Wikipedia

Jharkhand

Jharkhand(/ˈdʒɑːrkənd/;[8]Hindi:[d͡ʒʱɑːɾkʰəɳɖ];lit. 'the land of forests') is astateineastern India.[9]The state shares its border with the states ofWest Bengalto the east,Chhattisgarhto the west,Uttar Pradeshto the northwest,Biharto the north andOdishato the south. It is the15th largest state by area,and the14th largest by population.Hindiis the official language of the state.[3]The city ofRanchiis its capital andDumkaits sub-capital. The state is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places;Baidyanath Dham,Parasnath,DewriandRajrappaare major religious sites.[10][11]Jharkhand is primarily rural, with about 24% of its population living in cities as of 2011.[12]

Jharkhand
State
Official emblem of Jharkhand
Emblem of Jharkhand
Etymology: "Forest Land"
Nickname:
"Land of Forests"
Motto(s):
Satyameva Jayate
(Truth alone triumphs)
The map of India showing Jharkhand
Location of Jharkhand in India
Coordinates:23°21′N85°20′E/ 23.35°N 85.33°E/23.35; 85.33
CountryIndia
RegionEast India
Before wasPart ofBihar
Formation15 November 2000
CapitalRanchi
Largest cityJamshedpur
Districts24 (5 divisions)
Government
• BodyGovernment of Jharkhand
•GovernorSantosh Gangwar
•Chief ministerHemant Soren(JMM)
State LegislatureUnicameral
•AssemblyJharkhand Legislative Assembly(81 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
•Rajya Sabha6 seats
•Lok Sabha14 seats
High CourtJharkhand High Court
Area
• Total79,716 km2(30,779 sq mi)
• Rank15th
Dimensions
• Length463 km (288 mi)
• Width380 km (240 mi)
Elevation
277 m (909 ft)
Highest elevation
(Parasnath[1])
1,382 m (4,534 ft)
Population
(2011)[2]
• TotalIncrease32,988,134
• Rank14th
• Density414/km2(1,070/sq mi)
• Urban
24.05%
• Rural
75.95%
DemonymsJharkhandi
Language
•OfficialHindi[3]
•Additional official
•Official scriptDevanagari script
GDP
• Total(2024–25)Increase₹4.70 lakh crore(US$56 billion)
• Rank19th
• Per capitaDecrease₹107,436(US$1,300) (30th)
Time zoneUTC+05:30(IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-JH
Vehicle registrationJH
HDI(2022)Neutral increase0.592Medium(32nd)
Literacy(2011)Increase66.41% (32nd)
Sex ratio(2021)948♀/1000♂[6](26th)
Websitejharkhand.gov.in
Symbols of Jharkhand
Emblem of Jharkhand
BirdKoel
FlowerPalash
MammalIndian elephant[7]
TreeSal
State highway mark
State highway of Jharkhand
JH SH1 - JH SH
List of Indian state symbols

Jharkhand suffers from what is sometimes termed aresource curse:it accounts for more than 4% ofIndia's mineral productionbut 39.1% of its population is below the poverty line and 19.6% of children under five years of age are malnourished.[13][14][15]

Etymology

The word "Jhar"means 'forest' and "Khand"means 'land' in variousIndo-Aryan languages.Thus "Jharkhand" meansforest land.[16]

In the ancient period, in theMahabharata,the region was referred as Kark Khand due to location near Kark Rekha, that is,Tropic of Cancer.[17][verification needed]During the Medieval period, the region was known asJharkhand.According toBhavishya Purana(1200 CE), Jharkhand was one of the sevenPundradesa. The name is first found on a 13th-century copper plate inKendrapada,Odisha region from the reign of Narasimha Deva II ofEastern Ganga dynasty.Forest land fromBaidhnath dhamtoPuriwas known as Jharkhand. InAkbarnama,fromPanchetin the east toRatanpurto west,Rohtasgarhto the north and the frontier of Odisha to the south was known as Jharkhand.[18][19]

History

Main article:History of Jharkhand

Ancient period

The region has been inhabited since the Mesolithic-Chalcolithic period, as shown by several ancient cave paintings.[20][21][22] Stone tools have been discovered from Chota Nagpur Plateau region which are from theMesolithicandNeolithicperiods.[20]There are ancient cave paintings in Isko,Hazaribagh districtwhich are from Meso-chalcolithic period (9000–5000 BCE).[21]During 2nd millennium BCE the use of Copper tools spread inChota Nagpur Plateauand these find complexes are known as theCopper Hoard Culture.[23]In the Kabra-Kala mound at the confluence of theSonandNorth Koelrivers inPalamu districtvarious antiquities and art objects have been found which are from theNeolithicto the medieval period andpot-sherdsofRedware,black and red ware,black ware,black slipped wareandNBP wareare fromChalcolithicto the late medieval period.[24]Severaliron slags,microliths,andpotsherdshave been discovered fromSinghbhum districtthat are from 1400 BCE according to carbon dating age.[22]The region was ruled by many empires and dynasties includingNanda,MauryaandGuptaduring ancient period.

