Wikipedia

Johannesburg

This is thelatest accepted revision,reviewedon12 October 2024.
This article is about the city in South Africa. For other uses, seeJohannesburg (disambiguation).
"eGoli" redirects here. For other uses, seeGoli (disambiguation)andEgoli (disambiguation).

Johannesburg(/dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/joh-HAN-iss-burg,USalso/-ˈhɑːn-/-⁠HAHN-,Afrikaans:[jʊəˈɦanəsbœrχ];ZuluandXhosa:eGoli[ɛˈɡɔːli]) (colloquially known asJozi,Joburg,Jo'burgor "The City of Gold")[12][13]is the most populous city inSouth Africawith 4,803,262 people,[7]and is classified as amegacity;[14]it isone of the 100 largest urban areas in the world.[15]It is theprovincialcapital ofGauteng,the wealthiest province in South Africa.[16]Johannesburg is the seat of theConstitutional Court,the highest court in South Africa.[17]Most of the major South African companies and banks have their head offices in Johannesburg. The city is located within the mineral-richWitwatersrandhills, the epicentre of the international-scale mineral, gold and (specifically) diamond trade.

Johannesburg
City
City of Johannesburg
Johannesburg CBD
Johannesburg Art Gallery
Hillbrow TowerandPonte City
Nelson Mandela Bridge
FNB Stadium
University of the Witwatersrand
Brixton Tower
Flag of Johannesburg
Flag
Coat of arms of Johannesburg
Coat of arms
Nickname(s):
Jo'burg; Jozi;Muḓi Mulila Ngoma(Vendaversion),Joni(Tsongaversion);Jobhag(Bhojpuriversion);[2]Egoli ( "Place of Gold" );[3]Gauteng( "Place of Gold" )
Motto:
"Service with Pride"[4]
OpenStreetMap
Map
Johannesburg is located in Gauteng
Johannesburg
Johannesburg
Johannesburg is located in South Africa
Johannesburg
Johannesburg
Johannesburg is located in Africa
Johannesburg
Johannesburg
Coordinates:26°12′16″S28°2′44″E/ 26.20444°S 28.04556°E/-26.20444; 28.04556
CountrySouth Africa
ProvinceGauteng
MunicipalityCity of Johannesburg
Established1886;138 years ago(1886)[5]
Government
• TypeMetropolitan municipality
•MayorDada Morero(ANC)
Area
[6][7]
•City334.81 km2(129.27 sq mi)
• Urban
[8]
3,357 km2(1,296 sq mi)
• Metro
1,642.6 km2(634.2 sq mi)
Elevation
1,753 m (5,751 ft)
Population
(2023)[6][7]
•City5,635,000
• Rank8thin Africa
1stin South Africa
• Density17,000/km2(44,000/sq mi)
•Urban
[8]
7,860,781[a]
•Metro
(2022)
6,198,000
• Metro density3,800/km2(9,800/sq mi)
Racial makeup (2019)
[9]
•Black African76.4%
•White12.3%
•Coloured5.6%
•Indian/Asian4.9%
• Other0.8%
First languages(2011)
[6]
•Zulu23.41%
•English20.10%
•Sesotho9.61%
•Setswana7.68%
•Afrikaans7.28%
• Other18.10%
Time zoneUTC+2(SAST)
Postal code(street)
2001
PO box
2000
Area code010 and 011
HDIIncrease0.75High(2012)[10]
GDPUS$131 billion(2020)[11]
GDP per capita (PPP)US$16 370(2014)[11]
Websitewww.joburg.org.za

Johannesburg was established in 1886,[18]following the discovery of gold, on what had been a farm. Due to the extremely large gold deposits found along theWitwatersrand,[19]within ten years, the population had grown to over 100,000 inhabitants. A separate city from the late 1970s until 1994,Sowetois now part of the Greater Johannesburg metropolitan area. An acronym for "South-Western Townships",Sowetowas organised initially as a collection of nondescript settlements on the outskirts of the city, populated mostly by African labourers working in the gold mining industry.Soweto,although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg, had been explicitly separated as a residential area for blacks only—no whites allowed—who were not permitted to live in other "white-designated" areas of Johannesburg. Another region,Lenasia,is predominantly populated by English-speaking Indo-South Africans (people ofIndianandSouth Asiandescent). These areas were, in previous decades, designated as non-white areas, in accordance withapartheidpolicies of the time.

Johannesburg was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the2010 FIFA World Cupincluding thefinal.

Themetropolisis anAlpha global city,as listed by theGlobalization and World Cities Research Network.In 2019, the population of the city of Johannesburg was 5,635,127, making it themost populous cityin South Africa.[9]In the same year, the population of metro Johannesburg'surban agglomerationwas put at 8 million.[9]Land area of the municipal city (1,645 km2or 635 sq mi) is large in comparison with those of other major cities, resulting in a moderate population density of 2,364 per square kilometre (6,120/sq mi).

Etymology

edit

Controversy surrounds the origin of the name. There were quite a number of people with the name "Johannes" who were involved in the early history of the city. Among them is the principal clerk attached to the office of the surveyor-general Hendrik Dercksen,Christiaan Johannes Joubert,who was a member of theVolksraadand was the Republic's chief of mining. Another was Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (better known asPaul Kruger), president of theSouth African Republic(ZAR) from 1883 to 1900.Johannes Meyer,the first government official in the area is another possibility.[20]

Precise records for the choice of name were lost. Johannes Rissik and Johannes Joubert were members of a delegation sent toEnglandto obtain mining rights for the area. Joubert had a park in the city named after him, and Rissik has his name for one of the main streets in the city where the historically important albeit dilapidatedRissik Street Post Officeis located.[21][22]TheCity Hallis also located on Rissik Street.

History

edit
Main articles:History of JohannesburgandTimeline of Johannesburg

The region surrounding Johannesburg was originally inhabited bySanhunter-gatherers who used stone tools. There is evidence that they lived there up to ten centuries ago.[23]Stone-walled ruins of Sotho–Tswana towns and villages are scattered around the parts of the formerTransvaalin which Johannesburg is situated.[24]

By the mid-18th century, the broader region was largely settled by variousSotho–Tswanacommunities (one linguistic branch of Bantu-speakers), whose villages, towns, chiefdoms and kingdoms stretched from theBechuanaland Protectorate(what is nowBotswana) in the west,[25]to present dayLesothoin the south,[26]to the present dayPediareas of theLimpopo Province.More specifically, the stone-walled ruins ofSotho–Tswanatowns and villages are scattered around the parts of the former Transvaal province in which Johannesburg is situated.

Many Sotho–Tswana towns and villages in the areas around Johannesburg were destroyed and their people driven away during the wars emanating fromZululandduring the late 18th and early 19th centuries (themfecaneor difaqane wars),[27]and as a result, an offshoot of the Zulu kingdom, theNdebele(often referred to as the Matabele, the name given them by the local Sotho–Tswana), set up a kingdom to the northwest of Johannesburg around modern-day Rustenburg.

Gold rush and naming of the city

edit
Main article:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
The Langlaagte farm nearPaarlshoop,on theWitwatersrand– site of the first discovery of gold in 1886.
Ferreirasdorpgold mine in 1886, the oldest part of Johannesburg[28][29]and where the first gold diggers initially settled.[30]

The main Witwatersrand gold reef was discovered in June 1884 on the farm Vogelstruisfontein byJan Gerritse Bantjes,son ofJan Bantjes,this triggered theWitwatersrand Gold Rushand the founding of Johannesburg in 1886. The discovery of gold rapidly attracted people to the area, making necessary a name and governmental organisation for the area. Jan, Johan and Johannes were common male names among the Dutch of that time; two men involved in surveying the area for the best location of the city, Christian Johannes Joubert and Johann Rissik, are considered the source of the name by some. Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility. Precise records for the choice of name were lost.[31]Within ten years, the city of Johannesburg included 100,000 people.[32]

In September 1884, the Struben brothers discovered the Confidence Reef on the farm Wilgespruit near present-day Roodepoort, which further boosted excitement over gold prospects.[33]: 254 The first gold to be crushed on the Witwatersrand was the gold-bearing rock from the Bantjes mine crushed using the Struben brothers stamp machine. News of the discovery soon reached Kimberley and directors Cecil Rhodes and Sir Joseph Robinson rode up to investigate the rumours for themselves. They were guided to the Bantjes camp with its tents strung out over several kilometres and stayed with Bantjes for two nights.[citation needed]

In 1884, they purchased the first pure refined gold from Bantjes for £3,000. Incidentally, Bantjes had from 1881 been operating the Kromdraai Gold Mine in the Cradle of Humankind together with his partner Johannes Stephanus Minnaar where they first discovered gold in 1881, and which also offered another kind of discovery—the early ancestors of all mankind.[citation needed]Some report Australian George Harrison as the first to make a claim for gold in the area that became Johannesburg, as he found gold on a farm in July 1886. He did not remain in the area.[34]

