Wikipedia

James Flynn (academic)

James Robert FlynnFRSNZ(28 April 1934 – 11 December 2020) was an American-born New Zealand moral philosopher[1]andintelligenceresearcher. Originally fromWashington, D.C.,and educated at theUniversity of Chicago,Flynn emigrated toDunedinin 1963, where he taught political studies at theUniversity of Otago.He was noted for his publications about the continued year-after-year increase ofIQscores throughout the world, which is now referred to as theFlynn effect.In addition to his academic work, he championedsocial democraticpolitics throughout his life.

James Flynn
Flynn in June 2007
Born
James Robert Flynn

(1934-04-28)28 April 1934
Washington, D.C.,U.S.
Died11 December 2020(2020-12-11)(aged 86)
Dunedin,Otago,New Zealand
Alma materUniversity of Chicago(AB,PhD)
Known forFlynn effect
ChildrenVictor Flynn
Scientific career
FieldsPolitical science
Moral philosophy
Social science
InstitutionsUniversity of Wisconsin-Whitewater
University of Canterbury
University of Otago
ThesisEthics and the Modern Social Scientist(1958)

Early life and education

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James Robert Flynn was born in an Irish-American community in Washington, D.C., on April 28, 1934. His parents were Irish-Americans from Missouri. His father, Joseph, left formal schooling at age 12 to work in a factory and later became a "hard-drinking"[2][3]journalist and editor. Flynn described his father as a "keen reader" who took pride in completing theNew York Timescrossword puzzle in pen rather than pencil. Flynn's father read classical works to him at a young age, and Flynn said he was "surrounded by good literature" as a child.[4]Flynn became an avid reader as well; later in life, he wrote a book about world literature, and in a 2010 commencement address, he encouraged graduates to learn by reading "works of great literature".[3]His mother, Mae, was an office worker and homemaker who trained as a teacher.[4][5]He had a brother, Joseph, who became a non-isothermal kinetics chemist.[3]

Raised Roman Catholic, Flynn was a choir boy at Washington, D.C.'sCathedral of St. Matthew the Apostleand attended the Catholic private schools St. Paul's Primary School and St. John's Academy. Flynn renounced his Catholic religion at age 12 after winning a full set ofWorld Book Encyclopediain a city-wide competition and reading about scientific explanations for the creation of the universe that contradicted hiscreationisteducation. He credited his rejection of Catholicism and his parents' racial views for forming his secular, socialist views on racial and social equality.[4][5]Flynn described himself as an "atheist, a scientific realist, a social democrat".[3][6]

Flynn was a lifelong competitive runner who ran for his high school and college and earned six US running medals over the course of his life.[3][5][7]

In the 1950s, Flynn earned a scholarship to theUniversity of Chicago,where he originally intended to study pure mathematics or theoretical physics "because they seemed to pose the most difficult problems to solve",[2]but ended up studying moral and political philosophy, a field with more practical applications.[4] An "ardentdemocratic socialist"[8]and "man ofthe left"[9]throughout his life, Flynn joined theSocialist Party of Americain college and, after graduating, became acivil rights activist.[5] While working on his doctorate in politics and moral philosophy, he was political action co-chairman for the university branch of theNAACP,where he worked on its social housing initiatives.[2][10] His doctorate dissertation was entitled, "Ethics and the Modern Social Scientist."[3]

He met his wife, an attorney whose family was active in theCommunist Party USA,[10]at aprotest against segregation at Glen Echo Park in Maryland. He was 26 years old at the time, and she was 17. His wife said that Flynn "ticked the entire list of qualities I wanted in a husband and which I had written down in my diary at the age of 15": he was tall, smart, funny, held left-wing political views, could stand up to her mother, and had a job with a pension. She proposed to him three times: he declined the first two times due to her young age before accepting the third proposal.[3] They named their eldest son,Oxford Universitymaths professorVictor Flynn,after socialistEugene Victor Debs.[8] The couple also had a daughter, who became a clinical psychologist.[2][5]