In the Mahabharata, the region was referred as Kark Khand due to its location near Tropic of Cancer.[17]During the age of Mahajanpadas around 500 BCE, Jharkhand state was a part ofMagadhaandAnga.[25][citation needed]In the Mauryan period, this region was ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states were subdued and were forced to accept thehegemonyof theMaurya empireduringAshoka's reign (c. 232 BCE). In the ancient site ofSaridkel,burnt brick houses, red ware pottery, copper tools, coins and iron tools have been found which belong to the early centuries CE.[26]Brahmi inscriptions have been found in Khunti district which are from the 3rd century BCE.[27]Samudragupta,while marching through the present-day Chotanagpur region (NorthandSouth), directed the first attack against the kingdom ofDakshina Kosalain theMahanadivalley.[28]

Medieval period

In the 7th century, the Chinese travellerXuanzangpassed through the region. He described the kingdom asKarnasuvarna,withShashankaas its ruler. To the north of Karn-Suberna was Magadha, Champa was in the east, Mahendra in the west, and Orissa in the south.[29]

During the medieval period, the region was governed byNagvanshi,Pala,Khayaravala,Ramgarh RajandCherorulers.[30][31]A Buddhist monastery has been found inHazaribaghwhich was built during the Pala period in the 10th century.[32]Bhim Karnwas a Nagvanshi king during medieval period. He defeated theRaksel dynastyof Surguja when they invaded the region with cavalry.[33]

Khakparta Temple, a 9th-century Shiva temple in Lohardaga

Modern period

Mughalinfluence reachedPalamuduring the reign of EmperorAkbarwhen it was conquered byRajputRaja Mansinghin 1574. Several invasions took place during Mughal rule.[34]During the reign of the Nagvanshi KingMadhu Singh,Akbar's general invadedKhukhra.Also there was an invasion during the reign ofDurjan Shah.[35]

KingRam Shahruled Navratangarh from 1640 to 1663. He built theKapilnath Templein 1643. He was succeeded by his sonRaghunath Shah.ThakurAni Nath Shahdeobuilt the Jagannath temple of Ranchi in 1691.[36]The KingMedini Rayruled from 1658 to 1674 in Palamu.[37]His rule extended to areas in SouthGayaandHazaribagh.He attacked Navratangarh and defeated theNagvanshiMaharaja ofChhotanagpur.[38]Chero rule in thePalamuregion lasted until the 19th century until internal conflict between various factions weakened the Cheros and they were defeated by theEast India Company.Later Palamu estates were sold by the British.[39]

During the 18th century, regions under the Kings of the Chero dynasty, Nagvanshi dynasty,RamgarhandKharagdihabecame parts of territories ofEast India Company.Ramgarh Raj along with estates of other chiefs in the regions were permanently settled as Zamindari estates. TheKharagdihaRajaswere settled as Rajas of Raj Dhanwar in 1809, and the Kharagdiha gadis were separately settled as zamindari estates. Some of the notable Kharagdiha Zamindari estates wereKoderma,Gadi PalganjandLedo Gadi.[40]The princely states in theChota Nagpur Plateaucame within thesphere of influenceof theMaratha Empire,but they became tributary states of British East India Company as a result of theAnglo-Maratha Warsand became known asChota Nagpur Tributary States.[41]

Subjugation, colonisation and imposition of taxes by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people.Chuar Rebellion,the first revolt against the British East India Company led by Jagannath Singh Patar in 1767 with theBhumijtribals. The Bhumijes again revolted in 1769–71, led by their Sardar Ghatwals in Dhalbhum. In 1769,Raghunath Mahatoalso revolted against theBritish East India Company(EIC).[42]

In 1771, the revolt against the landlords and the British government was led byTilka Majhi,a Paharia leader in Rajmahal Hills. Soon after in 1779, theBhumijtribes again rose in arms against the British rule in Manbhum, called the Chuar Rebellion. In 1807, the Oraons in Barway murdered their landlord fromSrinagar.TheMundatribe rose in revolt in 1811 and 1813.Bakhtar SayandMundal Singh,two landowners, fought against the British East India Company in 1812.[43]

The Hos in Singhbhum revolted in 1820 and aKol revoltoccurred in 1832. Also in 1832 theBhumijsrevolted again against the British, this time under the leadership ofGanga Narayan Singh,known as theBhumij Rebellion.During the 19th century, large numbers of santals fromManbhum,Hazaribagh,Midnaporewere settled by British inDamin-i-kohto cultivate the land and generate revenue. But the Santal revolted against tax imposition. TheSanthal rebellionbroke out in 1855 under the leadership of two brothersSidhu and Kanhu.Later the British renamed it as Santal Pargana.[44]

Santhal rebellionagainst tax imposition during BritishCompany Rajin 1855

Thakur Vishwanath ShahdeoandPandey Ganpat Rairebelled against the British East India Company in the1857 rebellion.In theBattle of Chatra,conflict took place between the rebels and the East India company.[45][46]Tikait Umrao Singh,Sheikh Bhikhari,Nadir Ali and Jai Mangal Singh played pivotal role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[47]The brothersNilambar and Pitambarwere chiefs of Bhogta clan of theKharwartribe who held ancestral jagirs with manyCheroJagirdars and led revolt against the British East India company.[34]

After theIndian Rebellion of 1857,theruleof the BritishEast India Companywas transferred to the Crown in the person ofQueen Victoria,[48]who, in 1876, was proclaimedEmpress of India.TheCherosandKharwarsagain rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack was repulsed.[49]ThenBirsa Mundarevolt,[50]broke out in 1895 and lasted until 1900. The revolt though mainly concentrated in theMundabelt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada and Bandgaon.

In October 1905, the exercise of British influence over the predominantlyHindi-speaking states ofChang Bhakar,Jashpur,Koriya,Surguja,andUdaipurwas transferred from the Bengal government to that of theCentral Provinces,while the twoOriya-speaking states ofGangpurandBonaiwere attached to theOrissa Tributary States,leaving onlyKharsawanandSaraikelaanswerable to the Bengal governor.[51]

In 1936, all nine states were transferred to theEastern States Agency,the officials of which came under the direct authority of the Governor-General of India, rather than under that of any provinces.

