward mentioned in the book, Trump boasted of saving bin Salman's reputation, saying "I saved his ass". Trump also claimed that Saudi Arabia has invested hundreds of billions of dollars into U.S. military equipment and training, and defended his decision to preserve the Saudi relationship as a means of protecting the billions of dollars of annual arms sales between the two countries.[129]

In January 2021, with the incoming U.S. administration underJoe Biden,the newly confirmedDirector of National IntelligenceAvril Haineswas pressured to declassify the report on Khashoggi's assassination "without delay". The Trump administration had blocked its declassification despite being legally required to release it.[130][131][132][133][134][135]U.S. senatorRon Wydenasked Haines during her confirmation hearing on 19 January 2021, where she confirmed: "Yes, senator, absolutely. We will follow the law".Agnès Callamard,the UN special rapporteur on extrajudicial killings, praised the move, saying the information would provide the "one essential missing piece of the puzzle of the execution of Jamal Khashoggi".[136]

In September 2022,The Wall Street Journalreported that thePublic Interest Declassification Board(PIDB) advised President Biden to declassify the full U.S. intelligence report on the murder of Khashoggi in June 2022, weeks before Biden traveled to Saudi Arabia and met with bin Salman. A declassified summary had been previously released in February 2021, prompting the U.S. to impose sanctions and travel bans on several Saudi security officials, albeit without targeting bin Salman directly.[137]

In response to the 2018 assassination of Jamal Khashoggi,Judge John Bateswas said to produce his judgement against crown prince Mohammed bin Salman's involvement in the murder. The decision came to a contradiction whether to consider the prince as an heir to the Saudi throne and thus grant him immunity from the U.S. courts or not since he was still a king-in-waiting. On being allowed to proceed, the case would allow going into the details of the assassination and the potential deposition of the prince or his brother – the Saudi ambassador to the U.S. at the time. Judge Bates’ decision is said to be reliant on that of theBiden administration,whose siding with the prince would lead to havoc amongst human rights advocates. Biden administration's opinion was said to be filed in the court by no later than 17 November.Keith Harperleading the case against the Saudi prince is a formerObama administrationofficial who has criticized the Saudi prince's designation as a Prime Minister a means of attempting to "manipulate the court's jurisdiction".[138]

On 17 November 2022, the Biden administration ruled that Saudi Arabian Crown PrinceMohammed bin Salmanhas immunity from a lawsuit over the murder of Jamal Khashoggi. Senior Democratic lawmakers sharply criticized the Biden administration's action. Legal experts said that the U.S. government's position will likely lead judgeJohn Batesto dismiss a civil case brought against Prince Mohammed and his alleged accomplices by Hatice Cengiz.[139]

On 29 November 2022, following the assertion from the Biden administration thatMohammed bin Salmanwas immune to liability as a foreign head of state, Hatice Cengiz urged a U.S. judge to allow her lawsuit to move forward against Saudi Arabian Crown Prince. But, on 6 December 2022, U.S. federal judgeJohn D. Batesdismissed the lawsuit citing Joe Biden's granting of immunity to the prince. Bates also issued a dismissal for two top Mohammed bin Salman aides as well,Saud al-QahtaniandAhmed al-Assiri,on jurisdictional grounds.[140][141]

Commentary

edit

The Middle East correspondent ofThe Independent,Patrick Cockburn,wrote that the killing of Jamal Khashoggi "is by no means the worst act carried out by Saudi Arabia since 2015, though it is much the best publicised.... Saudi leaders imagined that, having got away with worseatrocities in Yemen,that any outcry over the death of a single man in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul was something they could handle ".[142]

Vanity Fairreported that "several House Republicans have mounted awhisper campaigntodiscreditKhashoggi—or at least, to knock his reputation down a few notches—based on his ties to the Muslim Brotherhood, and his role as an embedded journalist who covered Osama bin Laden.... The campaign to discredit Khashoggi, which might have once been executed surreptitiously, is now front and center on Twitter and echoing onFox News".[143]

Personal life

edit

Khashoggi was described as an observant Muslim.[144]

Khashoggi was reportedly married and divorced at least three times, though there is contradictory information on whom these marriages were to and at what time. With his wife Rawia al-Tunisi he had four children: sons Salah and Abdullah and daughters Noha and Razan Jamal.[145][146][147]He was also married to Alaa Nassif.[4][148]On 2 June 2018, Khashoggi married Hanan Elatr, an Egyptian citizen, in an Islamic Ceremony inAlexandria, Virginia, U.S.She obtained a certified, signed copy of the marriage certificate in July 2021 verifying the marriage.[149]Hanan also produced pictures of their ceremony, and one of Khashoggi's friends additionally confirmed he attended the wedding.[5][6]

Khashoggi's four children were all educated in the U.S. and two of them areU.S. citizens.[150]After his assassination, all four were banned from leaving Saudi Arabia.[151]

