Wikipedia

Jessye Norman

This article is about the American opera singer. For the British politician, seeJesse Norman.

Jessye Mae Norman(September 15, 1945 – September 30, 2019) was an American opera singer and recitalist. She was able to performdramatic sopranoroles, but did not limit herself to thatvoice type.A commanding presence on operatic, concert and recital stages, Norman was associated with roles including Beethoven'sLeonore,Wagner'sSieglindeandKundry,Berlioz'sCassandre and Didon,and Bartók'sJudith.The New York Timesmusic criticEdward Rothsteindescribed her voice as a "grand mansion of sound", and wrote that "it has enormous dimensions, reaching backward and upward. It opens onto unexpected vistas. It contains sunlit rooms, narrow passageways, cavernous halls."[1]

Jessye Norman
Norman in 2014
Born
Jessye Mae Norman

(1945-09-15)September 15, 1945
Augusta, Georgia,U.S.
DiedSeptember 30, 2019(2019-09-30)(aged 74)
New York City, U.S.
Education
OccupationOperatic soprano
Years active1968–2019
Awards

Norman trained atHoward University,thePeabody Institute,and theUniversity of Michigan.Her career began in Europe, where she won theARD International Music Competitionin Munich in 1968, which led to a contract with theDeutsche Oper Berlin.Her operatic début came as Elisabeth in Wagner'sTannhäuser,after which she sang as Verdi'sAidaatLa Scalain Milan. She made her first operatic appearance in the U.S. in 1982 with theOpera Company of Philadelphia,when cast as Jocasta in Stravinsky'sOedipus rex,and as Dido in Purcell'sDido and Aeneas.She went on to sing leading roles with many other companies, including theMetropolitan Opera,theLyric Opera of Chicago,theParis Opera,and theRoyal Opera, London.Internationally well known, she was invited to sing at thesecond inauguration of Ronald Reaganand atQueen Elizabeth II's 60th birthday celebration in 1986 and performedLa Marseillaiseto celebrate the 200th anniversary of theFrench Revolutionon July 14, 1989. She sang at the1996 Summer Olympics opening ceremonyin Atlanta and for thesecond inauguration of Bill Clintonin 1997.

Norman sang and recorded recitals of music byFranz Schubert,Johannes Brahms,Richard Strauss,Gustav Mahler,Ernest ChaussonandFrancis Poulenc,among others. In 1984, she won theGrammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Solo,the first of fiveGrammy Awardsthat she would collect during her career. Apart from several honorary doctorates and other awards, she received theGrammy Lifetime Achievement Award,theNational Medal of Arts,theLégion d'honneur,and was named a member of the BritishRoyal Academy of Music.In 1990, UN secretary-generalJavier Pérez de Cuéllarnamed her Honorary Ambassador to the United Nations.

Life and career

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Early life and musical education

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Norman was born inAugusta, Georgia,[2]to Silas Norman, an insurance salesman, and Janie King-Norman, a schoolteacher.[3]She was one of five children[4]in a family of amateur musicians; her mother and grandmother were both pianists, and her father sang in a local choir. All siblings learned to play the piano early.[4]Norman attended Charles T. Walker Elementary School, and proved to be a talented singer as a young child, singing gospel songs at Mount Calvary Baptist Church at the age of four.[3]There she was greatly influenced by the singing of two women, Mrs. Golden and Sister Childs.[5]At the age of seven she entered her first vocal competition, placing third only because of a memory slip in the second stanza of the hymn "God Will Take Care of You".[6]She later said in interviews, "I guess He has taken care of me. That was my last memory slip in public."[6]

When Norman was nine she was given a radio for her birthday and soon discovered the world of opera through the weekly broadcasts of theMetropolitan Opera,which she listened to every Saturday. She started listening to recordings ofMarian AndersonandLeontyne Price,both of whom Norman credited as inspiring figures in her career.[4][7]She received her first formal vocal coaching from Rosa Harris Sanders Creque, who was her music teacher atA. R. Johnson Junior High School.[8]She continued to take voice lessons privately with Ms. Sanders Creque while attending Lucy C. Laney Senior High School in downtown Augusta.[a]

Norman studied at theInterlochen Center for the Artsin Northern Michigan in the opera performance program.[10]At the age of 16, she entered the Marian Anderson Vocal Competition inPhiladelphiawhich, although she did not win, led to an offer of a full scholarship atHoward University,inWashington, D.C.[4][7]While at Howard, studying voice with Carolyn Grant,[7]she sang in the university chorus and as a soloist at the Lincoln Temple United Church of Christ.[11]In 1964, she became a member ofGamma Sigma Sigma.[12]