In March 1940, the INC 53rd Session[52][53]occurred under the presidency ofMaulana Azadat Jhanda Chowk, Ramgarh, which is nowRamgarh Cantonment.Mahatma Gandhi,[54]Jawaharlal Nehru,Sardar Patel,Rajendra Prasad,Sarojini Naidu,Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan,Acharya J.B. Kripalani,IndustrialistJamnalal Bajajand other great leaders[55]of the Indian freedom movement attended the Ramgarh Session.[56]Mahatma Gandhi also opened the Khadi and Village Industries Exhibition at Ramgarh.[57]

At that time, under the leadership of NetajiSubhash Chandra Bosea conference against Samjhauta was also completed. In Ramgarh, Subhas Chandra Bose was seen as president of the All India Forward Block and M. N. Roy was seen as leader of the Radical democratic party.

Jawaharlal Nehru, industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj, Sarojini Naidu, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, and Maulana Azad at the 1940 Ramgarh session of the Indian National Congress.

Post Independence

After Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of many states chose to accede to theDominion of India.Changbhakar,Jashpur,Koriya,SurgujaandUdaipurafter that became part of the state ofMadhya Pradesh,butGangpurandBonaibecame part of the state ofOrissaandKharsawanandSaraikelabecame part of the state ofBihar.[58]In 1928, a separate state was demanded byUnnati Samaj,the political wing of the Christian Tribals Association, which submitted a memorandum to theSimon Commissionto constitute a tribal state in eastern India.[18]Prominent leaders likeJaipal Singh MundaandRam Narayan Singhalso demanded a separate state. In 1955, theJharkhand Party,led by Jaipal Singh Munda, submitted a memorandum to theStates Reorganization Commissionfor a separate Jharkhand state comprising the tribal area of South Bihar, but it was rejected because there were many languages, no link language in the region, tribals were in the minority, Hindustani was the majority language, and it risked adverse effect on the economy of Bihar.[59][60]

Later theSadan people,the native various caste/non-tribal groups, also joined the movement for a separate state.[59]In 1972,Binod Bihari Mahato,Shibu SorenandA. K. RoyfoundedJharkhand Mukti Morcha.Nirmal Mahtofounded theAll Jharkhand Students Union.They led the movement for a separate state of Jharkhand. The Jharkhand coordination committee (JCC), consisting ofRam Dayal Munda,B. P. Keshri,Binod Bihari Mahato,Santosh Rana and Suraj Singh Besra started a new initiative and tried to coordinate between different parties. Keshri sent a memorandum to form Jharkhand state in 1988.[61]The Jharkhand co-ordination committee was then led by Congress General SecretaryRam Ratan Ram,who urgedRajiv Gandhito pay attention to the issue at hand.

Congress General Secretary Mr. Ram Ratan Ram's letter to PM Mr. Rajiv Gandhi on the issue of the state of Jharkhand

In July 1988, theBharatiya Janata partyled byAtal Bihari Vajpayee,Lal Krishna Advani,andMurli Manohar Joshidecided to demand a separate state, Vanachal, comprising the forest region of South Bihar inJamshedpur.Inder Singh Namdhari,Samresh Singh,andRudra Pratap Sarangiwere the leaders of the Vanachal movement. They organised several rallies to form a separate state.[62]

The central government formed a committee on the Jharkhand matter in 1989. It stressed the need for greater allocation of development funds for the area. There was a provision for limited internal autonomy in the hill area ofAssam.Othertribalareas were covered by the fifth schedule of the constitution. Chotanagpur andSantalPargana development boards were constituted under the chairmanship of the then chief minister of Bihar under the provision of the fifth schedule in 1972. This failed to achieve the desired result. Jharkhand Mukti Morcha wanted more representation and the All Jharkhand Students Union was against it. Due to differences these parties broke away from each other. The All Jharkhand Students Union introduced elements of violence in the movement and called for a boycott of election while Jharkhand Mukti Morcha opposed this. The Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council bill passed in Bihar's legislative assembly in December 1994. The Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council were given responsibility for forty areas including agriculture, rural health, public work, public health and minerals. The council has power to recommend legislation to the Assembly through the state government and to frame bylaws and regulations.[31][59]

In 1998, when the separate state movement was falling apart, JusticeLal Pingley Nath Shahdeowas leading the movement. In 1998, theUnion governmentdecided to send the bill concerning the formation of the state of Jharkhand to theBihar Legislative Assemblyto whichLalu Prasad Yadavhad said that the state would be divided over his dead body. A total of 16 political parties including theBharatiya Janata Party,Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, theAll Jharkhand Students Union,and theCongresscame in one platform and formed the 'All Party Separate State Formation Committee' to start the movement. Shahdeo was elected as the convener of the committee. Voting on the Jharkhand Act was to be done on 21 September 1998 in Bihar legislation. On that day the committee, under the leadership of Shahdeo called for Jharkhand Bandh and organised a protest march. Thousands of supporters of a separate state took to the streets led by Shahdeo. He was arrested and detained in a police station for hours along with many supporters.[63][64]

In 1999 the Bharatiya Janata party promised to form a separate Vanachal state if they won the state election with a majority of votes.[62]After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung assembly,RJD's dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of theBihar reorganisation Bill.Finally, with the support from both RJD andCongress,the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the Bharatiya Janata Party which had made statehood its main poll plank in the region in successive polls earlier, cleared the Bihar reorganisation Bill in the monsoon session of the Parliament on 2 and 11 August in Loksabha and Rajyasabha. This paved the way for the creation of a separate Vanachal state comprising theChota Nagpur DivisionandSanthal Pargana Divisionof South Bihar.[65]NDAformed the government withBabulal Marandias chief minister. Later the name of the state was changed from Vanachal to Jharkhand.[62][66]Babulal Maranditook the oath of chief minister on 15 November 2000 on the anniversary of the birth of tribal leaderBirsa Munda.[31]