At the time of his death Khashoggi was planning to marry Hatice Cengiz, a 36-year-old Ph.D. candidate at a university in Istanbul. The couple had met in May 2018 during a conference in the city. Khashoggi, a Saudi national, visited the Saudi consulate on 2 October to obtain paperwork that would allow him to marry Cengiz.[152]

On 22 April 2018 an Emirati government agency hacked the phone of Jamal Khashoggi's then fiancée, Hanan Elatr, using thePegasus spywaremonths before the Saudi dissident was murdered.[153]

Legacy

edit
A "Khashoggi Way" street sign put up in front of theWhite Houseby activists in February 2019[154]

There have been calls to rename the streets with the Saudi embassy to "Khashoggi Street" or the equivalent. In London,Amnesty Internationalput up a sign with that name outside theSaudi embassy,one month after Khashoggi disappeared into the Saudi consulate in Istanbul.[155]

InWashington, D.C.,a petition was started to rename theFoggy Bottomstreet on which theSaudi embassy in Washington DCstands as "Jamal Khashoggi Way".[155]In late November 2018, local officials voted to rename the street in honor of Jamal Khashoggi, subject to approval by thecity council.[156][157]The city council had voted to rename the stretch ofNew Hampshire Avenuein December 2021. On 15 June 2022, the street was renamed "Jamal Khashoggi Way". The street sign unveiling ceremony was held at 1:14 pm. ET, symbolising the time Khashoggi was last seen before his death on 2 October 2018.Phil Mendelson,president of the District of Columbia Council, said that "The street will serve as a constant reminder, a memorial to Jamal Khashoggi's memory that cannot be covered up".[158]

In December 2018, Khashoggi was named byTimemagazine as aTimePerson of the Yearfor 2018.[159]

The "Jamal Khashoggi - Award for Courageous Journalism 2019" (JKA) was instituted, awarding five projects up to US$5,000 each to support investigative journalistic projects.[160][161]

AShowtimeoriginal documentary,Kingdom of Silence,about the murder of Khashoggi was released on 2 October 2020, to mark the second anniversary of his death.[162]

In 2020, a documentary on the assassination of Khashoggi and the role played by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman was made byOscar-winning film director and producer,Bryan Fogel.However, it took eight months for Fogel to find a streaming service forThe Dissident,which was released by an independent company.[163][164]