Early career

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After earning his doctorate in 1958 at age 24, Flynn taught atEastern Kentucky UniversityinRichmond, Kentucky,where he chaired the local chapter of theCongress of Racial Equality(CORE), a civil rights organisation in the US South.[7][10][11] He was reprimanded by the mayor of Richmond and the university for his anti-segregation activism, and removed as the university's track coach.[3]In 1961, he left Kentucky to teach at theUniversity of Wisconsin-Whitewater,followed byLake Forest CollegeinChicago,[5]from which he was fired for giving a lecture onsocial medicine,working as a peace activist, and being a member of the Socialist Party.[2]

By Flynn's own account, in early 1960s America he was consistently fired for hissocial democraticpolitics.[12]Accordingly, in 1963, aged 29, he emigrated with his family to New Zealand, where he taught at theUniversity of CanterburyinChristchurchand remained active (from afar) in the American civil rights movement.[8][9][10] In New Zealand Flynn continued to campaign for left-wing causes, and advisedLabourPrime MinisterNorman Kirkonforeign policy.He was a member of the anti-warCommittee on Vietnamand gave lectures againstnuclear proliferation.[5] In 1967, he joined theUniversity of OtagoinDunedinas Foundation Professor of Political Studies and head of the university's politics department.[3][7] In 1973, Flynn publishedHumanism and Ideology: An Aristotelian View.[2]

IQ research and the Flynn effect

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Main article:Flynn effect
External videos
James Flynn: Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents'onYouTube,TED talks

In 1978, while working on a refutation of classical racism for an upcoming book about "humane ideals", Flynn readUniversity of California, Berkeleyeducational psychologistArthur Jensen's 1969 article, "How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?",which argued that black people scored lower than white people on IQ tests because of genetic differences between the races.[4][5][13]

Flynn initially planned to spend only a few pages on his book refuting Jensen's work. After studying historical IQ tests, Flynn noticed that although the IQ tests were always calibrated so that a score of "100" was average, the actual raw scores showed that people's performance on the IQ tests improved over time. Flynn calculated that the average American in the year 1900 would have scored a 67 on the version of IQ tests administered in the year 2000, a score that suggested mental impairment.[13]Because such an increase in IQ scores over only a few generations could not have been caused by genetic evolution, Flynn concluded that the increases must have been caused by changes in environmental factors, meaning that IQ is influenced more by environment than by genetics.[10]

In 1980, Flynn published his research critiquing Jensen's work in his seminal book,Race, IQ and Jensen,which argued that increases in IQ scores over time, and differences in scores between groups of people such as black people and white people, are caused by environmental rather than genetic factors.[4][5][10]

In 1984, he published an article, "The Mean IQ of Americans: Massive Gains 1932 to 1978", examiningStanford-BinetandWechslerIQ test results, and reported that Americans' average scores increased by 13.8 IQ points in 46 years, almost an entirestandard deviation.[4][5][10]

In response to critics suggesting that the IQ increase could be attributed in increases in education (as opposed to innate intelligence), Flynn examined the results ofRaven's Progressive MatricesIQ tests, which use visual patterns rather than words to estimatefluid intelligenceor "on-the-spot problem solving", irrespective of educational or cultural differences among test-takers. Such non-verbal tests can be used to compare diverse populations such asSan peopleandInuktun.In 1987, Flynn published "Massive IQ Gains in 14 Nations: What IQ Tests Really Measure", which found that IQ points in 14 countries, as measured by Raven tests, increased between five and 25 points.[10] Test score increases have been continuous and approximately linear from the earliest years of testing to the present. For theRaven's Progressive Matricestest, subjects born over a 100-year period were compared inDes Moines,Iowa,and separately inDumfries,Scotland.Improvements were remarkably consistent across the whole period, in both countries.[14]This effect of an apparent increase in IQ has also been observed in various other parts of the world, though the rates of increase vary.[15]

In 1994,Harvard UniversitypsychologistRichard HerrnsteinandAmerican Enterprise Institutepolitical scientistCharles Murraypublished the highly-controversial bookThe Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life,which discussed Flynn's research and dubbed the increase in IQ scores the "Flynn effect".[9][13][16][17] Flynn often debated Jensen and Murray, but there was mutual admiration between them, and he defended them against accusations of racism.[4][5][10]