Jharkhand statehood

The dynamics of resources and the politics of development still influence the socio-economic structures in Jharkhand, which was carved out of the relatively underdeveloped southern part ofBihar.According to the 1991 census, the state has a population of over 20 million out of which 28% istribalwhile 12% of the people belong toscheduled castes.Jharkhand has 24 districts, 260 blocks, and 32,620 villages out of which only 45% have access to electricity while only 8,484 are connected by roads. Jharkhand is the leading producer of mineral wealth in the country afterChhattisgarhstate, endowed as it is with a vast variety of minerals like iron ore, coal, copper ore, mica, bauxite, graphite, limestone, and uranium. Jharkhand is also known for its vast forest resources.[67]

Naxal insurgency

See also:Tritiya Prastuti CommitteeandPeople's Liberation Front of India

Jharkhand has been at the centre of theNaxalite-Maoist insurgency.Since the uprising of theNaxalitesin 1967, 6,000 people have been killed in fighting between the Naxalites and counter-insurgency operations by thepolice,and itsparamilitarygroups such as theSalwa Judum.[68]

Despite having a presence in almost 7.80% of India's geographical area[69](home to 5.50% of India's population), the state of Jharkhand is part of the "Red Corridor"comprising 92,000 square kilometres,[69]where the highest concentration of the groups estimated 20,000 combatants fight.[70]Part of this is due to the fact that the state harbours an abundance of natural resources, while its people live in abject poverty and destitution.[71]The impoverished state provides ample recruits forcommunistinsurgents, who argue that they are fighting on behalf of the landless poor and tribals that see few benefits from the resource extractions.[71]As the federal government holds a monopoly on sub-surface resources in the state, thetribalpopulation is prevented from staking any claim on the resources extracted from their land.[71]In response, the insurgents have recently begun a campaign of targeting infrastructure related to the extraction of resources vital for Indian energy needs, such as coal.[69]

On 5 March 2007,Sunil Mahato,a member of the national parliament, was shot dead byNaxaliterebels nearKishanpurwhile watching a football match on theHindufestival ofHoli.His widow,Suman Mahato,theJharkhand Mukti Morchacandidate, won theJamshedpurLok Sabha by-election in September 2007 and served in parliament until 2009.[72]

Geography

Jharkhand is located in the eastern part of India and is enclosed byWest Bengalto the eastern side,ChhattisgarhandUttar Pradeshto the western side,Biharto the northern part andOdishato the southern part.

Jharkhand envelops a geographical area of 79,716 square kilometres (30,779 sq mi). Much of Jharkhand lies on theChota Nagpur Plateau.Many rivers pass through the Chota Nagpur plateau. They are:Damodar,North Koel,Barakar,South Koel,SankhandSubarnarekharivers. The higher watersheds of these rivers stretch out within the Jharkhand state. Much of the Jharkhand state is still enclosed by forest. Forests sustain the population of elephants and tigers.

Physical map of Jharkhand

Climate

Climate of Jharkhand varies fromHumid subtropicalin the north totropical wet and dryin the south-east.[73]The main seasons are summer, rainy, autumn, winter and spring. The summer lasts from mid-April to mid-June. May, the hottest month, characterised by daily high temperatures around 37 °C (99 °F) and low temperatures around 25 °C (77 °F). Thesouthwest monsoon,from mid-June to October, brings nearly all the state's annual rainfall, which ranges from about 1,000 mm (40 in) in the west-central part of the state to more than 1,500 mm (60 in) in the southwest. Nearly half of the annual precipitation falls in July and August. The winter season lasts from November to February. The temperatures inRanchiin December usually vary from 10–24 °C (50–75 °F). Spring season lasts from mid-February to mid-April.[74]

Hills and mountain ranges

  • Parasnath:Parasnath Hill is also called asSri Sammed Sikharjiby Jains andMarang BurubySantaltribes. The Parasnath Hill is situated in Giridih district of Jharkhand. It is a chiefJain pilgrimage siteand the holy place forJains.Additionally,forSantaltribes, their supreme deityMarang Buruis prayed andJug Jaheris the holy enshrine in its valley whereJaher Ayobeing worshiped. It is believed in the Jain culture that 20 of the 24 Tirthankaras attained Moksha from this place. The height of the hill is 1,365 meters.
  • Netarhat:Netarhat is a town in Latehar district. Referred to as the "Queen of Chotanagpur", it is a hill station.Netarhat Residential Schoolis located here. Netarhat Dam is also located in this area.
  • Rajmahal Hills:These hills are located inSahibganjandGoddadistricts of Eastern part of Jharkhand. TheRajmahal hillsbelong to the Jurassic era. These hills like others also have many waterfalls, lakes and greenery.
  • Trikut:Trikut Hill is located ten kilometres away from Deoghar and lies on the way to Dumka in Jharkhand. Trikut hill is also called Trikutchal because there are 3 major peaks on the hill. The height of Trikut hill is 2470 feet.
  • Tagore Hill:TheTagore Hillis also recognised as the Morabadi Hill. The Tagore hill is located in Morabadi, Ranchi. The brother of Rabindranath Tagore, Jyotirindranath Tagore had made a tour at Ranchi in the year 1908.[75]