In 1965, along with 33 other female students and four female faculty, Norman became a founding member of the Delta Nu chapter ofSigma Alpha Iotamusicfraternity.In 1966, she won theNational Society of Arts and Letterssinging competition.[13]After graduating in 1967 with a degree in music, she began graduate studies at thePeabody ConservatoryinBaltimoreand later at theUniversity of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & DanceinAnn Arbor, Michigan,from which she earned a master's degree in 1968. During this time, Norman studied voice withElizabeth MannionandPierre Bernac.[4][14]

Early career (1968–1979)

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After graduating, Norman, like many American young musicians at the time, moved to Europe to establish herself. In 1968, she won theARD International Music Competitionin Munich.[15]The following year, she began a three-year contract with theDeutsche Oper Berlin,where she first appeared as Elisabeth in Wagner'sTannhäuser.[4][7]

Norman performed as a guest with German and Italian opera companies, often portraying noble characters convincingly, both by appearance and by unique voice which was both flexible and powerful. Her voice range was wide, fromcontraltoregisters todramatic soprano.[3][4]In 1970, she appeared inFlorencein the title role in Handel'sDeborah.[16]In 1971, she sang at theMaggio Musicale Fiorentinoin the role of Sélika in Meyerbeer'sL'Africaine.[7]The same year, she portrayed Countess Almaviva in Mozart'sLe nozze di Figaro,alongsideDietrich Fischer-Dieskauas the count[7]at theBerlin Festival,and recorded the role with theBBC Orchestraconducted byColin Davis.The recording was a finalist for the Montreux International Record Award competition and exposed her to music listeners in Europe and the United States.[7]

In 1972, Norman made her first appearance atLa Scala,where she sang the title role in Verdi'sAida[16]and atThe Royal OperaatCovent Garden,London, where she appeared as Cassandra inLes Troyensby Berlioz.[7]Norman was Aida again in aconcert versionthat same year in her first well-publicized American performance at theHollywood Bowlfor the venue's 50th anniversary celebration.[16][17]This was followed by an all-Wagner concert at theTanglewood Music FestivalinLenox, Massachusetts,and a recital tour of the country, after which she returned to Europe for several engagements. Norman briefly returned to the United States to give her first New York City recital as part of the "Great Performers" series inAlice Tully HallatLincoln Center for the Performing Artsin 1973.[7]

In 1975, Norman moved to London and had no staged opera appearances for the next five years.[16]She remained internationally active as a recitalist and soloist in works such as Mendelssohn'sElijahand Franck'sLes Béatitudes.Norman returned to North America again in 1976 and 1977 to make an extensive concert tour. Norman toured Europe throughout the 1970s, giving recitals of works bySchubert,Mahler,Wagner,Brahms,Satie,Messiaen,and several contemporary American composers, to great critical acclaim.[18]

Mid-career (1980–1989)

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In October 1980, Norman returned to the operatic stage in the title role ofAriadne auf Naxosby Richard Strauss at theHamburg State Operain Germany. Her first operatic appearance in the United States came in 1982 at theOpera Company of Philadelphia,where she appeared as Jocasta in Stravinsky'sOedipus rex,and as Purcell'sDido.[19]On July 18 she sang Didon in a concert performance of the second part of Berlioz'sLes Troyens(asLes Troyens à Carthage), conducted byGennady Rozhdestvensky.The performance was broadcast onBBC Radio 3,and an audio recording exists.[20]