Flynn believed in racial equality. He advocated for open scientific debate about controversial social science claims, and was critical of the suppression of research into race and intelligence.[18]He urged those who believe in racial equality to use solid evidence to advance those beliefs.[11] Flynn did not believe genetic differences in intelligence between races existed; he argued that intelligence is influenced by environmental factors that correlate with socioeconomic status.[10][4][9]

The "Flynn effect" is the substantial and long-sustained increase in intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world. Whenintelligence quotient(IQ) tests are initiallystandardisedusing asampleof test-takers, by convention the average of the test results is set to 100 and theirstandard deviationis set to 15 IQ points. When IQ tests are revised they are again standardised using a new sample of test-takers, usually born more recently than the first. Again, the average result is set to 100. However, when the new test subjects take the older tests, in almost every case their average scores are significantly above 100.[19]

Flynn gained international recognition for the Flynn effect,[7][16][17]which has become widely accepted by psychologists and has been documented in large portions of the developed world and several developing countries, at rates too fast and dramatic to be caused by changes in genes, and correlating with environmental changes such as modernisation and improvements in education.[9] Although Flynn was not the first to document increases in IQ or criticise IQ tests, international discussion and acceptance of the Flynn effect sparked a significant reassessment by researchers of IQ tests and the nature of human intelligence.[5][8][10][13]

There are numerous proposed explanations of the Flynn effect, as well as some scepticism about its implications. Similar improvements have been reported for other cognitions such assemanticandepisodic memory.[20]Recent research suggests that the Flynn effect may have ended in at least a few developed nations, possibly allowingnational differences in IQ scores[21]to diminish if the Flynn effect continues in nations with lower average national IQs.[22]

Flynn himself, with co-workerWilliam Dickens,has suggested an explanatory model which points to two-way causality between IQ and environment: a cognitively challenging environment raises an individual's IQ, while in addition, a higher individual IQ makes it more likely that an individual will self-select or be sorted into more cognitively challenging environments.[23]

Later career

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He was in favour ofhomosexual law reformin New Zealand and in 1985 listed his name openly in support.[24]

While teaching at Otago in the 1990s, Flynn became a founding member of theNewLabourandAlliancepolitical parties. He stood unsuccessfully as an Alliance candidate for theNew Zealand House of Representativesin general elections in theDunedin Northelectorate in1993,1996 election,and2005.In 2008 he acted as the Alliance spokesperson for finance and taxation.[3][5][7][8][10]

In 1996, Flynn stepped down as head of the University of Otago's politics department and in 1997, he becameEmeritus Professorin the Politics and Psychology departments.[2][3][7]

In 1999, Flynn had surgery for intestinal cancer, which remained in remission for twenty years.[3]

A 1999 article published inAmerican Psychologistsummarised much of his research up to that point. On the alleged genetic inferiority of Blacks on IQ tests, he lays out the argument and evidence for such a belief and then contests each point. He interprets the direct evidence—when Blacks are raised in settings that are less disadvantageous—as suggesting that environmental factors explain average group differences. And yet, he argues that the environmental explanation gained force after the discovery that IQ scores were rising over time. Inter-generational IQ differences among Whites and across nations were larger than the Black-White IQ Gap and could not be accounted for by genetic factors, which, if anything, should have reduced IQ, according to scholars he references. In that and in later works, he posited that the Black-White IQ score gap can be largely explained by environmental factors if "the average environment for Blacks in 1995 matches the quality of the average environment for Whites in 1945."[25][26][11]

In 2000, Flynn published what he considered his most important book,How to Defend Humane Ideals,which he dedicated to his wife and which was a "recalibration" of the "modernAristotelianism"of his earlier 1973 work,Humanism and Ideology.[2][3]

In 2006, withBrookings InstitutioneconomistWilliam T. Dickens,Flynn published "Black Americans reduce the racial IQ gap: evidence from standardization samples", which suggested that the difference in IQ scores between blacks and whites narrowed by four to seven points between 1972 and 2002, a conclusion contested by Jensen and controversialUniversity of Western OntariopsychologistJ. Philippe Rushton.[5][13][27]

Flynn's 2007 book,What is Intelligence? Beyond the Flynn Effect,was dedicated to Jensen and revisited and expanded upon his earlier work from the 1980s.[3][4][28]