Many of Khashoggi's banned articles were made available inthe Uncensored Libraryto circumvent censorship laws.[165]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^abcdefBlack, Ian (19 October 2018)."Jamal Khashoggi obituary".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Archivedfrom the original on 13 October 2019.Retrieved13 October2019.
  2. ^Hubbard, Ben; Gladstone, Rick; Landler, Mark (16 October 2018)."Trump Jumps to the Defense of Saudi Arabia in Khashoggi Case".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 20 November 2018.Retrieved17 October2018.Mr. Khashoggi, who wrote columns for The Washington Post, lived in the United States, and his 60th birthday was on Saturday [13 October].
  3. ^"Khashoggi 'died after fight' – Saudis".BBC. 19 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 20 November 2018.Retrieved19 October2018.
  4. ^ab"The strangest moment from the CNN interview of Khashoggi's sons, explained".The Washington Post.5 November 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 19 November 2018.Retrieved19 November2018.
  5. ^abRick Rowley (director) (12 January 2021).Kingdom of Silence(Motion picture).
  6. ^abMiller, Greg; Mekhennet, Souad (16 November 2018)."Woman says she married Khashoggi in ceremony kept secret from his fiancee and some in his family".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 17 November 2018.Retrieved25 January2021.
  7. ^O'Toole, Gavin (30 October 2018)."Khashoggi's fiancee speaks about 'death squad' killing".Al Jazeera.Archivedfrom the original on 20 November 2018.Retrieved30 October2018.
  8. ^abcKirkpatrick, David D.; Schmitt, Eric; Barnes, Julian E. (12 November 2018)."'Tell your Boss ': Recording is seen to link Saudi crown prince more strongly to Khashoggi killing ".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 12 November 2018.Retrieved13 November2018.
  9. ^"Jamal Khashoggi: An unauthorized Turkey source says journalist was murdered in Saudi consulate".BBC News.7 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 9 October 2018.Retrieved12 December2018.
  10. ^abcde"Speakers".International Public Relations Association – Gulf Chapter (IPRA-GC). 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2012.Retrieved10 May2012.
  11. ^"Khashoggi Was No Critic of Saudi Regime".15 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 29 March 2019.Retrieved29 March2019.
  12. ^Hendley, Paul (17 May 2010)."Saudi newspaper head resigns after run-in with conservatives".Al Hdhod.Archivedfrom the original on 16 November 2018.Retrieved11 October2018.
  13. ^"Saudi Arabia wasn't always this repressive. Now it's unbearable".Opinion.The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2018.Retrieved7 October2018.
  14. ^"Jamal Khashoggi: An unauthorized Turkey source says journalist was murdered in Saudi consulate".BBC News.7 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 9 October 2018.Retrieved7 October2018.
  15. ^"Turkey says journalist Khashoggi 'killed at Saudi consulate'".France 24. 7 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 9 October 2018.Retrieved7 October2018.
  16. ^Batrawy, Aya; Torchia, Christopher (25 October 2018)."Saudi Arabia again changes its story on Khashoggi killing".AP NEWS.Archivedfrom the original on 16 December 2018.Retrieved16 December2018.
  17. ^Stancati, Margherita; Said, Summer (25 October 2018)."Saudi Arabia Says Evidence Points to Premeditated Killing of Khashoggi".The Wall Street Journal.Archivedfrom the original on 16 December 2018.Retrieved16 December2018.
  18. ^abShane Harris; Greg Miller; Josh Dawsey (16 November 2018)."CIA concludes Saudi crown prince ordered Jamal Khashoggi's assassination".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 3 December 2018.Retrieved18 November2018.
  19. ^abSchmitt, Eric; Fandos, Nicholas (4 December 2018)."Saudi Prince 'Complicit' in Khashoggi's Murder, Senators Say After C.I.A. Briefing".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 14 December 2018.Retrieved14 December2018.
  20. ^Haag, Matthew; Grynbaum, Michael M. (11 December 2018)."Time Names Person of the Year for 2018: Jamal Khashoggi and Other Journalists".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 11 December 2018.Retrieved11 December2018.
  21. ^"Time Person of the Year: 'The Guardians and the War on Truth' - CNN".CNN.Archived fromthe originalon 11 December 2018.Retrieved11 December2018.
  22. ^"Time Person of the Year is 'The Guardians' in 2018, including slain journalist Jamal Khashoggi - the Washington Post".The Washington Post.Archived fromthe originalon 11 December 2018.Retrieved11 December2018.
  23. ^Ronald Kessler (31 October 2017).The Richest Man in the World: The Story of Adnan Khashoggi.Grand Central Publishing. p. 29.ISBN978-1-5387-6254-7.
  24. ^"Who Is Jamal Khashoggi? A Saudi Insider Who Became an Exiled Critic".Bloomberg.10 October 2018.
  25. ^abKessler, Ronald (1987),Khashoggi: the rise and fall of the world's richest man,Corgi, p. 41,ISBN978-0552130608