Gold was earlier discovered some 400 kilometres (249 miles) to the east of present-day Johannesburg inBarberton.Gold prospectorssoon discovered the richer gold reefs of theWitwatersrandoffered by Bantjes. The original miners' camp, under the informal leadership of ColIgnatius Ferreira,was located in the Fordsburg dip, possibly because water was available there, and because of the site's proximity to the diggings. Following the establishment of Johannesburg, the area was taken over by the Transvaal government who had it surveyed and named it Ferreira's Township, today the suburb ofFerreirasdorp.The first settlement at Ferreira's Camp was established as a tented camp and which soon reached a population of 3,000 by 1887.[32]The government took over the camp, surveyed it and named it Ferreira's Township.[35]By 1896, Johannesburg was established as a city of over 100,000 inhabitants, one of the fastest growth cities ever.[32]

Mines near Johannesburg are among the deepest in the world, with some as deep as 4,000 metres (13,000 ft).[36]

Rapid growth, Jameson Raid and the Second Boer War

edit
Johannesburg in 1889
Commissioner Streetin 1895

Like many late 19th-century mining towns, Johannesburg was a rough and disorganised place, populated by white miners from all continents, African tribesmen were recruited to perform unskilled mine work, African women beer brewers cooked for and sold beer to the black migrant workers, a very large number of European prostitutes, gangsters, impoverished Afrikaners, tradesmen, and the "AmaWasha",Zulu men who surprisingly dominated laundry work.[37]As the value of control of the land increased, tensions developed between theBoer–dominated Transvaal government in Pretoria and the British, culminating in theJameson Raidthat ended in fiasco atDoornkopin January 1896. TheSecond Boer War(1899–1902) saw British forces under Field Marshal Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, occupy the city on 30 May 1900 after a series of battles to the south-west of its then-limits, near present-day Krugersdorp.[citation needed]

Fighting took place at the Gatsrand Pass (near Zakariyya Park) on 27 May, north of Vanwyksrust—today's Nancefield,Eldorado Parkand Naturena—the next day, culminating in a mass infantry attack on what is now the waterworks ridge in Chiawelo and Senaoane on 29 May.[38][39]

During the Boer war, many African mineworkers left Johannesburg creating a labour shortage, which the mines ameliorated by bringing in labourers from China, especially southern China. After the war, they were replaced by black workers, but many Chinese stayed on, creating Johannesburg's Chinese community, which during the apartheid era, was not legally classified as "Asian", but as "Coloured". The population in 1904 was 155,642, of whom 83,363 werewhites.[40]

Post-Union history

edit
Pritchard Street c. 1910

In 1917, Johannesburg became the headquarters of theAnglo-American Corporationfounded byErnest Oppenheimerwhich ultimately became one of the world's largest corporations, dominating both gold-mining and diamond-mining in South Africa. Major building developments took place in the 1930s, after South Africa went off the gold standard.[citation needed][41]In the late 1940s and early 1950s,Hillbrowwent high-rise. In the 1950s and early 1960s, the apartheid government constructed the massive agglomeration of townships that became known asSoweto.New freeways encouraged massive suburban sprawlto the north of the city.[citation needed]In the late 1960s and early 1970s, tower blocks (including theCarlton Centreand theSouthern Life Centre) filled the skyline of the central business district.

The system ofapartheid,a comprehensive system of racial separation was imposed upon South Africa starting in 1948. For its growth, the economy of Johannesburg depended upon hundreds of thousands of skilled white workers imported from Europe and semi- and un-skilled black workers imported from other parts of Southern Africa. Though they worked together they were forced by the government to live separately. Work was considered to be an exception to apartheid in order to keep Johannesburg functioning as South Africa's economic capital.[42]

Stuttafordsdepartment stores in Johannesburg in 1957

In the 1950s, the government began a policy of building townships for black families (prior to this unskilled workers were asked to work on "single status" in male-only hostels at the mines and had to commute to see their families in whatever province they originated) outside of Johannesburg to provide workers for Johannesburg.[42]Soweto,a township founded for black workers coming to work in the gold mines of Johannesburg, was intended to house 50,000 people, but soon was the home of ten times that number as thousands of unemployed rural blacks came to Johannesburg for employment and an income to send back to their villages.[43]It was estimated that in 1989, the population of Soweto was equal to that of Johannesburg, if not greater.[43]

In March 1960, Johannesburg witnessed widespread demonstrations against apartheid in response to theSharpeville massacre.[44]On 11 July 1963, theSouth African Policeraided a house in the Johannesburg suburb ofRivoniawhere nine members of the bannedAfrican National Congress(ANC) were arrested on charges of planning sabotage. Their arrest led to the famousRivonia Trial.[43]The nine arrested included one Indo-South African, one coloured, two whites and five blacks, one of whom was the future presidentNelson Mandela.[45]At their trial, the accused freely admitted that they were guilty of what they were charged with, namely of planning to blow up the hydro-electric system of Johannesburg to shut down the gold mines, but Mandela argued to the court that the ANC had tried non-violent resistance to apartheid and failed, leaving him with no other choice.[45]The trial made Mandela into a national figure and a symbol of resistance toapartheid.[45]

Street scene in Johannesburg in 1970

On 16 June 1976, demonstrations broke out in Soweto over a government decree that black school-children be educated in Afrikaans instead of English, and after the police fired on the demonstrations, rioting against apartheid began in Soweto and spread into the greater Johannesburg area.[46]About 575 people, the majority of whom were black, were killed in theSoweto uprisingof 1976.[44]Between 1984 and 1986, South Africa was in turmoil as a series of nationwide protests, strikes and riots took place against apartheid, and the black townships around Johannesburg were scenes of some of the fiercest struggles between the police and anti-apartheid demonstrators.[47]

The central area of the city underwent something of a decline in the 1980s and 1990s, due to the high crime rate and when property speculators directed large amounts of capital into suburban shopping malls, decentralised office parks, and entertainment centres.Sandton Citywas opened in 1973, followed by Rosebank Mall in 1976, andEastgatein 1979.[48]

During the 1990s, the city faced rapid growth of crime throughout large parts of the city. Some areas of skyscrapers were abandoned, many residents left their homes, and businesses moved out. Some historical buildings in central areas were destroyed by fires that spread relentlessly.[49]

Twenty-first century

edit
Fans ofSouth Africa national soccer teamwatching the2010 FIFA World Cupwithvuvuzelasin thetownshipofSoweto,asuburb of Johannesburg.

Like many cities around the world, there is an increasing focus on the rejuvenation of the inner city of Johannesburg. One of these initiatives is the Maboneng District located on the south-eastern side of theCBD.Originally a hub for art, it has expanded to include restaurants, entertainment venues and retail stores as well as accommodation and hotels. Maboneng calls itself "a place of inspiration—a creative hub, a place to do business, a destination for visitors and a safe, integrated community for residents. A beacon of strength in Africa's most economically prosperous city".[50]

After being destroyed in 2008 to make way for a motor showroom by Imperial Holdings, the iconic Rand Steam Laundries are now being redeveloped as an exact replica, by the order of the Johannesburg Heritage Council. Apart from one filtration shed, there is nothing left on the site after being destroyed. The site will consist of a 5,000 m2(54,000 sq ft) precinct.[51][52][needs update]

On 12 May 2008, a series of riots started in the township ofAlexandra,in the north-eastern part of Johannesburg, when locals attacked migrants fromMozambique,Malawi andZimbabwe,killing two people and injuring 40 others. These riots sparked thexenophobicattacks of 2008.[53]The2019 Johannesburg riotswere similar in nature and origin to the2008 xenophobic riots.[54]

A completely refurbishedSoccer Citystadium in Johannesburg hosted the2010 FIFA World Cupfinal.[55]

From 22 to 24 August 2023, Johannesburg hosted15th BRICS summit.[56]

On 31 August 2023, at least 76 people died when abuilding caught firein Johannesburg. The building had been taken over by a gang who were illegally renting it out.[57]

Geography

edit

Topography

edit
Satellite imageof Johannesburg
January 2008 Johannesburg aerial view looking towards the south-east

Johannesburg is located in the eastern plateau area ofSouth Africaknown as theHighveld,at an elevation of 1,753 metres (5,751 ft). The formerCentral Business Districtis located on the southern side of the prominent ridge called theWitwatersrand(English: White Water's Ridge) and the terrain falls to the north and south. By and large the Witwatersrand marks the watershed between theLimpopoandVaalrivers as the northern part of the city is drained by theJukskei Riverwhile the southern part of the city, including most of the Central Business District, is drained by theKlip River.The north and west of the city has undulating hills while the eastern parts are flatter.