During 2007, new research from the2006 New Zealand censusshowed that women without a tertiary (college) education had produced 2.57 babies each, compared to 1.85 babies for those women with a higher education. During July 2007,The Sunday Star-Timesquoted Flynn as saying that New Zealandrisked having a less intelligent populationand that a "persistent genetic trend which lowered the genetic quality for brain physiology would have some effect eventually". He referred to hypotheticaleugenicists' suggestions for reversing the trend, including some sort oforal contraceptive"in the water supply and… an antidote" to conceive.[29] Flynn later articulated his own views on theClose Uptelevision programme in an interview withPaul Henry,suggesting that theSunday Star-Timeshad grossly misrepresented his opinions. In the article, Flynn argued that he never intended for his suggestion to be taken seriously, as he only said this to illustrate a particular point.[30][31]

Flynn continued teaching and was a prolific author in his later life, publishing almost a book every year in his last decade on a number of topics.[3][8] Flynn wrote a variety of books. His research interests included humane ideals and ideological debate, classics ofpolitical philosophy,and race, class and IQ (seerace and intelligence).[32]His books combined political and moral philosophy withpsychologyto examine problems such as justifying humane ideals and whether it makes sense to rankracesandclassesby merit.[2] Despite the success of his work on IQ, Flynn considered himself primarily a philosopher who had simply taken a "holiday" in psychology.[2][5][9]

2008'sWhere have all the liberals gone? Race, class, and ideals in Americaargued that American liberalism had lost its way in response to alarmism from American conservatism.[28]

In 2010, Flynn publishedThe Torchlight List: Around the World in 200 Books,which analyzed world literature and proposed that a person can learn more from reading great works of literature than they can from going to university.[2][3][33]

Flynn published three books in 2012.Are We Getting Smarter? Rising IQ in the Twenty-First Centurysummarized his past IQ work and responded to criticisms, particularly regarding environmental causes for race and gender IQ gaps.Beyond patriotism: From Truman to Obama (2012)critiqued US foreign policy, and suggested people should put allegiance to the world community above national allegiances.Fate & philosophy: A journey through life's great questionsdiscussed science, ethics, religion, and free will.[3][13]

In July 2012, several media outlets reported Flynn as saying that women had, for the first time in a century, surpassed men on IQ tests based on a study he conducted in 2010.[34][35]However, Flynn announced that the media had seriously distorted his results and went beyond his findings, revealing that he had instead discovered that the differences between men and women on one particular test, theRaven's Progressive Matrices,had become minimal in five modernised nations (whereas before 1982 women had scored significantly lower). Women, he argued, caught up with men in these nations as a result of exposure to modernity by entering the professions and being allowed greater educational access. Therefore, he said, when a total account of the Flynn effect is considered, women's closing the gap had moved them up in IQ slightly faster than men as a result. Flynn had previously documented this same trend among ethnic minorities and other disadvantaged groups. According to Flynn, the sexes are "dead equal on cognitive factors... in their ability to deal with using logic on the abstract problems of Raven's", but that temperamental differences in the way boys and girls take the tests likely account for the tiny variations in mean scores, rather than any difference in intellectual ability.[35]

Flynn's 2013TED talk,"Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents'", has been viewed millions of times.[2][3]

In 2016, Flynn publishedNo Place to Hide: Climate Change: A short introduction for New Zealanders,in which he advocatedclimate engineeringas a way to delay the effects ofclimate changeuntilrenewable energybecomes available.[3][7]

In 2019, Flynn was told that his latest book, originally titledIn Defense of Free Speech: The University as Censor,which examined whether modern universities continued to advance free inquiry and critical thinking, would not be published by the English publisherEmerald Group Publishing,who had previously accepted it and scheduled it for publication. Despite Flynn's stating that he was only summarizing the positions of others with whom he disagreed, the book was originally thought too incendiary to be published. Dozens of academics, including Murray, defended Flynn, and a United States publisher,Academica Press,later published the book under the titleA Book Too Risky to Publish: Free Speech and Universities.[3][5][7][9][36] In the preface, Flynn stated that it was thought too controversial by Emerald underthe United Kingdom's laws about hate speech[37]as the intent is irrelevant if it is thought likely that "racial hatred could be stirred up as a result of the work."[38][39]