  26. ^Rugman, Jonathan (October 2019).The killing in the consulate: investigating the life and death of Jamal Khashoggi.London.ISBN978-1-4711-8475-8.OCLC1121616425.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  27. ^abcHubbard, Ben; Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 September 2001)."For Khashoggi, a tangled mix of royal service and Islamist sympathies".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 17 October 2018.Retrieved27 October2018.
  28. ^Smith, Gina."Donald Trump once bought a $200M yacht from Jamal Khashoggi's famed arms dealer uncle".Exclusive.Archivedfrom the original on 14 October 2018.Retrieved14 October2018.
  29. ^Ant, Onur (17 October 2018)."Khashoggi's Name Runs Through Middle East History".Bloomberg L.P.Archivedfrom the original on 19 June 2019.Retrieved19 June2019.
  30. ^"Jamal Khashoggi".someconference.Archivedfrom the original on 11 November 2012.Retrieved31 May2012.
  31. ^abcde"Jamal Khashoggi".World Economic Forum.Archivedfrom the original on 18 October 2018.Retrieved21 July2012.
  32. ^"Saudi Al Watan editor sacked for the second time".Saudi Information Agency. Archived fromthe originalon 6 April 2012.Retrieved31 May2012.
  33. ^"Mohammed bin Salman's Saudi Arabia: A Deeper Look".Flickr.Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2019.Retrieved24 October2018.
  34. ^abc"Q & A with Al Watan's Jamal Khashoggi".Asharq Alawsat.Jeddah. 25 April 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 16 June 2013.Retrieved5 April2013.
  35. ^abc"Read Jamal Khashoggi's columns for The Washington Post".The Washington Post.6 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 13 October 2018.Retrieved13 October2018.
  36. ^abcBergen, Peter (22 October 2018)."Jamal Khashoggi was a journalist, not a jihadist".CNN.Archivedfrom the original on 22 October 2018.Retrieved22 October2018.
  37. ^Khashoggi, Jamal (17 October 2018)."What the Arab world needs most is free expression".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 20 October 2018.Retrieved20 October2018.
  38. ^abcKhashoggi, Jamal (13 November 2017)."Saudi Arabia is creating a total mess in Lebanon".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2018.Retrieved24 October2018.
  39. ^abcKhashoggi, Jamal (7 August 2018)."Saudi Arabia cannot afford to pick fights with Canada".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 24 October 2018.Retrieved24 October2018.
  40. ^"Turkish police believe Khashoggi killed inside Saudi consulate".Al Jazeera. 7 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2018.Retrieved11 October2018.
  41. ^abcdeIgnatius, David (12 October 2018)."Jamal Khashoggi's long road to the doors of the Saudi consulate".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 26 October 2018.Retrieved25 October2018.
  42. ^"Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi tells BBC: 'The Oslo Accords are dead'".Middle East Monitor.1 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 8 October 2018.Retrieved7 October2018.
  43. ^Younes, Ali (23 November 2017)."Saudi Arabia 'must go back to proper religious roots'".Al Jazeera.Archivedfrom the original on 20 October 2018.Retrieved23 October2018.
  44. ^Khashoggi, Jamal (11 September 2018)."Opinion | Saudi Arabia's crown prince must restore dignity to his country — by ending Yemen's cruel war".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 17 October 2018.Retrieved17 October2018.
  45. ^Khashoggi, Jamal (3 April 2018)."By blaming 1979 for Saudi Arabia's problems, the crown prince is peddling revisionist history".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 25 October 2018.Retrieved25 October2018.
  46. ^abKhashoggi, Jamal (28 August 2018)."The U.S. is wrong about the Muslim Brotherhood – and the Arab world is suffering for it".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2018.Retrieved22 October2018.
  47. ^abNoha El Tawil (31 October 2017)."Saudi journalist insults Egypt, slams combating extremism".Egypt Today.Archivedfrom the original on 20 October 2018.Retrieved22 October2018.
  48. ^Behravesh, Maysam (31 October 2018)."Why Iran took so long to react to Jamal Khashoggi's murder".Le Monde diplomatique.Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2019.Retrieved21 January2019.
  49. ^ab"Jamal Khashoggi, journalist who spoke truth to power, 1958–2018".Financial Times.20 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2018.Retrieved21 October2018.
  50. ^"Lara Marlowe: The Jamal Khashoggi I knew was a chameleon".The Irish Times.25 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 25 October 2018.Retrieved27 October2018.
  51. ^Costa, Robert; Demir gian, Karoun (19 October 2018)."Conservatives mount a whisper campaign smearing Khashoggi in defense of Trump".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 24 October 2018.Retrieved24 October2018.
  52. ^"Trump, Jr. Spreads Right-wing Smear That 'Murdered' Saudi Journalist Supports 'Jihadists'".Haaretz.14 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 6 December 2018.Retrieved5 December2018.
  53. ^Taylor, Guy (17 October 2018)."Perceived threat: Long, tangled history put Khashoggi in crosshairs".The Washington Times.Archivedfrom the original on 25 October 2018.Retrieved25 October2018.