Her stage debut at theMetropolitan Operain New York City was on September 26, 1983, the opening night of the company's 100th-anniversary season, when she portrayed Cassandre inBerlioz'sLes TroyenswithPlácido Domingoas Aeneas,Tatiana Troyanosas Didon, andJames Levineconducting.[21][22][23][24][25]According toDonal Henahan,the music critic ofThe New York Times,"she sang grippingly and projected well, even when placed well back in the cavernous sets."[21]The fourth performance, with the same cast, was telecast as part of theLive from the Metseries.[26]A video recording has been issued on DVD[27]and is available for streaming at the Met Opera on Demand website.[28]On October 12 and 17, the fifth and sixth performances in the run of nine, she sang Didon withWilliam Lewisas Aeneas and Gwynn Cornell as Cassandre.[29]Reviewing the October 12 performance,Edward RothsteinofThe New York Timesreported that "she created a Carthaginian Queen who was both regal and vulnerable. It was a subtle and affecting dramatic portrait.... Her farewell aria was fluid and seductive, suggesting in its timbre both sensuous pleasures and death."[30]On February 8, the seventh performance of the series, she returned to the role of Cassandre, with Edward Sooter as Aeneas and Troyanos as Didon, but replaced Troyanos as Didon for act 5.[31]On February 13, the eighth performance, she again sang Didon, with Sooter as Aeneas and Cornell as Cassandre,[32]and on February 18, the ninth and final performance of the series, she sang both Cassandre and Didon, with Sooter as Aeneas.[33]Regarding the last performance,The New York Timesreported that "the audience gave Miss Norman a 15-minute standing ovation that brought her back to the stage more than a half dozen times."[34]The performance was broadcast on theMetropolitan Opera Radio,and an audio recording is available.[20][35]

Norman programmed recitals innovatively, including contemporary music.[36]She commissioned the song cyclewoman.life.songby composerJudith Weir,a work premiered atCarnegie Hall,with texts byToni Morrison,Maya AngelouandClarissa Pinkola Estés.[37]In a review of a recital atAlice Tully Hall,Bernard Hollandwrote inThe New York Timesthat she "carefully gauged her seemingly limitless resources to fit the changing textures of her material".[38]After a recital at Carnegie Hall,Allen Hugheswrote in the same paper that Norman "has one of the most opulent voices before the public today, and, as discriminating listeners are aware, her performances are backed by extraordinary preparation, both musical and otherwise."[39]

According toEncyclopædia Britannica:"By the mid-1980s she was one of the most popular and highly regarded dramatic soprano singers in the world."[18]She toldJohn Gruenin an interview: "As for my voice, it cannot be categorized – and I like it that way, because I sing things that would be considered in the dramatic, mezzo orspintorange. I like so many different kinds of music that I've never allowed myself the limitations of one particular range. "[40]She was invited to sing at thesecond inaugurationof U.S. PresidentRonald Reaganon January 21, 1985; she performed "Simple Gifts"fromAaron Copland'sOld American Songsat the ceremony.[41][42][43]In 1986, Norman sangGod Save the Queenfor QueenElizabeth II's 60th-birthday celebration.[44][45]That same year she appeared as a soloist in Strauss'sFour Last Songswith theBerlin Philharmonicduring its tour of the United States.[46]

Over the years Norman expanded her talent into less familiar areas. In 1988, she sang a concert performance ofPoulenc's one-act operaLa voix humaine( "The Human Voice" ), based onJean Cocteau's 1930play of the same name.[47]During the 1980s and early 1990s, Norman produced numerous award-winning recordings, and many of her performances were televised. In addition to opera, many of Norman's recordings and performances during this time focused on art songs, lieder, oratorios, and orchestral works. Her interpretation of theFour Last Songsis especially acclaimed, as "the tonal qualities of her voice were ideal for these final works of the great Romantic German lieder tradition".[3]

Norman also performedArnold Schoenberg'sGurre-Liederand his one-woman operaErwartung.[3]In 1989, she appeared at the Metropolitan Opera for a performance ofErwartungthat marked the company's first single-character production.[48]It was presented in a double bill with Bartók'sBluebeard's Castle,with Norman playing Judith. Both operas were broadcast nationally.[49]That same year, she was the featured soloist withZubin Mehtaand theNew York Philharmonicin the opening concert of its 148th season, which PBS telecast live.[50]She performed at theHong Kong Cultural Centreopening[51]and gave a recital at theNational Theater and Concert HallinTaipei.[52]

Also in 1989, Norman was invited to sing the French national anthem,La Marseillaise,to celebrate the 200th anniversary of theFrench Revolutionon July 14.[48]Her rendition was delivered at thePlace de la Concordein Paris, in a costume designed byAzzedine Alaïaas part of an elaborate pageant orchestrated by avant-garde designerJean-Paul Goude.[53]This event was the inspiration that led the South African poet Lawrence Mduduzi Ndlovu to write a poem titled "I Shall Be Heard" dedicated to Norman. The poem appears in Ndlovu's book of poemsIn Quiet Realm,the foreword to which is penned by Norman.[54]

Later life (1990–2019)