Main Rivers

Further information:List of rivers of Jharkhand
  • Ganga River:Theholy riverGanga passes through the north-eastern district of Sahebganj. Cities on the banks of Ganga river in Jharkhand: Sahebganj, Rajmahal
  • Son River:Origin of Son River: Amarkantak, Cities on the Shore of Son River: Sidhi
  • Subarnarekha River:Origin of Subarnarekha River: (Nagdi Ranchi) Chota Nagpur Plateau, Cities on the Shore of Subarnarekha River: Ranchi, Chandil, Jamshedpur, Ghatshila, Gopiballavpur
  • Kharkai River:Origin of Kharkai River: Mayurbhanj District, Odisha; Cities on the Shore of Kharkai River: Rairangpur, Adityapur, and enters the Subarnarekha river in north-western Jamshedpur.
  • Damodar River:Origin of Damodar River: Chota Nagpur Plateau (Tori latehar), Cities on the Shore of Damodar River: latehar, lohardaga, Ramgarh, Gridih, Dhanbad, Bokaro, Asansol, Raniganj, Durgapur, Bardhaman
  • North Koel River:Origin of North Koel River: Chota Nagpur plateau, Cities on Shore of North Koel River: Daltonganj
  • South Koel River:Origin of South Koyal River: Chota Nagpur Plateau (Nagdi Ranchi), Cities on the Shore of South Koyal River: Manoharpur, Rourkela
  • Lilajan River:Also known as Falgu river. Origin of Lilajan River: Northern Chota Nagpur Plateau, City on the Shore: Gaya
  • Ajay River:Origin of Ajay River: Munger, Cities on the Shore of Ajay River: Purulia, Chittaranjan, Ilambazar, Jaydev Kenduli
  • Mayurakshi River:Origin of Mayurakshi River: Trikut hill, City on the Shore of Mayurakshi River: Suri
  • Barakar River:Origin: Padma in Hazaribagh, Barakar Nadi flows through the districts of Koderma, Giridih, Hazaribagh, etc.

For the list of dams built across these revere refer to[2]

Flora and Fauna

Jharkhand has a rich variety offloraandfauna.The national parks and the zoological gardens in the state of Jharkhand present a panorama of this variety.

Part of the reason for the variety and diversity offloraandfaunafound in Jharkhand state may be accredited to thePalamau Tiger Reservesunder the Project Tiger. This reserve is abode to hundreds of species of flora and fauna,[76]as indicated within brackets: mammals (39), snakes (8), lizards (4), fish (6), insects (21), birds (170), seed bearing plants and trees (97), shrubs and herbs (46), climbers, parasites and semi-parasites (25), and grasses and bamboos (17).

Demographics

See also:Sadan peoples,Nagpuria people,andTribes of Jharkhand
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19016,068,233—
19116,747,122+11.2%
19216,767,770+0.3%
19317,908,737+16.9%
19418,868,069+12.1%
19519,697,254+9.4%
196111,606,489+19.7%
197114,227,133+22.6%
198117,612,069+23.8%
199121,844,911+24.0%
200126,945,829+23.4%
201132,988,134+22.4%
Source:Census of India[77]

According to the2011 Indian Census,Jharkhand has a population of 32.96 million, consisting of 16.93 million males and 16.03 million females.[78]Thesex ratiois 947 females to 1,000 males.[78]The literacy rate of the state was 67.63% withRanchi districtbeing most educated at 77.13% compared to rural Pakur district being least at 50.17%.[78]In social demographics, Jharkhand'sScheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribespopulations are 3,985,644 (12.08%) and 8,646,189 (26.21%), respectively. Nationally, they rank 14th and 6th, comprising 1.98% and 8.29% of the total population within these social groups. They are predominantly concentrated in south-western districtSimdega(78.23%),Khunti(77.77%),Gumla(72.11%),Paschim Singhbhum(71.1%),Latehar(66.85%), and inLohardaga district(60.21%).

Languages

Languages of Jharkhand (2011)[79]

Khortha(23.46%)
Hindi(21.40%)
Bengali(9.74%)
Santali(8.77%)
Nagpuri(7.23%)
Urdu(5.96%)
Magahi(4.14%)
Ho(3.01%)
Mundari(2.92%)
Kurukh(2.88%)
'Other' Hindi[a](2.32%)
Bhojpuri(2.29%)
Kurmali(1.82%)
Odia(1.61%)
Others (2.45%)

Jharkhand is linguistically diverse, with speakers of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, and Austroasiatic languages.Hindiis the official language and is spoken as the link language by the people of the state,[3]although different regional languages exist.[79]Some of which, includingNagpuri,Khortha,Kurmali,MagahiandBhojpuriare categorised as 'Hindi languages' in the Indian census 2011.[79]Jharkhand has accorded additional official language status toAngika,Bengali,Bhojpuri,Bhumij,Ho,Kharia,Kurukh,Khortha,Kurmali,Magahi,Maithili,Mundari,Nagpuri,Odia,SantaliandUrdu.[4][80][3]

Linguistic map of Jharkhand, showing the most spoken language by district.

Religion

Main article:Religion in Jharkhand
Sun Templeat Ranchi; Hinduism is the largest religion in the state

Religion in Jharkhand (2011)[81]

Hinduism(67.83%)
Islam(14.53%)
Other religions and persuasions (12.84%)
Christianity(4.3%)
Sikhism(0.22%)
Buddhism(0.03%)
Jainism(0.05%)
Not stated (0.21%)

The other religions and persuasions mostly consists of adherents ofSarnaism.[b]

As per the2011 census,Hinduismis the majority religion in the state at 67.8%, followed byIslamat 14.5% andChristianityat 4.3%.[81]Other religions, primarilySarnaism,claim to be 12.8% of the population.[84]

Hindus form majority in 19 out of 24 districts of the Jharkhand.Christianityforms majority inSimdega district(51.04%).[85]Sarnaforms majority inLohardaga(51.01%),West Singhbhum(62.29%) and plurality inGumla(44.62%) andKhunti(45.37%).[86]Muslims have highest presence inPakur districtandSahebganj districtof Jharkhand forming 35% and 34% of the population.[87]

Government and administration

Main article:Government of Jharkhand

The constitutional head of the government of Jharkhand is thegovernor,who is appointed by thepresident of India.The real executive power rests with thechief ministerand the cabinet. The political party or the coalition of political parties having a majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the government.