Johannesburg may not be built on a river or harbour, but its streams contribute to two of southern Africa's mightiest rivers, theLimpopoand theOrange.Most of the springs from which many of these streams emanate are now covered in concrete and canalised, accounting for the fact that the names of early farms in the area often end with "fontein", meaning "spring" in Afrikaans. Braamfontein, Rietfontein, Zevenfontein, Doornfontein, Zandfontein and Randjesfontein are some examples. When the first white settlers reached the area that is now Johannesburg, they noticed the glistening rocks on the ridges, running with trickles of water, fed by the streams—giving the area its name, the Witwatersrand, "the ridge of white waters". Another explanation is that the whiteness comes from the quartzite rock, which has a particular sheen to it after rain.[58]

The site was not chosen for its streams, however. The main reasons the city was founded where it stands today was because of the gold. Indeed, the city once sat near massive amounts of gold, given that at one point the Witwatersrand gold industry produced forty per cent of the planet's gold.[59]

Parks and gardens

edit
Main article:Johannesburg City Parks
Johannesburg Botanical Garden

Parks and gardens in Johannesburg are maintained byJohannesburg City Parks and Zoo.[60]City Parks is also responsible for planting the city's many green trees, making Johannesburg one of the 'greenest' cities in the world. It has been estimated that there are six million trees in the city with the number growing every year—1.2 million on pavements and sidewalks, and a further 4.8 million in private gardens.[61]City Parks continues to invest in planting trees, particularly those previously disadvantaged areas of Johannesburg which were not positive beneficiaries of apartheid Johannesburg's urban planning.Johannesburg Botanical Garden,located in the suburb ofEmmarentia,is a popular recreational park.

Johannesburg and environs also offer various options to visitors wishing to viewwildlife,in addition to theJohannesburg Zoo,one of the largest in South Africa. TheLion Parknature reserve, next toLesedi Cultural Village,is home to over 80 lions and various other game, while theKrugersdorp Nature Reserve,a 1500hagame reserve,is a forty-minute drive from the city centre. The De Wildt Cheetah Centre[62]in theMagaliesbergruns a successful breeding program forcheetah,wild dogand otherendangered species.The Rhino & Lion Nature Reserve,[63]situated in the "Cradle of Humankind" on 1200 ha of "the typicalhighveldof Gauteng "also runs a breeding programme for endangered species including Bengal tigers, Siberian tigers and the extremely rarewhite lion.[citation needed]To the south, 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) from the city centre, is theKlipriviersberg Nature Reservehome to large mammals and hiking trails. Separating Lenasia and the Soweto suburbs is theOlifantsvlei Nature Reserveprotected area.

Climate

edit
An aerial photograph of summer rain clouds over Johannesburg. The city's climate experiences regular daily thunderstorms from November to March in the afternoons.

Johannesburg is situated on the highveld plateau, and has asubtropical highland climate(KöppenCwb). The city enjoys a sunny climate, with the summer months (October to April) characterised by hot days followed by afternoon thundershowers and cool evenings, and the winter months (May to September) by dry, sunny days followed by cold nights.[64]Temperatures in Johannesburg are usually fairly mild due to the city's high elevation, with an average maximum daytime temperature in January of 25.6 °C (78.1 °F), dropping to an average maximum of around 16 °C (61 °F) in June. TheUV indexfor Johannesburg in summers is extreme, often reaching 14–16 due to the high elevation and its location in the subtropics.[65]

Winter is the sunniest time of the year, with mild days and cool nights, dropping to 4.1 °C (39.4 °F) in June and July. The temperature occasionally drops to below freezing at night, causingfrost.Snow is a rare occurrence, with snowfall having been experienced in the twentieth century during May 1956, August 1962, June 1964 and September 1981. In the 21st century, there was light sleet in 2006, as well as snow proper on 27 June 2007 (accumulating up to 10 centimetres or 4 inches in the southern suburbs),[66]7 August 2012,[67]and 10 July 2023.[68]

Regular cold fronts pass over in winter bringing very cold southerly winds but usually clear skies. The annual average rainfall is 713 millimetres (28.1 in), which is mostly concentrated in the summer months. Infrequent showers occur through the course of the winter months. The lowest nighttime minimum temperature ever recorded in Johannesburg is −8.2 °C (17.2 °F), on 13 June 1979. The lowest daytime maximum temperature recorded is 1.5 °C (34.7 °F), on 19 June 1964.[69]

Climate data for Johannesburg (Averages: 1961–1990 – extremes: 1951–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 41.4
(106.5) 		33.5
(92.3) 		31.9
(89.4) 		29.3
(84.7) 		26.4
(79.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		24.4
(75.9) 		26.2
(79.2) 		30.0
(86.0) 		32.2
(90.0) 		38.5
(101.3) 		39.4
(102.9) 		41.4
(106.5)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 30.2
(86.4) 		29.1
(84.4) 		28.0
(82.4) 		25.5
(77.9) 		23.0
(73.4) 		20.4
(68.7) 		21.1
(70.0) 		24.4
(75.9) 		28.4
(83.1) 		29.4
(84.9) 		29.5
(85.1) 		29.8
(85.6) 		31.4
(88.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 25.6
(78.1) 		25.1
(77.2) 		24.0
(75.2) 		21.1
(70.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		16.0
(60.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		19.4
(66.9) 		22.8
(73.0) 		23.8
(74.8) 		24.2
(75.6) 		25.2
(77.4) 		21.9
(71.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 19.5
(67.1) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.0
(64.4) 		15.3
(59.5) 		12.6
(54.7) 		9.6
(49.3) 		10.0
(50.0) 		12.5
(54.5) 		15.9
(60.6) 		17.1
(62.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		19.0
(66.2) 		15.5
(59.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 14.7
(58.5) 		14.1
(57.4) 		13.1
(55.6) 		10.3
(50.5) 		7.2
(45.0) 		4.1
(39.4) 		4.1
(39.4) 		6.2
(43.2) 		9.3
(48.7) 		11.2
(52.2) 		12.7
(54.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		10.1
(50.2)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 11.0
(51.8) 		10.3
(50.5) 		8.5
(47.3) 		4.7
(40.5) 		1.6
(34.9) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		1.8
(35.2) 		4.7
(40.5) 		7.3
(45.1) 		9.5
(49.1) 		−3.1
(26.4)
Record low °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0) 		6.0
(42.8) 		2.1
(35.8) 		0.5
(32.9) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		0.2
(32.4) 		1.5
(34.7) 		3.5
(38.3) 		−8.2
(17.2)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 125
(4.9) 		90
(3.5) 		91
(3.6) 		54
(2.1) 		13
(0.5) 		9
(0.4) 		4
(0.2) 		6
(0.2) 		27
(1.1) 		72
(2.8) 		117
(4.6) 		105
(4.1) 		713
(28.1)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) 15.9 11.2 11.9 8.6 2.9 2.0 1.0 2.1 3.8 9.8 15.2 14.9 99.3
Averagerelative humidity(%) 69 70 68 65 56 53 49 46 47 56 65 66 59
Mean monthlysunshine hours 250.1 224.8 238.8 236.9 276.0 266.9 283.9 284.1 280.8 269.5 248.7 263.9 3,124.4
Mean dailydaylight hours 13.6 13.0 12.2 11.5 10.8 10.5 10.7 11.2 12.0 12.7 13.4 13.8 12.1
Averageultraviolet index 14 14 12 9 6 5 5 7 9 12 14 14 10
Source 1:World Meteorological Organization,[70]NOAA[71]
Source 2: South African Weather Service[72]Weather Atlas[73]

Demographics

edit
Johannesburg population
YearPop.±% p.a.
18863,000—
190499,052+21.44%
1908180,687+16.22%
19851,783,000+3.02%
19901,898,000+1.26%
20002,745,000+3.76%
20013,326,055+21.17%
20053,272,600−0.40%
20114,474,829+5.35%
20224,803,262[7]+0.65%
Source:[74][40][75][76]

According to the 2011South African National Census,the population of Johannesburg is 4,434,827 people,[76]making it the most populous city in South Africa (it has been the most populous city in South Africa since at least the 1950s).[77][78]From the 2001 census, the people live in 1,006,930 formal households, of which 86% have a flush orchemical toilet,and 91% haverefuseremoved by the municipality at least once a week. 81% of households have access to running water, and 80% use electricity as the main source of energy. 29% of Johannesburg residents stay in informal dwellings.[79]66% of households are headed by one person.

Johannesburg'surban agglomerationspreads well beyond the administrative boundary of themunicipality.The population of the whole area has been estimated to be variously at 7,860,781 in 2011 by "citypopulation.de",.[8]Johannesburg's suburbsare the product ofurban sprawland are regionalised into north, south, east and west, and they generally have different personalities.[80]Greater Johannesburg consists of more than five hundred suburbs in an area covering more than two hundred square miles (520 square kilometres).[59]Although black Africans can be found throughout Johannesburg and its surrounding area, greater Johannesburg remains highly racially segregated.[59]

Within the Metropolitan Municipality, the old centre, established in 1886 and given city status in 1928, has been listed in recent censuses as a "main place". As of 2011,this main place had a population of 957,441 and an area of 334.81 km2.[81][82][83]Some authors consider the metropolitan area to include most of Gauteng province.[84]TheUN's Population Division in 2016 estimated the metropolitan area population to be 9,616,000.[85]

Blacks account for 73% of the population, followed bywhitesat 18%,colouredsat 6% andAsiansat 4%. 42% of the population is under the age of 24, while 6% of the population is over 60 years of age. 37% of city residents are unemployed. 91% of the unemployed are Black African. Women comprise 43% of the working population. 19% of economically active adults work in wholesale and retail sectors, 18% in financial, real estate and business services, 17% in the community, social and personal services and 12% are in manufacturing. Only 0.7% work in mining.