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Norman in 1997

From the early 1990s, Norman lived inCroton-on-Hudson, New York,in a secluded estate known as "The White Gates", which was previously owned by television personalityAllen Funt.She performed atTchaikovsky's 150th Birthday Gala inLeningradand appeared at theLyric Opera of Chicagoin the title role of Gluck'sAlcestein 1990. She sang American spirituals with sopranoKathleen Battleat Carnegie Hall that year.[55]The following year, she performed in a concert recorded live withLawrence Fosterand theLyon Opera OrchestraatNotre-Dame de Paris.[56]Norman sang Jocasta in Stravinsky'sOedipus rexat the opening operatic production at the newSaito Kinen Festivalin theJapanese AlpsnearMatsumotoin 1992.[57]The following year, she sang the title role in the Metropolitan Opera's production ofAriadne auf Naxos.In 1994, Norman sang at the funeral of former first ladyJacqueline Kennedy Onassis.[58][59]She was again the featured soloist with the New York Philharmonic, then conducted byKurt Masur,in a gala concert telecast for the opening of the orchestra's 153rd season in 1995. She gave a highly lauded performance as the title character of Janáček'sThe Makropulos Affairwhen it was first performed at the Met in 1996.[60]

Norman performed at the1996 Summer Olympics opening ceremonyinAtlanta,singing "Faster, Higher, Stronger". In January 1997, she performed at thesecond inaugurationof U.S. PresidentBill Clinton,[42]singing, "Oh freedom!".[61]In 1998, she performed a recital at Carnegie Hall incorporatingsacred music by Duke Ellington,scored for jazz combo, string quartet and piano.[62]She sang Mahler'sDas Lied von der Erde,with theBoston Symphony Orchestraconducted bySeiji Ozawa.[63]A Christmas television program was filmed in her home town.[62]A spring recital tour in 1999 included performances in Tel Aviv. In the following season, she appeared at theSalzburg Festival.[64]

In 1999, Norman collaborated with choreographer-dancerBill T. Jonesin a project for New York City's Lincoln Center, called "How! Do! We! Do!"[65]In 2000, she released an album,I Was Born in Love with You,featuring the songs ofMichel Legrand.The recording, reviewed as a jazz crossover project, featured Legrand on piano,Ron Carteron bass, andGrady Tateon drums.[36]In February and March 2001, Norman was featured at Carnegie Hall in a three-part concert series. WithJames Levineas her pianist, the concerts were a significant arts event, replete with an 80-page program booklet featuring a newly commissioned watercolor portrait of Norman byDavid Hockney.In 2002, Norman performed at the opening of Singapore'sEsplanade – Theatres on the Bay.[52]

On June 28, 2001, Norman and Kathleen Battle performedMythodeaby Vangelis at theTemple of Olympian Zeusin Athens, Greece.[66]On March 11, 2002, Norman performed "America the Beautiful"at a service unveiling two monumental columns of light at the site of the formerWorld Trade Center,as a memorial for the victims of theSeptember 11, 2001, terrorist attackson New York City.[67]In 2002, she returned to Augusta to announce that she would fund a pilot school of the arts for children inRichmond County.Classes commenced at St. John United Methodist Church in the fall of 2003. In November 2004, a documentary about Norman's life and work was directed byAndré HellerandOthmar Schmiderer[de]as director of photography, documenting her music as well as political and social issues.[36]In 2006, Norman collaborated with the modern dance choreographerTrey McIntyrefor a special performance during the summer at theVailDance Festival.[36]

In 2003, the Rachel Longstreet Foundation and Norman partnered to open theJessye Norman School of the Arts,a tuition-freeperforming artsafter-school program for economically disadvantaged students inAugusta, Georgia.Norman was actively involved in the program, including fundraisers for its benefit.[68]

In March 2009, Norman curatedHonor!,a celebration of the African-American cultural legacy. The festival honored African-American trailblazers and artists with concerts, recitals, lectures, panel discussions, and exhibitions hosted byCarnegie Hall,theApollo Theater,theCathedral of St. John the Divine,and other sites around New York City.[69]

Norman with Tom Hall, 2014

Norman served on the boards of directors for Carnegie Hall, City-Meals-on-Wheels in New York City, theDance Theatre of Harlem,theNew York Botanical Garden,theNew York Public Library,National Music Foundation, and theElton John AIDS Foundation.She was a member of the board and spokesperson for the S.L.E. Lupus Foundation, and also spokesperson for Partnership for the Homeless. She served on the board of trustees of the Augusta Opera Association and ofPaine College.[36]