The head of the bureaucracy of the state is thechief secretary.Under this position, is a hierarchy of officials drawn from theIndian Administrative Service,Indian Police Service,Indian Forest Serviceand different wings of the state civil services.

Thejudiciaryis headed by thechief justice.Jharkhand has aHigh Courtwhich has been functioning since 2000. All the branches of the government are located in the state capital, Ranchi.

Administrative districts

Main articles:Administrative divisions of JharkhandandDistricts of Jharkhand

The state was formed with 18 districts that were formerly part of south Bihar. Some of these districts were reorganised to form 6 new districts, namely, Latehar, Saraikela Kharsawan, Jamtara, Pakur, Khunti and Ramgarh. At present, the state has 5 Divisions and 24 Districts. One interesting thing about Jharkhand is that all its districts, except Lohardaga and Khunti, share a border with a neighbouring state.[88]

Divisions and districts

Major cities

Largest Cities in Jharkhand
(2011 Census of India estimate)[89]

Rank City District Population Rank City District Population
Jamshedpur
Bokaro
01 Jamshedpur East Singbhum 1,339,438 06 Phusro Bokaro 186,139
02 Dhanbad Dhanbad 1,196,214 07 Hazaribagh Hazaribagh 153,595
03 Ranchi Ranchi 1,126,741 08 Giridih Giridih 143,630
04 Bokaro Steel City Bokaro 564,319 09 Ramgarh Ramgarh 132,441
05 Deoghar Deoghar 203,123 10 Medininagar Palamu 120,325

Economy

Thegross domestic productof Jharkhand is estimated at₹3.83 lakh crore(US$46 billion) in 2020–21. The per capita GDP of Jharkhand in 2018-19 was₹82,430(US$990).[90]

Open-cast Coal Mining inDhanbad

Jharkhand has several towns and innumerable villages with civic amenities. Urbanization ratio is 24.1%.[91]Jharkhand also has immensemineralresources: minerals ranging from (ranking in the country within bracket) fromironore(4th),coal(3rd),copperore (1st),mica(1st),bauxite(3rd),manganese,limestone,china clay,fire clay,graphite(8th),kainite(1st),chromite(2nd),asbestos(1st),thorium(3rd),sillimanite,uranium(Jaduguda mines, Narwa Pahar) (1st) and evengold(Rakha Mines) (6th) andsilverand several other minerals. Large deposits of coal and iron ore support concentration ofindustry,in centres likeJamshedpur,Dhanbad,Bokaroand Ranchi.Tata Steel,aNSE NIFTY 500conglomerate has its corporate office and main plant in Tatanagar, Jharkhand.[92]It reported a gross income of₹.204,910 million for 2005. NTPC will start coal production from its captive mine in state in 2011–12, for which the company will be investing about Rs 18 billion.[93]

In February 2006, the government of Jharkhand established the Jharkhand Silk Textile and Handicraft Development Corporation (Jharcraft) which promotes local sericulture and weaving and the wider marketing of these products.[94][95]

Agriculture is another major economic sector. Farmers in Jharkhand produce several crops such as rice, wheat, maize, pulses, potatoes, and vegetables such as tomato, carrots, cabbage, brinjal, pumpkin, and papaya. Other important industries include the cottage industry and IT.[96]

Culture

Main article:Culture of Jharkhand

Cuisine

See also:Cuisine of Jharkhand
A Jharkhand Rice Plate

Staple foods of Jharkhand arerice,dal,roti,vegetables,andtubers.Spices are sparingly used in cuisine. Famous dishes includeChhilka Roti,Malpua,Pitha,Dhooska,Arsa roti, Dudhauri, andPanipuri(Gupchup).[97][98]Rugra and Putoo is a type of edible mushroom that is grown extensively in Jharkhand and harvested during the rainy months. It has a hardened, white, edible shell and a softer dark coloured centre.Bamboo shootare a versatile ingredient used in many culinary traditions, particularly in Jharkhand cuisine. They can be boiled, steamed, stir-fried, or pickled, making them a popular addition to dishes such as soups, curries, and salads. Bamboo shoots are known for their ability to absorb the flavours of the ingredients they are cooked with, enhancing the overall taste of the dishes.[99]The leaves of Munga (Moringa oleifera) and Koinar (Bauhinia variegata) trees are used as a leafy vegetable orSaag.[100]

Local alcoholic drinks include rice beer, originally known as Handi orHandia,named after the vessel, handi (earthen pot), used to make it. Handia is culturally associated with natives, i.e., Sadans and Tribals; this drink is consumed by both men and women on social occasions like marriage and festivals.[101][102]Another common liquor is calledMahuadaru,made from flowers of the Mahua tree (Madhuca longifolia).[103]

Folk music and dance

See also:Folk dances of Jharkhand
Chhau Dancers in Jharkhand village

There are several folk dances in Jharkhand such as:Jhumair,Mardani Jhumar,Janani Jhumar,Domkach,Vinsariya, Jhumta, Fagua,Angnai,Paiki,Chhau,Firkal,Mundari,andSantalidance.[104]

Festivals

Major festivals of Jharkhand areSarhul,Baha Parab,Karam Parab,Mage Parab,Sohrai,Bandna,Tusu festival,Makar Sankranti,Nawakhani,Durga Puja,Jitiya,Manasa Puja,Rath Yatra,Saraswati Puja,Diwali,Holi,Phagua and the Sendra festival.[105]

Paintings

Sohrai wall painting jharkhand

Sohrai and Khovar paintingis a mural art form practised by women. Sohrai painting is traditionally done at theSohraiharvest festival, while Khovar painting is done at weddings.[105]

Tattoo

The tattoo making tradition ofGodnais an essential part of local tradition.[105]

Cinema

Main article:Cinema of Jharkhand

Jharkhand produces many films in regional and Tribal languages includingNagpuri,Khortha,Santali,Ho,andKurukh.[106]The film industry in the state of Jharkhand is known asJhollywood.[107][108]

Media

There are some television channels, newspapers, and radio stations which operate in Jharkhand.DD Jharkhandis an important channel in Jharkhand.All India Radiooperates from Ranchi.[109]

Hindustan,Dainik Jagran,Sokal Sokal,Prabhat Khabar,and Ranchi Express are some of the Hindi newspapers andThe Hindu,The Times of India,Hindustan Times,Navbharat Times,The Pioneer,andThe Telegraphare some English newspapers in Jharkhand.