  54. ^abcde"Death of a dissident: Saudi Arabia and the rise of the mobster state".The Spectator.13 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2018.Retrieved12 October2018.
  55. ^"Saudi Arabia's role in Jamal Khashoggi's disappearance".The Week.15 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 14 October 2018.Retrieved21 October2018.
  56. ^ab"Missing Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi's ties to Osama bin Laden explained".Global News.13 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 16 October 2018.Retrieved17 October2018.
  57. ^Koelbl, Susanne (14 June 2011)."Last bastion: Saudi Arabia's silent battle to halt history".Der Spiegel.Riyadh.Archivedfrom the original on 6 June 2013.Retrieved26 August2013.
  58. ^"Head of Saudi's most daring newspaper resigns".Al Arabiya. 16 May 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 19 October 2017.Retrieved30 April2012.
  59. ^Wright, Lawrence (2006).The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11(1 ed.). New York:Alfred A. Knopf.pp. 227–229.ISBN978-0-375-41486-2.OCLC64592193.
  60. ^"Saudi editor-in-chief fired following criticism of Ibn Taymiyya, spiritual father of Wahhabism".MEMRI. 9 July 2003.Archivedfrom the original on 16 May 2012.Retrieved19 May2012.
  61. ^Murphy, Caryle (11 January 2011)."Tactical delivery".The Majalla.Archived fromthe originalon 29 January 2013.Retrieved25 June2012.
  62. ^Blanford, Nicholas (5 June 2003)."Reformist impulse in Saudi Arabia suffers setback".The Christian Science Monitor.Archivedfrom the original on 25 September 2015.Retrieved1 March2013.
  63. ^Soubra Barrage, Rada (2007)."The domestic challenges facing Saudi Arabia"(PDF).Ecommons. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 October 2013.Retrieved8 May2012.
  64. ^Wright, Lawrence (11 September 2006)."The master plan"(PDF).The New Yorker.Retrieved8 April2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  65. ^ab"Saudi editor Jamal Khashoggi resigns from AlWatan".BBC. 17 May 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 25 January 2011.Retrieved1 March2013.
  66. ^"Bahrain Mirror: Leaked documents confirming financial support received by AlArab News Channel".Archivedfrom the original on 5 November 2019.
  67. ^"Turkish police believe Saudi journalist Khashoggi was killed at consulate, sources say".Daily Sabah.6 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 7 October 2018.Retrieved14 October2018.
  68. ^"Jamal Khashoggi, director of the Al Arab News Channel in Bahrain".France 24. 20 April 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 28 April 2012.Retrieved10 May2012.
  69. ^"Opinion Columnists Jamal Khashoggi".Archivedfrom the original on 13 October 2018.Retrieved10 October2018.
  70. ^Osborne, Samuel."Saudi Arabia bans journalist for criticising Donald Trump".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 17 February 2017.Retrieved16 February2017.
  71. ^abStedman, Scott; Hulvalchick, Alex; DeNault, Robert J.; Levai, Eric; Jr, Xavier Gonzalez; Cobb, Adrienne; Coleman, Jess (22 October 2019)."Israeli private intelligence firm claimed recruitment of Khashoggi prior to murder".Forensic News.Retrieved29 May2020.
  72. ^Banco, Erin; Swan, Betsy (25 October 2018)."Saudi Spy Met with Team Trump About Taking Down Iran".The Daily Beast.Retrieved29 May2020.
  73. ^abMazzetti, Mark; Bergman, Ronen; Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 November 2018)."Saudis Close to Crown Prince Discussed Killing Other Enemies a Year Before Khashoggi's Death".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved29 May2020.
  74. ^Aziza, Sarah (6 October 2018)."Kingdom Crackdown: Saudi women who fought for the right to drive are disappearing and going into exile".Archivedfrom the original on 12 October 2018.Retrieved14 October2018.
  75. ^"Where is Jamal Khashoggi?".The Washington Post.4 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 13 October 2018.Retrieved13 October2018.
  76. ^Mazzetti, Mark (7 February 2019)."Year Before Killing, Saudi Prince Told Aide He Would Use 'a Bullet' on Jamal Khashoggi".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 13 November 2019.Retrieved8 February2019.
  77. ^Benner, Katie; Mazzetti, Mark; Hubbard, Ben; Isaac, Mike (20 October 2018)."Saudis' Image Makers: A Troll Army and a Twitter Insider".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 15 November 2019.Retrieved19 June2019.
  78. ^Shezaf, Hagar (7 November 2018)."Snowden: Israeli Firm's Spyware Was Used to Track Khashoggi".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 4 April 2019.Retrieved4 April2019.
  79. ^Souad Mekhennet; Greg Miller (22 December 2018)."Jamal Khashoggi's final months as an exile in the long shadow of Saudi Arabia".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 27 December 2018.Retrieved27 December2018.his connections to an organization funded by Saudi Arabia's regional nemesis, Qatar. Text messages between Khashoggi and an executive at Qatar Foundation International show that the executive, Maggie Mitchell Salem, at times shaped the columns he submitted to The Washington Post, proposing topics, drafting material and prodding him to take a harder line against the Saudi government. Khashoggi also appears to have relied on a researcher and translator affiliated with the organization