In March 2013, the Apollo Theater andManhattan School of Musicfeatured Norman inAsk Your Mama,a 90-minute multimedia show byLaura Karpmanbased onLangston Hughes's "Ask Your Mama: 12 Moods for Jazz".[70]

In March 2014, Norman was featured atGreen Music CenterWeill Hall on the campus ofSonoma State UniversityinRohnert Park, California(Sonoma County), in a recital of American standards in tributes to the likes ofGeorge Gershwin,Duke EllingtonandElla Fitzgerald.In 2015, she and pianist Mark Markham presented a program of mainly Gershwin, Kern, and Rodgers and Hart atCarnegie Hallwith a few art songs by Satie and Poulenc.[71]

On May 6, 2014,Houghton Mifflin Harcourtpublished Norman's memoir,Stand Up Straight and Sing![72]

In April 2018, Norman was honored as the 12th recipient of theGlenn Gould Prizefor her contribution to opera and the arts.[73]

Death and memorial

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Norman suffered aspinal cord injuryin 2015. She died atMount Sinai Morningsidein Manhattan on September 30, 2019, aged 74. The cause of death was given as "Septic shockand multi-organ failure secondary to complications of "the spinal cord injury.[74]In September 2021, it was reported that Norman's brother had pursued legal action for alleged medical negligence against the doctors and hospital involved in an operation on her in 2015.[75]

Norman's public funeral was held in her hometown of Augusta, Georgia. ActorLaurence Fishburne,sociologistMichael Eric Dyson,Carnegie Hall'sClive Gillinson,civil rights activistVernon Jordan,and MayorHardie Davisspoke. Opera'sJ'Nai Bridges,jazz'sWycliffe Gordon,and students fromMorehouse CollegeandSpelman College,as well as the Jessye Norman School of the Arts, performed.[76]

Norman was memorialized with a gala tribute at theMetropolitan Opera House,New York City, on November 24, 2019. Among the speakers and performers at the public remembrance wereAnna Deavere Smith;Gloria Steinem;the formerMinister of Culture of France,Jack Lang;Eric Owens;TheDance Theatre of Harlem;theAlvin Ailey American Dance Theater;Peter Gelb;andRenée Fleming.[77][78]

In an episode of theBBC Radio 4programmeGreat Livesbroadcast in September 2023, Norman was the choice ofChi-chi Nwanoku.[79]

Honors and awards

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Honorary doctorates

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Norman received honorary doctorates from more than 30 colleges, universities, and conservatories.[36]

Repertoire

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Opera roles

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Among Norman's opera roles were:[1][6][118]

Oratorios

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Notable parts in oratorios and orchestral concerts included:[118]

Recitals

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Norman performed recitals, including:[118]

Recordings

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Main article:Jessye Norman discography

Notes

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  1. ^She took voice lessons from her teacher and mentor Rosa Harris Sanders who recognized early on that Jessye's voice was special. It was Mrs. Sanders who arranged her audition at Howard University which secured her a scholarship. When Norman's father died, the family wanted her to leave school and come home. Mrs. Sanders arranged for a benefit concert in Augusta so Norman could stay in school.[9]