Religion

edit
Dutch Reformed Church inJeppestown

53% belong to mainstream Christian churches, 24% are not affiliated with any organised religion, 14% are members ofAfrican Independent Churches,3% areMuslim,1% areJewishand 1% areHindu.There areMuslimmosques,Hindutemples, A Sikh Gurudwara (Sikh Temple) in Sandton and a large number of synagogues.

Christianity

edit

Places of worshipin Johannesburg are predominantlyChristianchurches:Serbian Orthodox Church,Zion Christian Church,Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa,Assemblies of God,Baptist Union of Southern Africa(Baptist World Alliance),Methodist Church of Southern Africa(World Methodist Council),Anglican Church of Southern Africa(Anglican Communion),Presbyterian Church of Africa(World Communion of Reformed Churches),Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Johannesburg(Catholic Church) and theJohannesburg South Africa Temple(Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints).[86]

Judaism

edit

Most of Johannesburg's estimated 50,000 Jews live in the North Eastern suburbs;Glenhazel,Raedene Estate,Kew,Norwood,Highlands North,Sandringham,Savoy Estate,Waverley,Orchards,OaklandsandFairmount.[87]There are manyOrthodoxsynagogues in the city including;Great Park Synagogue,Oxford ShulandDoornfontein Synagogue.There is a smaller number of synagogues serving the city'sReform Jews,includingTemple IsraelandBeit Emanuel.

Languages

edit
Geographical distribution of home languages in Johannesburg
Afrikaans
English
Ndebele
Xhosa
Zulu
Northern Sotho
Sotho
Tswana
Venda
Tsonga
No language dominant

32% of Johannesburg residents speakNguni languagesat home, 24% speakSotho languages,18% speak English, 7% speakAfrikaansand 6% speakTshivenda.

Gender Population %
Female 473,148 49.42
Male 484,293 50.58
Race Population %
Black African 614,793 64.21
White 133,379 13.93
Coloured 133,029 13.89
Asian 63,918 6.68
Other 12,320 1.29
First language Population[6][88] %
Zulu 1,022,747 23.41
Sotho 420,117 9.61
Xhosa 298,523 6.83
Afrikaans 318,063 7.28
Tswana 335,713 7.68
Sepedi 317,277 7.26
English 878,230 20.10
Tsonga 287,625 6.58
Swazi 35,926 0.82
Venda 141,435 3.24
Ndebele 126,587 2.90
Other 168,566 3.86
Sign language 18,793 0.43

Education

edit
TheUniversity of the Witwatersrand

Johannesburg has a well-developed higher education system of bothprivateandpublic universities.Johannesburg is served by the public universitiesUniversity of the Witwatersrandand theUniversity of Johannesburg.

University of Johannesburgwas formed on 1 January 2005, when three separate universities and campuses—Rand Afrikaans University,Technikon Witwatersrand,and the Johannesburg campuses ofVista University—were merged. The new university offers education primarily in English andAfrikaans,although courses may be taken in any of South Africa's official languages.

TheUniversity of the Witwatersrandis one of the leading universities in Africa,[89]and is famous as a centre of resistance toapartheid.It is attached to the world's third largest hospital, theChris Hani Baragwanath Hospital,located inSoweto.

TheUniversity of Pretoria's business school theGordon Institute of Business Scienceis located in Illovo, Johannesburg.

Many private colleges are also situated in Johannesburg, such asDamelin,[90]CTI,[91]Lyceum College[92]and theSouth African campus[93]ofMonash University(six of the other campuses are in Australia, while the eighth is inMalaysia), as well as theMidrand Graduate Institute[94]which is located inMidrand.

Johannesburg also has one of severalfilm schoolsin the country, one of which has won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Student Film in 2006.[95]The South African School of Motion Picture and Live Performance, orAFDAfor short, is situated in Auckland Park.

Johannesburg also has three teacher-training colleges and a technical college. There are numerous kindergartens, primary schools and high schools in the region.

Economy

edit
TheJohannesburg Stock Exchange

Johannesburg is the economic and financial hub of South Africa, producing 16% of South Africa's gross domestic product, and accounts for 40% of Gauteng's economic activity.[citation needed]In a 2008 survey conducted byMastercard,Johannesburg ranked 47 out of 50 top cities in the world as a worldwide centre of commerce (the only city in Africa).[96]

Mining was the foundation of theWitwatersrand's economy, but its importance is gradually declining due to dwindling reserves and service and manufacturing industries have become more significant to the city's economy. While gold mining no longer takes place within thecity limits,most mining companies still have their headquarters in Johannesburg. The city's manufacturing industries extend across a range of areas and there is still a reliance on heavy industries including steel and cement plants. The service and other industries include banking, IT, real estate, transport, broadcast and print media, private health care, transport and a vibrant leisure and consumer retail market.[citation needed]Johannesburg has Africa's largest stock exchange, theJSEalthough it has moved out of the central business district. Due to its commercial role, the city is the seat of the provincial government and the site of a number of government branch offices, as well as consular offices and other institutions.

The Witwatersrand urban complex is a major consumer of water in a dry region. Its continued economic and population growth has depended on schemes to divert water from other regions of South Africa and from the highlands ofLesotho,the biggest of which is theLesotho Highlands Water Project,but additional sources will be needed early in the 21st century.

The container terminal atCity Deepis known to be the largest "dry port"in the world,[97]with some 50% of cargo that arrives through the ports ofDurbanandCape Townarriving in Johannesburg. The City Deep area has been declared an IDZ (industrial development zone) by the Gauteng government.[citation needed][98]

Retail

edit
See also:Category: Shopping centres in Johannesburg
Sandton Cityshopping mall inSandton,Johannesburg.

Johannesburg's largest shopping centres, measured by gross leasable area (GLA, the uniform measure of centre size as determined by the International Council of Shopping Centers) are Sandton City, Eastgate, Mall of Africa, Westgate and Cresta.Melrose Archis one of its most prestigious.[citation needed]Other centres includeHyde Park Corner,Rosebank,Southgate,The Glen Shopping Centre, Johannesburg South, and Clearwater Mall. There were also plans to build a large shopping centre, known as the Zonk'Izizwe Shopping Resort, inMidrand,but these have been indefinitely delayed due to the opening ofMall of Africa."Zonk'Izizwe" means "All Nations" inZulu language,indicating that the centre will cater to the city's diverse mix of peoples and races. Also a complex named Greenstone in Modderfontein has been opened.[99]Cradlestone Mall is a new mall named for its location which is close to theCradle of Humankind,a World Heritage Site.

Law and government

edit

Government

edit
Main article:City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality
The seven regions of the city

Upon the creation of the Metropolitan Municipality in 2000 the city was subdivided into eleven regions, simply named Region 1 to Region 11. These were reorganised in 2006 into the current seven regions named Alpha betically Region A to Region G, as shown on the nearby map.[100]

As of 2006the seven regions are:

  • Region A:Diepsloot, Kya Sand;
  • Region B:Randburg, Rosebank, Emmarentia, Greenside, Melville, Northcliff, Rosebank, Parktown, Parktown North;
  • Region C:Roodepoort, Constantia Kloof, Northgate;
  • Region D:Doornkop,Soweto,Dobsonville, Protea Glen;
  • Region E:Alexandra, Wynberg,Sandton;
  • Region F:Inner City;
  • Region G:Orange Farm, Ennerdale, Lenasia.

In the 2016 municipal elections, the ruling party, the ANC, lost their majority in Johannesburg for the first time since taking power in 1994, claiming only 44.12% of the vote. The Economic Freedom Fighters and Democratic Alliance both agreed to vote for the DA mayoral candidate,Herman Mashaba,who was sworn into power as the first Democratic Alliance mayor of Johannesburg on 22 August 2016.[101]The ANC returned to the city's executive on 4 December 2019 following the election of its regional chair,Geoff Makhubo,to the mayoralty.[102]Makhubo died on 9 July 2021 andEunice Mgcinawas appointed acting mayor.[103]A new mayor, Jolidee Matongo, was elected unopposed on 10 August 2021.[104]Matongo died in a car accident in September 2021 andMpho Moeranewas elected to succeed him.[105]

Crime

edit
Officers of theSouth African Police ServicewithVektor R5rifles on parade in Johannesburg, 2010
Ashanty towninSowetotownship

After theGroup Areas Actwas scrapped in 1991, Johannesburg was affected byurban blight.Thousands of poor black people, who had been forbidden to live in the city proper, moved into the city from surrounding black townships likeSowetoand many immigrants from economically beleaguered and war torn African nations flooded into South Africa. Many buildings were abandoned bylandlords,especially in high-density areas, such asHillbrow.Many corporations and institutions, including thestock exchange,moved their headquarters away from the city centre, to suburbs likeSandton.[106]

Reviving the city centre is one of the main aims of the municipal government of Johannesburg. Drastic measures have been taken to reduce crime in the city. These measures includeclosed-circuit televisionon street corners. As of 11 December 2008, every street corner in Johannesburg central is under high-techCCTVsurveillance.[107]The CCTV system, operated by the Johannesburg Metropolitan Police Department (JMPD), is also able to detect stolen or hijacked vehicles by scanning the number plates of every vehicle travelling through the central business district (CBD), then comparing them to the eNaTIS database. The JMPD claims that the average response time by police for crimes committed in the CBD is 60 seconds.[107]