  80. ^Hubbard, Ben (19 October 2018)."Saudi Arabia says Jamal Khashoggi was killed in consulate fight".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 19 October 2018.Retrieved19 October2018.
  81. ^Coskun, Orhan (6 October 2018)."Exclusive: Turkish police believe Saudi journalist Khashoggi was killed in consulate – sources".Reuters.Archivedfrom the original on 14 October 2018.Retrieved15 October2018.
  82. ^Nicholas, Cecil (10 October 2018)."Jamal Khashoggi: Saudi journalist 'cut up with bone saw in Pulp Fiction murder at consulate in Istanbul'".Evening Standard.Archivedfrom the original on 10 October 2018.Retrieved14 October2018.
  83. ^"Sen. Corker: Everything points to Saudis being responsible for missing journalist".MSNBC. 12 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 29 May 2019.Retrieved12 October2018.
  84. ^"Turkey to search Saudi consulate for missing journalist".The Washington Post.9 October 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 12 October 2018.Retrieved13 October2018.
  85. ^"Turkish prosecutors 'find evidence of Jamal Khashoggi killing'".Al Jazeera. 15 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 16 October 2018.Retrieved17 October2018.
  86. ^"Turkish police 'end search' for Jamal Khashoggi's body".Al Jazeera. 10 November 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 10 July 2019.Retrieved10 July2019.
  87. ^"Jamal Khashoggi: Saudi crown prince ordered operation to lure and detain journalist, US intercepts say".The Independent.11 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 25 October 2018.Retrieved25 October2018.
  88. ^"Interpol issued red notices for 20 people over Khashoggi killing: Turkey".Reuters.14 March 2019.Retrieved1 January2023.
  89. ^"Khashoggi killing: UN human rights expert says Saudi Arabia is responsible for" premeditated execution "".OHCHR.Archivedfrom the original on 19 June 2019.Retrieved19 June2019.
  90. ^""Where Is Jamal?": Fiancee of missing Saudi journalist demands to know ".The Washington Post.NDTV. 9 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 14 October 2018.Retrieved13 October2018.
  91. ^Hubbard, Ben (19 October 2018)."Saudi Arabia Says Jamal Khashoggi Was Killed in Consulate Fight".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on 19 October 2018.Retrieved24 June2019.
  92. ^Hubbard, Ben (19 October 2018)."Jamal Khashoggi is dead, Saudi Arabia says".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 19 October 2018.Retrieved19 October2018.
  93. ^McKirdy, Euan; Sirgany, Sarah; Ward, Clarissa (20 October 2018)."Jamal Khashoggi died in fistfight at Istanbul consulate, Saudi Arabia claims".CNN.Archivedfrom the original on 20 October 2018.Retrieved20 October2018.
  94. ^Smith-Spark, Laura; Alkhshali, Hamdi."Khashoggi killing was premeditated, Saudi attorney general says".CNN.Archivedfrom the original on 25 October 2018.Retrieved26 October2018.
  95. ^"Dark disappearances: How Saudi critics keep going missing".BBC.Archivedfrom the original on 22 October 2018.Retrieved22 October2018.
  96. ^"Funeral prayers held for Jamal Khashoggi in Mecca and Medina".Al Jazeera.Retrieved7 April2020.
  97. ^"Khashoggi's killing was 'gruesome' but new UN report is 'flawed,' says Saudi minister".CNN. 20 June 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 21 June 2019.Retrieved20 June2019.
  98. ^"Saudi Crown Prince: Murder of journalist Khashoggi 'happened on my watch'".City A.M.26 September 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 26 September 2019.Retrieved26 September2019.
  99. ^"Saudi Arabia sentences five people to death over Khashoggi killing".Sky News.Archivedfrom the original on 23 December 2019.Retrieved23 December2019.
  100. ^"Khashoggi trial verdict a 'whitewash', says Amnesty".Ekklesia.23 December 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 24 December 2019.Retrieved24 December2019.
  101. ^Tawfeeq, Mohammed; Karadsheh, Jomana; Qiblawi, Tamara; Robertson, Nic (22 May 2020)."Khashoggi's children 'pardon' their father's killers, sparing them the death penalty".CNN.Retrieved22 May2020.
  102. ^Gubash, Charlene; Madani, Doha (7 September 2020)."Saudi court issues final verdicts for 8 people in death of Jamal Khashoggi".NBC News.Retrieved8 September2020.
  103. ^Umut Uras (31 October 2018)."Turkey: Khashoggi strangled immediately after entering consulate".Al Jazeera.Archivedfrom the original on 31 October 2018.Retrieved31 October2018.
  104. ^"The Latest: Prosecutor: Khashoggi was strangled, dismembered".Associated Press News.31 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 31 October 2018.Retrieved31 October2018.
  105. ^Corbin, Jane (29 September 2019)."The secret tapes of Jamal Khashoggi's murder".BBC News.Retrieved21 June2023.
  106. ^"Khashoggi murder: Body 'dissolved in acid'".BBC News.2 November 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 6 November 2018.Retrieved6 November2018.
  107. ^Robertson, Nic (9 December 2018)."'I can't breathe.' Jamal Khashoggi's last words disclosed in transcript, source says ".CNN.Retrieved3 August2020.