References

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  1. ^abWakin & Cooper 2019.
  2. ^Telegraph 2019.
  3. ^abcdeStevenson 2020.
  4. ^abcdefgMagill 2014,p.2769.
  5. ^Braun 2014.
  6. ^abcLanger 2019.
  7. ^abcdefghiHenahan 1973.
  8. ^"Notable deaths in 2009".The Augusta Chronicle.December 31, 2009. Archived fromthe originalon October 2, 2019.RetrievedOctober 2,2019.
  9. ^Letterman 2014.
  10. ^"Jessye Norman".Interlochen.org.Archived fromthe originalon October 1, 2019.RetrievedOctober 1,2019.
  11. ^"After 149 Years, A Historic Black Church In Shaw Closes Its Doors",The Kojo Nnamdi Show,WAMU, October 2, 2018.
  12. ^Howard Chapter 2020.
  13. ^abPast WinnersArchivedDecember 10, 2007, at theWayback Machine,National Society of Arts and Letters.
  14. ^Jessye NormanArchivedJanuary 7, 2008, at theWayback Machine,UXL Newsmakers.
  15. ^Eubanks, W. Ralph (October 2, 2019)."Jessye Norman was a diva whose voice could not be denied".CNN.
  16. ^abcdMagill 2014,p.2770.
  17. ^Swed, Marc (October 2, 2019)."Appreciation: Why Jessye Norman was more than a great voice. Much more".Los Angeles Times.
  18. ^abJessye Norman,African American World,PBS. Article byEncyclopaedia Britannica.
  19. ^abcDobrin 2019.
  20. ^abRecordings ofLes Troyenson operadis-opera-discography.org.uk
  21. ^abHenahan, Donal(September 27, 1983)."Opera: Placido Domingo Heads First-Night Cast".The New York Times.
  22. ^Rockwell, John(September 27, 1983)."Met Opens 100th Season with 'Les Troyens'".The New York Times.
  23. ^Holland, Bernard(September 28, 1983)."Jessye Norman in Wake of a Triumph".The New York Times.
  24. ^"Les Troyens,September 26, 1983 ",Met Opera Archive.
  25. ^Magill 2014,p.2770–2771.
  26. ^Les Troyens(October 8, 1983),Met Opera Archive: "This performance was videotaped and televised later. Because of a technical failure during Act II, a portion of the performance of October 4 was utilized for the transmission."
  27. ^Deutsche GrammophonDVD: Met'sLes Troyens(October 8, 1983).OCLC951020281.
  28. ^"Les Troyens"(October 8, 1983),Met Opera on Demand.
  29. ^Les Troyens(October 12, 1983),Met Opera Archive;Les Troyens(October 17, 1983),Met Opera Archive.
  30. ^Rothstein, Edward(October 14, 1983)."Opera: Miss Norman as Dido".The New York Times.
  31. ^Les Troyens(February 8, 1984),Met Opera Archive. [For this entire series of performances the Met combined acts 1 and 2 into "Act I", combined acts 3 and 4 into "Act II" and numbered act 5 as "Act III" ("From The Metropolitan Opera Archives:Les Troyens1983-84 ").]
  32. ^Les Troyens(February 13, 1984),Met Opera Archive.
  33. ^Les Troyens(February 18, 1984),Met Opera Archive.
  34. ^"Audience at the Met Witnesses a Double".The New York Times.February 19, 1984.
  35. ^"Les Troyens"(18 February 1984),Met Opera on Demand.
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  37. ^Kozinn, Allan(March 25, 2000)."Music Review; No Schoenberg? Let Me Out of Here".The New York Times.RetrievedMarch 23,2020.
  38. ^Holland, Bernard(April 12, 1982),"Recital: Jessye Norman Sings",The New York Times.
  39. ^Hughes, Allen(November 24, 1983),Recital: Jessye Norman,The New York Times.
  40. ^Gruen, John(September 18, 1983),"An American Soprano Adds the Met to her Roster",The New York Times.
  41. ^"The 50th Presidential Inauguration, Ronald W. Reagan, January 21, 1985".U.S. Senate.RetrievedJuly 5,2021.
  42. ^abMerry, Stephanie (January 12, 2017)."Inauguration performances weren't always so contentious: Highlights from the last 75 years".The Washington Post.RetrievedSeptember 30,2019.
  43. ^Kettle, Martin(October 1, 2019).""A majestic figure in every sense" – stars remember Jessye Norman ".The Guardian.Associated Press.RetrievedOctober 1,2019.
  44. ^abcTrap, Diane (October 16, 2019),"Jessye Norman (born 1945)"ArchivedOctober 13, 2012, at theWayback Machine,New Georgia Encyclopedia.
  45. ^Solly, Meilan (October 1, 2019)."World-Renowned Soprano Jessye Norman Dies at 74".Smithsonian Magazine.RetrievedMarch 25,2020.
  46. ^Chicago 2019.
  47. ^Henahan 1988.
  48. ^abMagill 2014,p.2771.
  49. ^Met 2020.
  50. ^Paley 1989.
  51. ^Hong Kong Cultural Centre at 30: still the main attraction, warts and allSouth China Morning Post, December 21, 2019