He became an Honorary Fellow for life of theNew Zealand Psychological Societyand in 1998 received its Special Award.[3] In 2002, he was awarded the university's gold medal for Distinguished Career Research. In 2007, he became a Distinguished Contributor of theInternational Society for Intelligence Research.He received an honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Otago in 2010.[2][3][7] He was aFellow of the Royal Society of New Zealandand in 2011 received its Aronui Medal,[3][7][17] Distinguished Visiting Fellow at theHoover Institution,Distinguished Visiting Speaker atCornell University,and Distinguished Associate of The Psychometrics Centre atCambridge University.[2][3][16] Flynn was a member of the editorial board ofIntelligence[40]and on the Honorary International Advisory Editorial Board of theMens Sana Monographs.[2][28]

Flynn retired in 2020. His cancer returned, and he underwent liver surgery that May. Flynn's wife described his final year as "difficult".[3]Flynn died of intestinal cancer at Yvette Williams Retirement Village in Dunedin on 11 December 2020, aged 86.[5][7][9]

Partial bibliography

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References

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  1. ^"APA PsycNet".psycnet.apa.org.Retrieved9 April2023.
  2. ^abcdefghijklmno"Vale Professor Jim Flynn".Otago Bulletin Board.University of Otago.18 December 2020.Retrieved21 September2021.
  3. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyGibb, John (11 January 2021)."'Legendary teacher, giant amongst scholars'".Otago Daily Times.Retrieved21 September2021.
  4. ^abcdefghijTraynor, Lee (1 January 2014)."The future of intelligence: an interview with James R. Flynn".Skeptic.Vol. 19, no. 1. pp. 36–46.
  5. ^abcdefghijklmnopqRisen, Clay (25 January 2021),"James R. Flynn, Who Found We Are Getting Smarter, Dies at 86",The New York Times.
  6. ^Noted."Interview: James Flynn - The Listener".Noted.Archived fromthe originalon 21 January 2019.Retrieved21 January2019.
  7. ^abcdefghijkMckenzie-Mclean, Jo; Edwards, Jonny (13 December 2020)."World-renowned Otago professor and giant amongst scholars Jim Flynn dies".Stuff.Fairfax.Retrieved13 December2020.
  8. ^abcdefWilby, Peter(27 September 2016)."Beyond the Flynn effect: new myths about race, family and IQ?".The Guardian.Retrieved21 September2021.
  9. ^abcdefghdu Quenoy, Paul(15 February 2021)."Remembering James R. Flynn: scholar and free speech advocate".The Critic.Retrieved21 September2021.
  10. ^abcdefghijklHolloway, Marguerite (January 1999)."Flynn's Effect".Scientific American.280(1): 37–38.Bibcode:1999SciAm.280a..37H.doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0199-37.ISSN0036-8733.
  11. ^abcFlynn, James R. (1999)."Searching for justice: The discovery of IQ gains over time"(PDF).American Psychologist.54(1): 5–20.doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.1.5.
  12. ^Flynn, James R. (2008).Where Have All the Liberals Gone?: Race, Class, and Ideals in America.Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 278.ISBN978-0-521-49431-1.
  13. ^abcdefShea, Christopher (29 October 2012)."IQ Wars Continue With Battles Over New Puzzles".The Chronicle of Higher Education.Retrieved21 September2021.
  14. ^Raven, John (2000)."The Raven's Progressive Matrices: Change and Stability over Culture and Time"(PDF).Cognitive Psychology.41(1): 1–48.doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0735.PMID10945921.S2CID26363133.
  15. ^Flynn, J. R. (1987). "Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure".Psychological Bulletin.101(2): 171–191.doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.171.
  16. ^abc"Professor James Flynn".The Psychometrics Centre,Cambridge Judge Business School.4 July 2013.Retrieved21 September2021.
  17. ^abcHudson, Daisy (12 December 2020)."Otago academic 'giant' Jim Flynn dies".Otago Daily Times Online News.Retrieved12 December2020.