  108. ^"'I can't breathe.' Jamal Khashoggi's last words disclosed in transcript, source says ".CNN. 12 December 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 19 December 2018.Retrieved19 December2018.
  109. ^"Turkey charges 20 Saudis over Khashoggi murder".TRT World.25 March 2020.Retrieved30 March2020.
  110. ^"Istanbul prosecutor indicts two top Saudi officials in Khashoggi's murder".France 24. 25 March 2020.Retrieved30 March2020.
  111. ^"Turkey: Khashoggi's Fiancée Appears at Absent Saudis' Trial".Voice of America. 6 July 2020.Retrieved6 July2020.
  112. ^"Prosecutors in Turkey prepare 2nd indictment on 6 Khashoggi murder suspects".Dailysabah.28 September 2020.Retrieved28 September2020.
  113. ^Timur, Safak; Hubbard, Ben (7 April 2022)."Turkey Transfers Khashoggi Murder Trial to Saudi Arabia".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved8 April2022.
  114. ^"Trump is reluctant to give up Saudi deals over Jamal Khashoggi's disappearance. So is Europe".The Washington Post.15 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 19 October 2018.Retrieved19 October2018.
  115. ^Tamkin, Emily (16 October 2018)."Trump is giving Saudi Arabia the benefit of the doubt in the Khashoggi case, but other Republicans aren't".BuzzFeed News.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2018.Retrieved21 October2018.
  116. ^abEisner, Michael; Steele, Jack (18 January 2021)."Biden Should Release the CIA Report on Jamal Khashoggi's Killers".Foreign Policy.Retrieved27 February2021.
  117. ^Adam Edelman & F. Brinley Bruton (21 November 2018)."In unusual statement disputing the CIA and filled with exclamation points, Trump backs Saudi ruler after Khashoggi killing".NBC News.Archivedfrom the original on 21 November 2018.Retrieved21 November2018.
  118. ^"Trump: CIA did not blame Saudi prince".BBC News. 23 November 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 23 November 2018.Retrieved23 November2018.
  119. ^Shesgreen, Deirdre."Jamal Khashoggi: Lawmakers promise scrutiny of Trump's refusal to rebuke Saudis over journalist's murder".USA Today.Archivedfrom the original on 23 November 2018.Retrieved23 November2018.
  120. ^Jon Swaine (25 November 2018)."Top Democrats accuse Trump of lying about CIA's Jamal Khashoggi report".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 26 November 2018.Retrieved26 November2018.
  121. ^abJulie Hirschfeld Davis; Eric Schmitt (13 December 2018)."Senate Votes to End Aid for Yemen Fight Over Khashoggi Killing and Saudis' War Aims".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 15 December 2018.Retrieved16 December2018.
  122. ^"Senate Flexes Congress' War Powers Authority, For First Time Ever".Roll Call.13 December 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 16 December 2018.Retrieved1 January2023.
  123. ^Brufke, Juliegrace; Kheel, Rebecca (12 December 2018)."House narrowly advances farm bill amid fight over Yemen war vote".The Hill.Archived fromthe originalon 17 December 2018.Retrieved1 January2023.
  124. ^Borger, Julian (24 June 2019)."Mike Pompeo didn't raise Jamal Khashoggi murder in meeting with Saudi king".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Archivedfrom the original on 29 June 2019.Retrieved29 June2019.
  125. ^Taylor, Adam (28 June 2019)."Saudi Arabia's MBS is center stage at G-20, only nine months after Khashoggi killing".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 28 June 2019.Retrieved29 June2019.
  126. ^Mike Pompeo criticizes journalist Jamal Khashoggi as an 'activist' who received too much media sympathy,NBC News,Natasha Korecki, Phil McCausland and Jesse Rodriguez, January 23, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  127. ^McBride, Courtney (13 March 2019)."State Department Rights Report Blames Saudis in Death of Khashoggi".The Wall Street Journal.Retrieved13 March2020.
  128. ^"Justice Initiative Files Lawsuit Over Killing of Post Columnist Khashoggi".Voice of America. 20 August 2020.Retrieved20 August2020.
  129. ^Hudson, John."Trump threw Saudi Arabia a lifeline after Khashoggi's death. Two years later, he has gotten little in return".The Washington Post.Retrieved2 October2020.
  130. ^Blake, Andrew."Adam Schiff: Declassify report on Jamal Khashoggi killing as promised".The Washington Times.Retrieved4 March2021.
  131. ^"Biden intel chief nominee vows to release Khashoggi murder report".Al Jazeera.
  132. ^Steele, Michael Eisner, Jack (18 January 2021)."Biden Should Release the CIA Report on Jamal Khashoggi's Killers".{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  133. ^Martin, Peter (22 January 2021)."Biden Spy Chief Pressured to Release Khashoggi Report Quickly".Bloomberg L.P.
  134. ^"Biden administration to declassify report about Khashoggi murder".Middle East Monitor.20 January 2021.
  135. ^"Biden to declassify report on assassination of Jamal Khashoggi".WION. 20 January 2021.
  136. ^Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (19 January 2021)."Biden administration 'to declassify report' into Khashoggi murder".The Guardian.Retrieved28 February2021.
  137. ^Volz, Dustin (29 September 2022)."Biden Advised to Declassify Full Intelligence Report on Khashoggi Murder".The Wall Street Journal.Retrieved30 September2022.