Crime levels in Johannesburg have dropped as the economy has stabilised and begun to grow.[108]Between 2001 and 2006, R9-billion (US$1.2 billion) has been invested in the city centre. Further investment of around R10-billion (US$1.5 billion) is expected in the city centre alone by 2010. This excludes development directly associated with the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[109]In an effort to prepare Johannesburg for the2010 FIFA World Cup,local government enlisted the help ofRudy Giuliani,formerMayor of New York City,to help bring down the crime rate, as the opening and closing matches of the tournament were played in the city.[110]

Murdersin the Johannesburg municipality amounted to 1,697 in 2007 according to the South African Medical Research Council, a rate of 43 per 100,000 inhabitants.[111]In 2016 that number had sharply declined to 29.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, placing the murder rate at more than half of that ofCape Townand even below the national average.[112]

Culture

edit

Johannesburg is a cultural hub in South Africa[113]and has a wide variety of cultural venues, making it a prominent area for many creative and cultural industries.[113]

Johannesburg is home to the National School of Arts, The University of Witwatersrand's School of the Arts and the South African Ballet Theatre,[113][114]as well as theJohannesburg Art Gallery[115]and other prominent cultural landmarks, such as theMary Fitzgerald Square[113]and numerous other museums, theatres, galleries and libraries.[113]

TheJohannesburg City Libraryis located in the Central Business District of Johannesburg.[116]

Museums and galleries

edit
Johannesburg Art Gallery
Apartheid Museum

Specialist museums cover subjects such as Africana, costume, design,fossils,geology,military history,medical,pharmacy,photography and transportation networks such as railways.Gold Reef City,a living museum, was originally part of the Crown Mines Complex, where gold was mined to a depth of 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). TheMarket Theatrestages plays, comedy shows, and musical performances.

The following is a list of some of the museums and galleries that can be found in Johannesburg.[117]

  • AECI Dynamite Factory Museum
The AECI Dynamite Factory Museum, housed in the 1895 residence of a mining official, records the history of explosives, with particular emphasis on their use in the mining industry.
  • Adler Museum of Medicine
History of Medicine, brainchild of Dr Cyril Adler, was formally inaugurated 1962. The museum's role was to collect and preserve for posterity all material that would illustrate the history of medicine in general and of South Africa in particular.
Named after the former President Mandela's clan, the museum's theme is Mzabalazo and charts South Africa's journey to democracy.
Located on the campus of theUniversity of the WitwatersrandinBraamfontein,[118]this museum contains some excellent examples of southern African rock art and the origins of humankind.
  • Bernberg Fashion Museum
Bernberg Fashion Museum is primarily a museum collection, consisting of objects, and explains why and how clothing has changed and how the fashions of the past influence those of today.
The Zoology Museum is the only natural history museum in Johannesburg which is unusual because all the other major cities in South Africa have large public natural history museums. It has retained a unique character as the display specimens are exhibited in finely crafted teak cabinets which allow the viewer to engage directly with scores of objects at close range.

Entertainment and performing arts

edit
Rise Againstperforming live in Johannesburg, South Africa, as part ofRAMFest2013

Johannesburg hosts many of South Africa's premier music events, such asRAMFest's Johannesburg leg,[119][120][121][122]In The City[123]and many international tours from bands and artists around the world.[124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131]Several critically acclaimed musical acts come from Johannesburg, such asKongos,Johnny Clegg,Trevor Rabin,Zebra & Giraffe,Man As Machine,The Parlotones,andShortStraw.

TheJoburg Theatrecomplex hosts drama, opera and ballet.

The Market Theatre Foundation houses the historicMarket Theatrein Newtown with various sized stages holding performances from theatre to music and dance. The foundation also oversees theMarket Theatre LaboratoryandThe Market Photo Workshop– run training programmes for young creatives and presenting work to the public.

Public art

edit

Public art ranges from sculptures to murals to pieces by artists likeWilliam KentridgeandGerhard Marx'sFire Walker.Many pieces are developed through community workshops, such as the Vilakazi Street sculptures. Others are functional, such as street furniture found inHillbrowand the city centre.[citation needed]

As part of the Johannesburg Development Agency's (JDA) policy to make city areas desirable to potential investors, the organisation has identified public art as a way to improve the urban experience of the city.[132]The JDA spends 1 percent of all projects of over R10-million on public art.[133]

Architecture and urbanism

edit
Main articles:Architecture of JohannesburgandSuburbs of Johannesburg
Trust Bank Buildingin 2018
Johannesburg Central Business District

Johannesburg is home to some of Africa's tallest structures, such as theSentech Tower,Hillbrow Tower,theCarlton CentreandPonte City Apartments.The Johannesburg city skyline has most of the tallest buildings on the continent and contains most international organisations such asIBM,Absa,BHP,Willis Group,First National Bank,NedbankandStandard Bank.Many of the city's older buildings have been demolished and more modern ones built in their place. North of the CBD isHillbrow,the most densely populated residential area in southern Africa. Northwest of the CBD isBraamfontein,a secondary CBD housing many offices and business premises. The CBD is predominated by four styles of architecture, beingVictorian Colonial,Edwardian Baroque,Art DecoandModernism.

The city is often described as Africa's economic powerhouse, and contentiously as a modern and prosperous African city.[134]Johannesburg, like many metropolises, has more than one central business district (CBD), including, but not limited to, Sandton, Rosebank and Roodepoort in addition to the original CBD. Some tend to include Benoni and Germiston as well.

Due to its many different central districts, Johannesburg would fall under themultiple nuclei modelinhuman geographyterms. It is the hub of South Africa's commercial, financial, industrial, and mining undertakings. Johannesburg is part of a larger urban region. It is closely linked with several other satellite towns.RandburgandSandtonform part of the northern area. The east and west ridges spread out from central Johannesburg. The Central Business District covers an area of 6 square kilometres (2 sq mi). It consists of closely packed skyscrapers such as theCarlton Centre,Marble Towers,Trust Bank Building,Ponte City Apartments,Southern Life Centreand11 Diagonal Street.

Johannesburg's city centre retains its elements of a rectangular grid pattern that was first officially recorded in 1886.[59]Streets are narrow and filled with high rises built in the mid- to late 1900s. Old Victorian–era buildings first built in the late 1800s have been torn down long ago.[59]The 1900s brought along with it the introduction of many different architectural styles and structures. The Johannesburg Art Gallery and Supreme Court Building being two examples. These were important Beaux-Arts structures, with the style put in place by (at the time) colonial parent, the British Empire.[59]South Africa didn't borrow architectural techniques exclusively from Britain, however. They were also inspired by American models and styles, having built several structures like the ESKOM Building and the Corner House to emulate the prowess of New York City, located in the United States.[59]

Panoramic view of theJohannesburg Central Business District

Sports

edit
Uruguayvs.Ghanaat theFNB Stadium,during the2010 FIFA World Cup

Johannesburg's most popular sports by participation areassociation football,cricket,rugby union,andrunning.Early each Sunday morning, tens of thousands of runners gather to take part in informal runs organised by several athletic clubs.

The city has several football clubs in thePremier Soccer League(PSL) and theNational First Division.In the PSL, the top Johannesburg teams are all fierce rivals and includeKaizer Chiefs(nicknamedAmakhosi),Orlando Pirates(nicknamed theBuccaneers),Moroka SwallowsandWits University(nicknamed theClever Boys). They are based at the city'sFNB,Orlando,DobsonvilleandBidveststadiums. Several large-scale league and cup games are played atSoccer Citythe venue of the2010 FIFA World Cupfinal. First Division teams areJomo CosmosandFC AK.Katlehong City and Alexandra United, play atAlexandraand Reiger Park stadium respectively.

Cricket is one of the more popular sports. In cricket, theHighveld Lionsrepresent Johannesburg, the rest of Gauteng as well as theNorth Westat theWanderers Stadiumwhich was the venue for the2003 Cricket World CupFinal in whichAustraliasuccessfully defended their title againstIndia.Wanderers Stadium hosted what many cricket fans consider the greatest everODImatch in which South Africa successfully chased down 434 runs. They take part in thefirst classSuperSport Series,theone-dayMTN Domestic Championshipand theTwenty20Ram Slam T20 Challenge.Johannesburg also hosted matches from and the final of the2007 ICC World Twenty20,in which India beatPakistanin the final.

TheLions,formerly the Cats, represent Johannesburg,North WestandMpumalangain theUnited Rugby Championshipcompetition, which includes teams from South Africa, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. TheGolden Lionscompete in theCurrie Cup,which they have won on ten occasions. They are housed atEllis Park Stadium,which also hosted theIRB1995 Rugby World Cup Final,in which the South AfricanSpringboksdefeated the New ZealandAll Blacks.