Transport

Airways

Roadways

Jharkhand has extensive network ofNational HighwaysandState Highways.[113]There is 2,661.83 km (1,653 mi 1,733 yd) of paved National Highways in the state as of 2016.[113]The National highways present in the state are numbered18,19,20,22,33,39,43,114A,118,133,133A,133B,139,143,143A,143AG,143D,143H,218,220,320,320D,320G,333,333A,343,419and522.[113]TheGolden Quadrilateralnetwork ofDelhi–Kolkataroute runs through Jharkhand notably at Dhanbad.[114][115]

Ports

Jharkhand is landlocked state but has numerous rivers and waterways.[116]Amulti-modal porthas been planned atSahebganjwhere riverGangesflows.[117]The project is estimated to cost₹65,000 million and phase-1 is estimated to be completed by 2019.[118]

Railways

See also:Railway stations in Jharkhand

Jharkhand is very well connected by railways. The state has numerousrailway stationsand railway junctions.[119]Dhanbad Junctionis the largest railway station in the state which is connected to almost all big cities of India. Hilly regions of state are equipped with tunnels that form essential organ of railways.

Education

As per the 2011 census conducted byGovernment of Indiathe official literacy rate for the state was 66.41% (male: 76.84%; female: 55.42%) with nine districts above the average literacy rate:[120][121]

  • Ranchi:76.06% (male: 84.26%; female: 67.44%)
  • East Singhbhum:75.49% (male: 83.75%; female: 66.81%)
  • Dhanbad:74.52% (male: 83.81%; Female: 64.29%)
  • Ramgarh:73.17% (male: 82.44%; female: 63.09%)
  • Bokaro:72.01% (male: 82.51%; female: 60.63%)
  • Hazaribagh:69.75% (male: 80.01%; female: 58.95%)
  • Simdega:67.99% (male: 76.08%; female: 59.92%)
  • Saraikela Khasawan:67.70% (male: 79.03%; female: 55.88%)
  • Lohardaga:67.61% (male: 77.21%; female: 57.69%)
  • Koderma:66.84% (male: 79.78%; female: 53.23%)

Since the formation of the new state, the Jharkhand Education Project Council (JEPC) has been implementing four projects to spread elementary education: DPEP, SSA, NPEGEL, and KGBV. The state has been moving towards the goal of universal elementary education but the target of 100% enrolment and retention of children in schools has not yet been attained.[122]Jharkhand has made primary education so accessible that 95% of children of ages 6–11 are enrolled in school, as opposed to 56% in 1993–94; this will likely improve literacy a great deal.[citation needed]

Schools

The medium of instruction in schools isHindi/EnglishwithEnglish/Hindi/Sanskrit/Bengali/Odiaas second language. After 10 years of schooling, students can join two years of Intermediate course (or +2 courses) inArts,ScienceandCommerce.This is followed by three years of degree courses (graduation) or four years ofEngineering/Agriculture/Medicinedegree.

The school system comprises various private and public schools. The government schools are abundant. Few notable schools are:St. Thomas School, Ranchi,Sainik School Tilaiya,Loyola School, Jamshedpur,Delhi Public School, Bokaro,Delhi Public School, Ranchi,Bishop Westcott Boys' School,Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar,De Nobili SchoolandSt. Xavier's School, Hazaribagh.

In 2009Franz GastlerestablishedYuwa Schoola NGO inHutupvillage in Ranchi district with helps of friends to use football as a platform to combatchild marriage,illiteracyandhuman traffickingin rural India.[123]In 2019, It won the Laureus Sport for Good Award.[124]

Universities and colleges

See also:List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand

Autonomous

Agriculture

Engineering

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra,Ranchi

Management

Medical colleges

Psychiatry

Public Health

Because of its mild climate, Jharkhand, particularly its capital Ranchi, has been a health resort. As far back as 1918, facilities were set up for treatment ofmentally challenged.[125]

European Mental Hospital was established along with Indian Mental Hospital. Today they are called Central Institute of Psychiatry and Ranchi Institute of Neuro-psychiatry and Allied Sciences respectively. In certain areas of Jharkhand, poverty and consequent malnutrition have given rise to diseases liketuberculosis(TB). In fact, TB has assumedepidemicproportions in certain areas of the state. For management and treatment of such TB, Itki TB Sanatorium, Ranchi, established in 1928 has been doing work as a premier institute for clinical and programmatic management of TB. The Itki TB Sanatorium is well equipped and accredited by the Indian government for quality assurance and Culture and Drug Sensitivity Testing for M.TB. It provides free of cost treatment for TB as well as drug-resistant TB. Likewise, in the field of treatment of cancer, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur,[126]is rendering pioneering work. In the same way, Bokaro General Hospital equipped with modern facilities for the treatment of cancer and heart-related problems with the capacity of 1100 beds one of the largest in eastern India.