  138. ^"Showdown as Saudi crown prince aims to dodge lawsuit over Khashoggi murder".The Guardian.24 October 2022.Retrieved24 October2022.
  139. ^Hubbard, Ben; Wong, Edward (18 November 2022)."U.S. Backs Immunity for Saudi Leader in Lawsuit Over Khashoggi Murder".The New York Times.Retrieved18 November2022.
  140. ^Scarcella, Mike (30 November 2022)."Saudi prince's immunity contested in Khashoggi fiancee's wrongful death suit".Reuters.Retrieved30 November2022.
  141. ^"Lawsuit against Saudi crown prince dismissed after Biden administration recommended he is given immunity".CNN. 6 December 2022.Retrieved6 December2022.
  142. ^Cockburn, Patrick (12 October 2018)."The Saudi targeting of food supplies in Yemen is a worse story than the disappearance of Jamal Khashoggi".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 16 October 2018.Retrieved24 October2018.
  143. ^Nguyen, Tina (19 October 2018).""Don't mourn for Khashoggi": Inside the feverish cesspool of the pro-Saudi right ".Vanity Fair.
  144. ^"Jamal Khashoggi".Obituary.The Economist.25 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 26 October 2018.Retrieved26 October2018.
  145. ^Ian Black(19 October 2018)."Jamal Khashoggi".obituary.The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 13 October 2019.Retrieved21 October2018.
  146. ^"زوجة خاشقجي السابقة تخرج عن صمتها وتفجر مفاجأة".al Journal.Archivedfrom the original on 19 November 2018.Retrieved19 November2018.
  147. ^"We are Jamal Khashoggi's daughters. We promise his light will never fade".The Washington Post.23 November 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 24 November 2018.Retrieved24 November2018.
  148. ^"Khashoggi ex-wife: I do not know Khadijah, why is she handling his social media?".Al Arabiya.14 October 2018.
  149. ^Priest, Dana (28 June 2021)."Hanan Elatr, Egyptian Woman who married Jamal Khashoggi obtains signed Islamic Marriage certificate".The Washington Post.p. A6.
  150. ^Myre, Greg (19 October 2018)."Jamal Khashoggi's Complicated History with the Saudi Royal Family".NPR.Archivedfrom the original on 23 November 2018.Retrieved24 November2018.
  151. ^"Killed journalist Jamal Khashoggi's children, some of whom are dual US citizens, are reportedly barred from leaving Saudi Arabia".Business Insider.23 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 25 October 2018.Retrieved27 October2018.
  152. ^Prengel, Kate (12 October 2018)."Hatice Cengiz, Jamal Khashoggi's Fiancee: 5 Fast facts you need to know".Archivedfrom the original on 20 October 2018.Retrieved20 October2018.
  153. ^Vohra, Anchal (12 October 2018)."Jamal Khashoggi: UAE 'used Pegasus spyware to hack wife's phone'".The Times.Retrieved22 December2021.
  154. ^Khalil, Ashraf (18 February 2019)."DC's many prankster activists turn anger into street theater".DailyMiner.Associated Press.Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2019.Retrieved19 February2019.
  155. ^abWyatt, Tim (2 November 2018)."Jamal Khashoggi: Rename streets outside Saudi embassies after murdered journalist, campaigners say".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 15 November 2018.Retrieved11 December2018.
  156. ^"Street by Saudi US embassy could be renamed 'Jamal Khashoggi Way'".abs-cbn.Agence France-Presse. 1 December 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 11 December 2018.Retrieved11 December2018.
  157. ^Andrew Giambrone (30 November 2018)."Neighborhood leaders ask D.C. officials to name Saudi embassy street after Khashoggi".dc.curbed.Archivedfrom the original on 15 December 2018.Retrieved11 December2018.
  158. ^"Jamal Khashoggi: Saudi embassy street in US renamed after murdered journalist".BBC News.16 June 2022.Retrieved16 June2022.
  159. ^Kim, Eun Kyung (11 December 2018)."TIME's 2018 Person of the Year: 'The Guardians and the War on Truth'".Today Show.Archivedfrom the original on 11 December 2018.Retrieved11 December2018.
  160. ^"Jamal Khashoggi – Award for Courageous Journalism 2019 ($25,000 Prize)".11 December 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 13 December 2018.Retrieved11 December2018.
  161. ^"SAUDI ARABIA - Jamal Khashoggi Award for Courageous Journalism".Inti Raymi Fund.6 December 2018.Retrieved14 May2020.
  162. ^"Showtime Documentary 'Kingdom of Silence' To Premiere On Two-Year Anniversary Of Jamal Khashoggi Murder".Deadline.3 September 2020.Retrieved3 September2020.
  163. ^Sperling, Nicole (24 December 2020)."An Oscar Winner Made a Khashoggi Documentary. Streaming Services Didn't Want It".The New York Times.Retrieved24 December2020.
  164. ^Kilkenny, Katie (23 December 2020)."Bryan Fogel on Hollywood Reticence to Distribute 'The Dissident' and Companies Looking" the Other Way "on Human Rights Abuses".The Hollywood Reporter.Retrieved27 December2020.
  165. ^Woodyatt, Amy (13 March 2020)."Minecraft hosts uncensored library full of banned journalism | CNN Business".CNN.Retrieved16 May2022.
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related toJamal Khashoggi.
Wikiquote has quotations related toJamal Khashoggi.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamal_Khashoggi&oldid=1258700367"