The city'sTicketpro Domeand theEllis Park Arenahosted two of the threeNBA Africa Games.[135]

Infrastructure

edit

Transportation

edit

Johannesburg is a young and sprawling city, with its public transportation built in its infancy, geared towards private motorists, and lacks a convenient public transportation system. The City though has invested a large percentage of its budget[when?]toward an effective integrated public transportation system. A significant number of the city's residents are dependent on the city's informal minibus taxis.[citation needed]

Roads

edit
Further information:Johannesburg Freeways
TheM1is a major freeway in Johannesburg

Johannesburg shares a network ofmetropolitan routeswithKrugersdorpandEkurhuleni.The fact that Johannesburg is not near a large navigable body of water has meant that ground transportation has been the most important method of transporting people and goods in and out of the city. One of Africa's most famous "beltways" or ring roads/orbitals is theJohannesburg Ring Road.The road is composed of three freeways that converge on the city, forming an 80-kilometre (50 mi) loop around it: theN3 Eastern Bypass,theN1 Western Bypassand theN12 Southern Bypass.TheN3was built exclusively withasphalt,while theN12andN1sections were made with concrete, hence the nickname given to the N1 Western Bypass, "The Concrete Highway". In spite of being up to 12 lanes wide in some areas, the Johannesburg Ring Road is frequently clogged with traffic. The Gillooly's Interchange (renamed George Bizos Interchange in 2021[136]), built on an old farm and the point at which the N3 Eastern Bypass and theR24 Airport Freewayintersect, is the busiest interchange in the Southern Hemisphere.[137]It is claimed[137][138]that the N1 is the busiest road in South Africa.

Johannesburg has a lot of freeways connected to it.[139]TheN1connects northwards toPretoriaandPolokwaneand southwards toBloemfonteinandCape Town.[139]TheN3connects south-east toDurban.[139]TheN12connects westwards toPotchefstroomandKimberleyand eastwards toeMalahleni.[139]TheN14passes at the north-western corner of the Johannesburg Municipality, connectingPretoriawithKrugersdorp.[139]TheN17connects eastwards toErmeloandEswatini.[139]TheR21connects theEast RandandO. R. Tambo International Airportwith Pretoria.[139]TheR24connects theJohannesburg CBDwith the airport.[139]TheR59connects southwards toVereenigingandSasolburg.[139]TheM1connects the Johannesburg CBD with the northern suburbs and thesouthern suburbs.TheM2connects the Johannesburg CBD with theGermiston CBDto the east. The M1 and M2 freeways are congested due to mass urbanisation.

Johannesburg also has a lot of non-freeway routes that connect to other towns and cities. TheR24connects the Johannesburg city centre withRoodepoort,KrugersdorpandRustenburgto the west.[139]TheR25connects Johannesburg's northern suburbs withModderfonteinandKempton Parkto the north-east.[139]TheR29connects the city centre withGermiston,BoksburgandBenonito the east.[139]TheR41connects the city centre with Roodepoort andRandfonteinto the west.[139]TheR55connectsSandtonwithPretoria Westto the north.[139]TheR82connectsJohannesburg SouthwithVereenigingto the south.[139]TheR101connects Sandton withMidrand,Centurionand Pretoria to the north.[139]TheR511connects Sandton withDiepslootandHartbeespoortto the north.[139]TheR512connectsRandburgwithLanseria International Airportand Hartbeespoort to the north.[139]

Bus and taxi transit

edit
Rea Vayabus stop inJohannesburg CBDin Commissioner Street at Ntemi Piliso Street

Johannesburg is served by a bus fleet operated by MetroBus, a corporate unit of the City of Johannesburg.[140][141]It has a fleet consisting of approximately 550 single and double-decker buses, plying 84 different routes in the city. This total includes 200 modern buses (150 double-deckers and 50 single-deckers), made byVolvo,Scania ABand Marcopolo/Brasa in 2002. Metrobus' fleet carries approximately 20 million passengers per annum. In addition, there are a number of private bus operators, though most focus on the inter-city routes, or on bus charters for touring groups. The city's main bus terminus is situated inGandhi Square,where passengers can also obtain information regarding the Metrobus service from the walk-in customer information desk.

In 2010, in order to create an efficient public transport system theRea Vayabus rapid system was developed/built. The buses run on their own dedicated bus lanes on the main trunk and complementary routes. The buses also have large feeder routes that run on ordinary roads. The Rea Vaya works on a smartcard payment system, on entering the station or bus the passenger taps his/her smartcard onto the validator/scanner and taps out at the next station with the calculated amount. The routes cover both the southern and northern suburbs with the main trunk route running from Soweto to Sandton and Rosebank, and the feeder and complementary routes covering most of Johannesburg, with the notable exceptions of Midrand and Centurion. A subsequent expansion (phase 1-C;1-D) will cover these areas. In 2017, theRea Vayabus rapid transit was recorded to be making huge losses recovering only about 40 per cent of the operating costs and relying heavily on government subsidies.[142]

Johannesburg has two kinds of taxis,metered taxisandminibus taxis.Unlike many cities, metered taxis are not allowed to drive around the city looking for passengers and instead must be called and ordered to a destination. The Gauteng Provincial Government has launched a new metered taxi programme in an attempt to increase the use of metered taxis in the city.[citation needed]

The minibus "taxis" are thede factostandard and essential form of transport for the majority of the population. Since the 1980s, the minibus taxi industry has been severely affected byturf wars.[143][144]

Airports

edit
O. R. Tambo International Airport

Johannesburg is served principally byO. R. Tambo International Airport(formerly Johannesburg International Airport and before that Jan Smuts Airport) for both domestic and international flights.Lanseria Airport,located to the north-west of the city and closer to the business hub ofSandton,is used for commercial flights toCape Town,Durban,Port Elizabeth,Botswana, andSun City.Other airports includeRand AirportandGrand Central Airport.Rand Airport, located inGermiston,is a small airfield used mostly for private aircraft and the home ofSouth African Airways' first Boeing 747–200 ZS-SAN and also 747SP ZS-SPC and now serves as an aviation museum. Grand Central is located in Midrand and also caters to small, private aircraft.

Rail

edit
Metrorail GautengatBraamfontein,Johannesburg

TheMetrorail Gautengcommuter railsystem connects central Johannesburg toSoweto,Pretoria,and most of the satellite towns along theWitwatersrand.The railways transport huge numbers of commuters every day. However, the Metrorail infrastructure was built in Johannesburg's infancy and covers only the older areas in the city's south. The northern areas, including the business districts ofSandton,Midrand,Randburg,andRosebank,are served by the rapidraillinkGautrain.

Gautrainstation at OR Tambo Airport

A part of the Gauteng Provincial Government's Blue IQ Project,Gautrainhas made provision for a rapidraillink, running north to south, between Johannesburg and Pretoria, and west to east between Sandton and theOR Tambo International Airport.Construction of the Gautrain Rapid Rail started in October 2006 and was completed in June 2012. It consists of a number of underground stations, as well as above-ground stations. Stations on the north–south line include Johannesburg'sPark Station(underground),Rosebank(underground),Sandton(underground),Marlboro(above-ground and raised),Midrand,PretoriaStation andHatfield.There is also a line from the O.R. Tambo International Airport (above-ground and raised) travelling to Sandton viaRhodesfield(raised) and Marlboro. A 200-kilometre expansion is underway and will consist of 3 new lines and 18 new stations, and is expected to cost R18 billion and one-lines (Soweto Mamalodi) could take 4 years to build, most of the new stations will be in Johannesburg.

The east–west line from the airport to Sandton opened in June 2010 in time for the2010 FIFA World Cup,while the north–south line opened on 2 August 2011, except for Park Station, which opened in 2012.

The rail system was designed to alleviate traffic on theN1freeway between Johannesburg and Pretoria, which records vehicle loads of up to 300,000 per week day.[145]An extensive bus feeder system has also been implemented, which allows access to the main stations from the outer suburbs, but is limited to a five-kilometre radius, which neglects the rest of the suburbs. This is the first new major railway system that has been laid in South Africa since 1977.[146]

In 2010, ahigh-speed rail linkwas proposed between Johannesburg andDurban.[147]In 2020 the government announced plans for high-speed rail from Johannesburg toSoweto.[148]

Freight

edit

City Deep Terminal is the name of Africa's largestdry portand was officially opened by the South African Railways Services (SARS) in 1977. The container terminal is connected to the Port of Durban, Port of Ngqurha, Port of Cape Town, as well as Southern Africa by road and rail. At least forty percent of container export/imports run on the Natal Corridor (Natcor) which is directly linked by rail to City Deep.