  52. ^abJessye,Kham.tw.ArchivedJanuary 7, 2008, at theWayback Machine
  53. ^Pour Jack Lang, Jessye Norman était le "symbole même de cette France de l'universalité que nous voulions célébrer"(in French) francetvinfo.fr
  54. ^Ndlovu, Lawrence Mduduzi,In Quiet Realm,South Africa: Write-On Publishing, 2018ISBN978-0-6399359-5-9.
  55. ^Deutsche Grammophon 1991.
  56. ^ArkivMusic 2020.
  57. ^McDonald & Walton 2007.
  58. ^Goldman, John J.; Jackson, Robert L. (May 24, 1994)."Kennedy's Widow Recalled as a 'Blessing' to Family, Nation".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedSeptember 30,2019.
  59. ^Minzesheimer, Bob (May 9, 2014)."Jessye Norman sings her way from Georgia to world stage".USA Today.RetrievedSeptember 30,2019.
  60. ^Holland, Bernard(January 13, 1996)."Opera Review; Art, in the End, Transcends".The New York Times.RetrievedSeptember 30,2019.
  61. ^Clines, Francis X. (January 21, 1997)."A Day of Celebration, With Political Woes Left Behind for a Day".The New York Times.RetrievedMarch 25,2020.
  62. ^abMillington 2019.
  63. ^Boston 1998.
  64. ^Salzburg 2019.
  65. ^Lincoln Center 1999.
  66. ^Van Gelder, Lawrence(June 27, 2001)."Footlights – Spatial Relations".The New York Times.RetrievedFebruary 14,2020.
  67. ^"Jessye Norman, Grammy-Winning Opera Singer, Dies at 74",variety, September 30, 2019.
  68. ^Brackett, Charmaign (November 5, 2012)."Opera stars will sing for Jessye Norman School of the Arts fundraiser".The Augusta Chronicle.RetrievedJuly 2,2013.
  69. ^"Carnegie Hall presents Honor! A Celebration of the African American Cultural Legacy, Curated by Jessye Norman".Carnegie Hall.RetrievedSeptember 30,2019.
  70. ^Giola, Michael (March 23, 2013),"Ask Your Mama, With Jessye Norman and Nnenna Freelon, Plays the Apollo March 23",Playbill.
  71. ^Braun, William R. (May 2015)."Jessye Norman & Mark Markham; New York City, Carnegie Hall, 2/14/15".Opera News.79(11).
  72. ^Brown, Jeffrey (May 30, 2014)."How opera legend Jessye Norman learned to 'Stand Up Straight and Sing'".PBS NewsHour.RetrievedSeptember 30,2019.
  73. ^"Jessye Norman awarded the Twelfth Glenn Gould Prize"ArchivedApril 14, 2018, at theWayback Machine,The Glenn Gould Foundation (press release), April 13, 2018.
  74. ^Fekadu, Mesfin (September 30, 2019)."Jessye Norman, the International Opera Star, Dead at 74".NBC4 Washington.
  75. ^Campbell, Denis (September 30, 2021)."Jessye Norman's family sue over treatment that allegedly left her paralysed 30 September 2021".The Guardian.RetrievedOctober 3,2021.
  76. ^Fekadu, Mesfin (October 13, 2019)."Jessye Norman, Opera Icon, Memorialized at Hometown Funeral".U.S. News & World Report.Associated Press.RetrievedMarch 25,2019.
  77. ^Cooper, Michael (November 25, 2019)."Jessye Norman Honored With a Starry Met Opera Memorial".The New York Times.
  78. ^Blum, Ronald (November 25, 2019)."Jessye Norman Remembered As Force of Nature at Met Memorial".Voice of America.
  79. ^"Great Lives".BBC Radio 4.September 19, 2023.RetrievedSeptember 19,2023.
    A podcast is also available for downloading within the United Kingdom, but not necessarily elsewhere, as in some cases the BBC geoblocks particular podcasts from being downloaded outside the United Kingdom.
  80. ^"1. Preis Gesang 1968 / Jessye Norman",Bayerischer Rundfunk2012
  81. ^abcHarvard Gazette 1997.
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  84. ^abcdeGrammy 2020.
  85. ^abrfi 2019.
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  89. ^Howard 2013.
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  91. ^"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement".achievement.org.American Academy of Achievement.
  92. ^"Reply to a parliamentary question"(PDF)(in German). p. 1709.RetrievedNovember 20,2012.
  93. ^"Sidney Poitier, Jessye Norman and Ed Bradley honored at New York's Associated Black Charities Black History Makers Awards Dinner",Jet,March 3, 1997.
  94. ^abcZeit 2019.
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  96. ^"View Inductees: Norman, Jessye".classicalwalkoffame.org.RetrievedMay 27,2014.
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