Although several public and private health facilities are available in the state, overall infrastructure for dispensing health related services require improvements. An exception is the Tata Motors Hospital which is an example of an ISO 14001 and 18001 certified hospital with DNB teaching facilities.[citation needed]

Ranchi, the capital, has witnessed a sharp growth in the number of hospitals.

Fluoridein groundwater presents a public health problem in Jharkhand. A recent survey led by theBirla Institute of Technology,Mesra, Ranchi in collaboration withUNICEFin the northwest districts ofPalamauandGarhwafound fluoride levels above the drinkingWHOdrinking water guidelines.[127]Excessive amounts of fluoride in drinking water can lead todental fluorosis,prevalent bone fractures, andskeletal fluorosis,an irreversible disabling condition.[128]Some work has focused on combating fluorosis through increased calcium intake by consuming local plants.[129]Researchers atPrinceton Universityand the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi are currently investigating defluoridation options, while performing an epidemiological survey to assess the extent of fluoride linked health problems and the impact of future interventions.[130][131]

Almost 80% of Jharkhand's people are farmers, although it contains 40% of India's mineral reserves it has some of India's poorest people, in Summer 2009 the state was threatened by drought, with people criticising the government for not providing food aid or assistance.[132]

Sports

JRD TATA Sports Complex, Jamshedpurhosts football matches ofIndian Super Leagueand is the home of ISL based football clubJamshedpur FC. Cricket,hockey,andfootballare common games in Jharkhand. Players likeJaipal Singh,a former Indian hockey captain andOlympianandManohar Topnocurrently play for theIndian Hockey team.Jaipal Singhwas the captain of the hockey team that won the first gold medal for India in the1928 Summer OlympicsinAmsterdam.Mahendra Singh Dhoniwho was the captain ofIndian cricket teamand led theIndian cricket teamtoICC Cricket World Cupglory on 2 April 2011, ending a 28-year wait to repeat the feat achieved by former Indian captainKapil Devin 1983 atLord's, Englandis from here.[133]

Other notable cricketers from Jharkhand areVarun Aaron,Shahbaz Nadeem,andSaurabh Tiwary.He was one of the key batsmen in the Indian team that won the2008 U/19 Cricket World CupinMalaysia.Other sportspeople includeDeepika Kumari,a young archer who won gold medal in the 2010 Commonwealth games in the women's individual recurve event.Nikki Pradhancurrently a member of thenational hockey team.Pradhan was the first female hockey player from Jharkhand to represent India in theOlympics.

AnInternational Cricket stadium with an indoor stadiumand a practice ground has been constructed. This international stadium has hosted an International match between India and England on 19 January 2013.[134]Apart from that, this stadium has hosted twoIPL 6matches forKKRand qualifier 2 ofIPL 8betweenCSKandRCBand Celebrity Cricket League Matches for Bhojpuri Dabanggs. A tennis academy, which was inaugurated bySania MirzaandShoaib Malik,also runs besides the cricket stadium.[135]Ranchi is among six cities inHockey India Leagueto be played in January 2013. Ranchi franchise was bought by Patel-Uniexcel Group and the team namedRanchi Rhinoswhich is now being co-hosted by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and named asRanchi Rays.[136]

Tourism

Main article:Tourism in Jharkhand

Jharkhand is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places.[137][10]Parasnath,Baidyanath Dham,Maa Dewri TempleandChhinnamasta Templeare major religious places.[138][139]

Tattapani Hot Water Spring is located 8 km fromLatehar.The hot spring water come out from different places on the Sukari River bed. Rich in sulphur, the hot spring is believed to have medicinal properties and good for skin.[140]

Itkhoriis a holy place for Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. It is believed to be the place from whereGautama Buddhastarted his journey forBodh Gaya.Many sculptures of Hindu, Jain and Buddhist art styles were found in 2018.[141][142]Rankini TempleofJadugorais famous in Jharkhand, as well as in Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar.[143][144]There are several waterfalls in the state includingJonha Falls,Hundru Falls,Dassam Falls,Perwaghagh FallsandPanchghagh Falls.[145][146][147]Netarhatis a hill station in the state.[148][149][150]

There are several attractions and wildlife sanctuaries in Jharkhand includingBetla National ParkandDalma Wildlife Sanctuary,which are major attraction for tourists.[151][152][153][154]

State Museum HotwarandTribal Research Institute and Museumshowcase various cultural heritage and tribal culture of Jharkhand.[155][156]

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^Other languages clubbed within the Hindi group of languages by the Indian census
  2. ^According to the2011 census of India,Jharkhand has 42,35,786 individuals who follow "Other religions and persuasions".[81]The major religion isSarna,with 41,31,282 adherents. TheOraon tribehas the highest number of followers at 10,00,016, followed by theSantalat 9,76,742,Hoat 8,68,133,Mundaat 6,00,910, Lohar at 84,019, andBhumijat 77,319.[82]Similarly religionAddi Bassihas 42,422 adherents, primarily among the Oraon tribe (35,452).[82]Other religious denominations among theScheduled TribesincludeBidin(29,187),Adi(9,135),Gond(2,419) andBirsa(2,392). The remaining "Other religions and persuasions" areMunda, Ho, Oraon, Achinthar, Kharwar, Paharia, Sarvdharm, Krupa, Dupub, Malla,Tana Bhagat,Marangboro,Saranath, Kuir, Loco Bohra,andNature worshippractised by various tribes. In summary,Sarnaranks as the third-largest religion with 12.4997%, whileAddi Bassi, Bidin, Adi, GondandBirsahold the sixth, seventh, tenth, eleventh and twelfth positions, respectively, with percentages of 0.1286%, 0.0885%, 0.0277%, 0.0073% and 0.0073% of the state's population.[83]

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Works cited

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General information

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