Telecommunication

edit

Johannesburg has 4 major cellular telecommunications operators:Vodacom,MTN,Cell C,andTelkom Mobile.Vodacom's global headquarters is located inMidrand.It was formed in 1994, just after the South African elections of 1994.[149]

Media

edit
South African Broadcasting Corporationheadquarters in Uitsaaisentrum, Johannesburg

Johannesburg has a number of regional radio stations such as94.7 Highveld Stereo,Radiokansel / Radio Pulpit,Kaya FM,Radio 2000,YFM,Metro FM,5FM,Jacaranda FM,SAfm,Phalaphala FM,Radio 702andUJFM.[150]

Johannesburg is also the headquarters of state-owned broadcasterSouth African Broadcasting Corporation[151]and pay-broadcast network Multichoice[152]which distributesM-NetandDStva digital satellite service, whileeTValso has a presence in the city. The city has two television towers, theHillbrow Tower[153]and theSentech Tower.[154]

International relations

edit

Twin towns – sister cities

edit

Johannesburg istwinnedwith:[155]

Partner cities

edit

Johannesburg is cooperating with:[155][156]

Notes

edit
  1. ^"Place Names of Pre-colonial Origin and their Use Today".2 August 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 7 October 2023.Retrieved7 October2023.
  2. ^"Chilli city".14 November 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 27 November 2022.Retrieved27 November2022.
  3. ^"Egoli definition and meaning".Collins English Dictionary.Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2021.Retrieved17 July2018.
  4. ^"Johannesburg (South Africa)".Retrieved7 October2023.
  5. ^Robson, Linda Gillian (2011)."Annexure A"(PDF).The Royal Engineers and settlement planning in the Cape Colony 1806–1872: Approach, methodology and impact(PhD thesis). University of Pretoria. pp. xlv–lii.hdl:2263/26503.Archivedfrom the original on 26 March 2023.Retrieved13 November2022.
  6. ^abcd"Johannesburg".Census 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 7 September 2016.Retrieved27 November2017.
  7. ^abcdCensus 2022: Provinces at a Glance(PDF)(Report).Statistics South Africa.2023. pp. 36, 73.ISBN978-0-621-51559-6.
  8. ^abcThomas Brinkhoff (15 September 2014)."South Africa: Provinces and Major Urban Areas".City Population.Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2019.Retrieved17 April2015.
  9. ^abc"Population of Johannesburg".Archivedfrom the original on 20 September 2019.Retrieved8 September2019.
  10. ^"Gauteng's Human Development Index"(PDF).Gauteng City-Region Observatory. 2013. p. 1. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 11 January 2015.Retrieved1 January2015.
  11. ^abTop 150 richest cities in the world(Report). 11 March 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 9 February 2014.Retrieved19 February2023.
  12. ^"Johannesburg: The City of Gold".Johannesburg: The City of Gold.22 October 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 18 January 2021.Retrieved17 December2020.
  13. ^"The history of Joburg, City of Gold".SouthAfrica.net.Archivedfrom the original on 27 November 2020.Retrieved17 December2020.
  14. ^"Major Agglomerations of the World".CityPopulation.de.Archivedfrom the original on 12 June 2018.Retrieved17 September2020.
  15. ^Th. Brinkhoff (23 January 2010)."Principal Agglomerations of the World".Citypopulation.de.Archivedfrom the original on 4 July 2010.Retrieved2 July2010.
  16. ^"Johannesburg".Archivedfrom the original on 26 April 2015.Retrieved25 May2015.
  17. ^Bhana, Deeksha (2018). "The Constitutional Court as the apex court for the common law of contract: Middle ground between the approaches of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of Appeal".South African Journal on Human Rights.34:8–32.doi:10.1080/02587203.2018.1432100.S2CID149346012.
  18. ^"Johannesburg | City, History, Map, & Points of Interest | Britannica".britannica.3 September 2023.Retrieved5 September2023.
  19. ^Ritchie, Kevin (2 July 2012)."A jubilee that truly sparkles".IOL.Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2021.Retrieved10 September2019.
  20. ^"How was Johannesburg named?".joburg.org.za.Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2021.Retrieved30 April2020.
  21. ^"Rissik Street Post Office Johannesburg – The Heritage Portal".theheritageportal.co.za.Archivedfrom the original on 18 October 2019.Retrieved31 May2017.
  22. ^"City of Johannesburg – Rissik Street Post Office".Archived fromthe originalon 11 November 2013.Retrieved16 May2017.
  23. ^"Melville Koppies: Ancient History".mk.org.za.Archivedfrom the original on 15 March 2016.Retrieved20 July2021.
  24. ^Mason, Revil (1986),Origins of Black People of Johannesburg and the Southern Western Central Transvaal, AD 300-1880,Archeological Research Unit (University of the Witwatersrand)
  25. ^"Botswana profile".BBC News.9 August 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 11 February 2021.Retrieved17 December2020.
  26. ^Olson, James S.; Shadle, Robert S., eds. (1996).Historical Dictionary of the British Empire.Greenwood Press. p. 118.ISBN0-313-27917-9.
  27. ^"Mfecane | Zulu Expansion, Shaka Zulu & Nguni Migrations | Britannica".britannica.Retrieved24 April2024.
  28. ^Melanie Yap (1996).Colour, Confusion and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa.Hong Kong University Press. p. 84.ISBN978-962-209-424-6.Retrieved7 May2013.
  29. ^"Chinatown Precinct Plan"(PDF).City of Johannesburg. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2016.Retrieved10 May2013.The oldest part of Johannesburg was first known as Ferreira's Camp and later Ferreiradorp.
  30. ^"Westgate Station Precinct Spatial Development Framework and Implementation Plan"(PDF).City of Johannesburg (Archive). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2016.Retrieved7 May2013.
  31. ^"How was Johannesburg named?".Official Website of the City of Johannesburg. 2015. Archived fromthe originalon 17 April 2015.Retrieved17 April2015.
  32. ^abcAndrew M. Reid; Paul J. Lane (2004).African Historical Archaeologies.Springer. p. 347.ISBN978-0-306-47996-0.Archivedfrom the original on 2 September 2023.Retrieved7 May2013.
  33. ^Musiker, Naomi; Musiker, Reuben (2000).A Concise Historical Dictionary of Greater Johannesburg.Cape Town: Francolin.ISBN978-1868590711.
  34. ^Victor Hunt (7 December 2013)."Johannesburg: The City Built on Gold".Travelhouse UK.Archivedfrom the original on 14 September 2014.Retrieved16 September2014.
  35. ^Gerald Anton Leyds (1964).A History of Johannesburg: The Early Years.Nasionale Boekhandel Beperk. pp. (from snippet view).Archivedfrom the original on 2 September 2023.Retrieved7 May2013.
  36. ^Geological Society of London (2005).Mineral Deposits and Earth Evolution.Geological Society of London. p. 31.ISBN9781862391826.Archivedfrom the original on 2 September 2023.Retrieved18 October2020.
  37. ^van Onselen, Charles.New Nineveh and New Babylon.
  38. ^"Battle for Johannesburg".Archivedfrom the original on 23 September 2015.Retrieved17 April2015.
  39. ^Engelbrecht, Leon (27 May 2009)."Hidden in Plain Sight: Johannesburg's Battlefields"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 17 April 2015.Retrieved17 April2015.
  40. ^abChisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)."Johannesburg".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 432.
  41. ^Writer, Staff (13 August 2017)."These pictures show what Joburg looked like in 1930".BusinessTech.Archived from the original on 24 May 2024.Retrieved24 May2024.{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  42. ^abBrogan, PatrickThe fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945,New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 86.
  43. ^abcBrogan, PatrickThe fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945,New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 92.
  44. ^abBrogan, PatrickThe fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945,New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 80.
  45. ^abcBrogan, PatrickThe fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945,New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 91.
  46. ^Brogan, PatrickThe fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945,New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 93.
  47. ^Brogan, PatrickThe fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945,New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 100.
  48. ^"History of Johannesburg".Amethyst.co.za. 5 April 2003.Archivedfrom the original on 14 June 2009.Retrieved2 July2010.
  49. ^Guardian Staff (30 May 1999)."Johannesburg, the most dangerous city on earth?".the Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 22 October 2022.Retrieved22 October2022.
  50. ^"Maboneng | The heart and essence of the city of Joburg".Maboneng.Archivedfrom the original on 4 December 2017.Retrieved3 December2017.
  51. ^"Rand Steam information".Archivedfrom the original on 24 February 2021.Retrieved24 April2018.
  52. ^Pather, Ra'eesa."The battle to rebuild Jo'burg's historic laundry buildings has finally been won".The M&G Online.Archivedfrom the original on 24 April 2018.Retrieved24 April2018.
  53. ^"South African mob kills migrants".BBC. 12 May 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 13 March 2017.Retrieved19 May2008.
  54. ^"Gauteng xenophobia attacks akin to 2008 crisis – Institute of Race Relations".News24.5 September 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 15 September 2019.Retrieved22 September2019.