  18. ^Flynn, James (2013). "Arthur Robert Jensen (1923–2012)".Intelligence.41(2): 144–145.doi:10.1016/j.intell.2012.10.012.
  19. ^Neisser, Ulric,ed. (1998).The Rising Curve: Long-Term Gains in IQ and Related Measures.APA Science Volume Series. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association.ISBN978-1-55798-503-3.This review of contemporary research includes chapters byUlric Neisser,James R. Flynn, Carmi Schooler, Patricia M. Greenfield,Wendy M. Williams,Marian Sigman, Shannon E. Whaley,Reynaldo Martorell,Richard Lynn,Robert M. Hauser,David W. Grissmer, Stephanie Williamson, Sheila Nataraj Kirby, Mark Berends,Stephen J. Ceci,Tina B. Rosenblum, Matthew Kumpf, Min-Hsiung Huang, Irwin D. Waldman,Samuel H. Preston,andJohn C. Loehlin.
  20. ^Rönnlund, M.; Nilsson, L. G. (September 2009)."Flynn effects on sub-factors of episodic and semantic memory: parallel gains over time and the same set of determining factors"(PDF).Neuropsychologia.47(11): 2174–2180.doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.11.007.PMID19056409.S2CID15706086.
  21. ^Lynn, Richard; Vanhanen, Tatu (2006).IQ and Global Inequality.Augusta, GA.: Washington Summit Publishers.ISBN978-1-59368-025-1.
  22. ^Teasdale, T. W.; Owen, D. R. (2008)."Secular declines in cognitive test scores: A reversal of the Flynn Effect"(PDF).Intelligence.36(2): 121–126.doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.01.007.
  23. ^Dickens, William T., and James R. Flynn. "Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: the IQ paradox resolved." Psychological Review 108.2 (2001): 346.
  24. ^"We Support Homosexual Law Reform".The Press.20 April 1985. p. 6.
  25. ^https://scottbarrykaufman /podcast/nature-nurture-and-human-autonomy-with-james-flynn/32m30s
  26. ^"Beyond the Flynn effect: new myths about race, family and IQ?".the Guardian.27 September 2016.
  27. ^Dickens, William T.; Flynn, James R. (October 2006)."Black Americans reduce the racial IQ gap: evidence from standardization samples".Psychological Science.17(10): 913–920.doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01802.x.ISSN0956-7976.PMID17100793.S2CID6593169.
  28. ^abcSingh, Ajai (2009)."Welcome to the Board, Prof James R. Flynn".Mens Sana Monographs.7(1): 210.doi:10.4103/0973-1229.51213(inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  29. ^"Brainier mums needed to maintain future generations' intelligence, says professor".New Zealand Herald.NZPA. 8 July 2007.
  30. ^Loughrey, David (9 July 2007)."Academic in hot water over remarks".The Otago Daily Times.New Zealand. Archived fromthe originalon 28 September 2007.
  31. ^Nippert, Matt (6 October 2007)."Eureka!".New Zealand Listener.210(3517).
  32. ^"Faculty page".University of Otago. Archived fromthe originalon 30 April 2010.
  33. ^Gilchrist, Shane (13 November 2010)."Book learning".The Otago Daily Times.New Zealand.
  34. ^Flynn, J. R.; Rossi-Case, L. (2011). "Modern women match men on Raven's Progressive Matrices".Personality and Individual Differences.50(6): 799–803.doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.035.
  35. ^abKaufman, S. B. (20 July 2012)."Men, Women, and IQ: Setting the Record Straight".Psychology Today.
  36. ^Canlorbe, Grégoire (28 October 2019),"A Conversation with James Flynn.",European Scientist
  37. ^Walters, Laura (26 September 2019)."A book defending free speech rejected for fear of hate speech".Newsroom.Retrieved25 September2019.
  38. ^Flynn, James R. (2019).A Book Too Risky to Publish Free Speech and the Universities.Washington, DC: Academic Press.
  39. ^Flynn, James (27 September 2019),"My Book Defending Free Speech Has Been Pulled",The Australian.
  40. ^"Editorial Board - Intelligence - Journal - Elsevier".journals.elsevier.

Further reading

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