  55. ^"FNB Stadium (Soccer City) – Johannesburg – The Stadium Guide"(in Dutch). 2 March 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 30 May 2023.Retrieved30 May2023.
  56. ^"15th BRICS Summit: Johannesburg II Declaration".mea.gov.in.
  57. ^"Inside a 'hijacked' South African building".BBC News.
  58. ^Lucille DavieWater, water every dayjoburg.org.za, 24 December 2004.
  59. ^abcdefgCampbell, James T. (19 August 2015)."Johannesburg".Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on 9 November 2016.Retrieved8 November2016.
  60. ^"Custodians of Joburg's green heritage".Johannesburg City Parks. Archived fromthe originalon 20 March 2013.Retrieved29 September2008.
  61. ^"South Africa's official gateway – investment, travel, country information".Archived fromthe originalon 3 February 2018.Retrieved25 May2015.
  62. ^"The Ann van Dyk Cheetah Centre – De Wildt".Archivedfrom the original on 19 March 2022.Retrieved25 May2015.
  63. ^"The Nearest Faraway Place – Johannesburg, South Africa".rhinolion.co.za.Archived fromthe originalon 22 November 2012.Retrieved15 January2017.
  64. ^"Johannesburg & Gauteng Weather and Climate".Safarinow.Archivedfrom the original on 22 May 2013.Retrieved14 April2013.
  65. ^"UV index of Johannesburg".uvawareness. Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2015.Retrieved13 December2015.
  66. ^SABCnews."Joburg covered by snow as temperature drops".Archived fromthe originalon 29 June 2007.Retrieved16 July2007.
  67. ^Bauer, Nickolaus (7 August 2012)."Snow in the city delights Jo'burg residents".Mail & Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 9 August 2012.Retrieved7 August2012.
  68. ^Kitongo, Gertrude (11 July 2023)."South Africans abuzz after first snowfall in over a decade".CNN.Archivedfrom the original on 27 July 2023.Retrieved27 July2023.
  69. ^"Johannesburg temperature records".South African Weather Service.Retrieved8 April2012.[permanent dead link]
  70. ^"World Weather Information Service – Johannesburg".World Meteorological Organization.Retrieved8 April2013.
  71. ^"Johannesburg/Jan Smuts Climate Normals 1961–1990".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Retrieved8 April2013.
  72. ^"Climate data for Johannesburg".South African Weather Service. Archived fromthe originalon 8 March 2010.Retrieved6 March2010.
  73. ^"Monthly weather forecast and climate Johannesburg, South Africa".Weather Atlas.Retrieved11 June2020.
  74. ^"Johannesburg, South Africa (1886-- ) – The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed".blackpast.org.6 July 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 8 December 2015.Retrieved30 November2015.
  75. ^The State of African Cities 2014.United Nations Human Settlements Programme.10 September 2015.ISBN978-92-1-132598-0.Archived fromthe originalon 10 September 2014.
  76. ^ab"Local Municipality, City of Johannesburg".Statistics South Africa.Archivedfrom the original on 2 November 2022.Retrieved27 November2017.
  77. ^travelfilmarchive (8 November 2012)."The Union of South Africa, 1956".Archivedfrom the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  78. ^darren lennox (23 February 2017)."British Empire: The British Colony Of The Union Of South Africa 1956".Archivedfrom the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  79. ^Beall, Jo; Crankshaw, Owen; Parnell, Susan (2000)."Local government, poverty reduction and inequality in Johannesburg".Environment and Urbanization.12(1): 107–122.Bibcode:2000EnUrb..12..107B.doi:10.1177/095624780001200108.S2CID16645676.AbstractArchived23 July 2009 at theWayback Machine
  80. ^"Apartheid legacy of urban sprawl is the challenge our cities face".Daily Maverick.Archivedfrom the original on 15 January 2021.Retrieved2 July2019.
  81. ^Africa, Statistics South (2011)."Main Place".statssa.gov.za.Statistics South Africa.Archivedfrom the original on 1 December 2017.Retrieved27 November2017.
  82. ^"Census 2011 — Main Place" Johannesburg "".census2011.adrianfrith.Archivedfrom the original on 12 February 2017.Retrieved27 November2017.
  83. ^"Main Place" Johannesburg "".South African National Census of 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 27 March 2019.Retrieved27 April2018.
  84. ^Gugler, Josef (2004).World Cities Beyond the West: Globalization, Development and Inequality.Cambridge University Press. p. 348.ISBN9780521536851.Archivedfrom the original on 2 September 2023.Retrieved24 August2020.
  85. ^"The World's Cities in 2016"(PDF).United Nations.2016. p. 11.Archived(PDF)from the original on 1 October 2017.Retrieved5 December2017.
  86. ^Britannica,SouthAfricaArchived29 June 2019 at theWayback Machine,britannica, US, accessed on 7 July 2019
  87. ^Our JohannesburgJewish Affairs. 6 May 2020
  88. ^Africa, Statistics South."Local Municipality | Statistics South Africa".Archivedfrom the original on 22 July 2017.Retrieved22 August2021.
  89. ^University of the Witwatersrand."Wits Facts".University of the Witwatersrand. Archived fromthe originalon 14 August 2011.Retrieved26 May2011.
  90. ^"Face to Face Campuses".Educor. Archived fromthe originalon 6 October 2011.Retrieved19 May2013.
  91. ^"Contact Us – CTI Education Group".Cti.co.za. Archived fromthe originalon 28 May 2013.Retrieved19 May2013.
  92. ^"College South Africa | SA Colleges".Lyceum.co.za. Archived fromthe originalon 2 July 2013.Retrieved19 May2013.
  93. ^"Contact us – Monash South Africa".Monash.ac.za. Archived fromthe originalon 12 May 2013.Retrieved19 May2013.
  94. ^"Contact Us".Mgi.ac.za. Archived fromthe originalon 29 June 2013.Retrieved19 May2013.
  95. ^"Archived copy".Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2009.Retrieved2 March2009.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link),23 May 2006
  96. ^"Mastercard – Global Leading Company in Payment Solutions Offering Credit, Debit, Prepaid Cards & More"(PDF).Mastercard.Archived(PDF)from the original on 16 February 2008.Retrieved14 December2007.
  97. ^Cronje, Erené; Matthee, Marianne; Krugell, Waldo (2009)."The Role of Dry Ports in South Africa"(PDF).Transport and Communications Bulletin for Asia and the Pacific(78).ESCAP:112–120.S2CID55915534.Retrieved8 September2024.
  98. ^"IDZ".What Happened to the Portcullis?.25 February 2014.Retrieved24 April2024.
  99. ^"GREENSTONE MALL: BENTEL INTERNATIONAL: Architect Africa Features Page".Architectafrica. Archived fromthe originalon 8 December 2005.Retrieved2 July2010.
  100. ^Abraham, Anish (11 May 2006)."Jozi plans major restructuring".City of Johannesburg. Archived fromthe originalon 27 June 2006.
  101. ^Manyathela, Clement."Victory for DA as Herman Mashaba is elected Mayor of Johannesburg".ewn.co.za.Archivedfrom the original on 24 February 2021.Retrieved15 January2017.
  102. ^Deklerk, Aphiwe (4 December 2019)."ANC's Geoff Makhubo is the new Joburg mayor".TimesLIVE.Archivedfrom the original on 4 December 2019.Retrieved4 December2019.
  103. ^Nkosi, Ntombi (9 July 2021)."Eunice Mgcina is acting mayor of Joburg".iol.co.za.Archivedfrom the original on 11 July 2021.Retrieved20 July2021.
  104. ^Nonkululeko Njilo."Jolidee Matongo becomes new mayor of Joburg unopposed".SowetanLIVE.Archivedfrom the original on 10 August 2021.Retrieved10 August2021.
  105. ^Zulu, Sifiso."Mpho Moerane is officially Joburg's new mayor".ewn.co.za.Archivedfrom the original on 15 July 2022.Retrieved1 October2021.
  106. ^"Johannesburg Stock Exchange History - Property24".property24.Archivedfrom the original on 24 February 2021.Retrieved18 February2016.
  107. ^abGifford, Gill (11 December 2008)."Joburg Surveillance Zooms In".IOL News.Archivedfrom the original on 7 March 2021.Retrieved9 July2018.
  108. ^Drop in serious crime in Jo'burgArchived10 July 2018 at theWayback Machine,Mail & Guardian Online,7 July 2006.
  109. ^van der Merwe, Christy (25 May 2007)."Joburg's residential projects are supporting an acceleration of the rejuvenation effort".engineeringnews.co.za.Archivedfrom the original on 10 July 2018.Retrieved9 July2018.
  110. ^"City of Johannesburg is calling for Internal Branding Advice from Global Gurus"(Press release). 6 August 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 15 September 2013.Retrieved10 September2006.
  111. ^"A profile of fatal injuries in South Africa"(PDF).South African Medical Research Council. p. 49. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 26 July 2011.Retrieved22 October2009.
  112. ^"Cape Town is one of the most violent cities in the world".businesstech.co.za.Archivedfrom the original on 1 December 2020.Retrieved19 November2020.
  113. ^abcde"city of Johannesburg – Arts, culture and heritage".Archived fromthe originalon 25 May 2015.Retrieved25 May2015.
  114. ^"National School of the Arts".Archivedfrom the original on 22 May 2015.Retrieved25 May2015.
  115. ^"Johannesburg Art Gallery".Art Throb.Archivedfrom the original on 14 April 2015.Retrieved25 May2015.
  116. ^City of Johannesburg."Region F libraries".Archivedfrom the original on 10 July 2018.Retrieved9 July2018.
  117. ^"Johannesburg Museums".Places.co.za. Archived fromthe originalon 18 June 2010.Retrieved2 July2010.
  118. ^"Vitis US".Origins Centre. Archived fromthe originalon 10 December 2008.Retrieved10 May2009.
  119. ^"Ramfest 2010 | Ramfest 2010 Line-up and Posters".Songkick.Archivedfrom the original on 2 May 2014.Retrieved5 March2013.
  120. ^Johannesburg, South Africa (12 March 2011)."Ramfest 2011 | Ramfest 2011 Line-up and Posters".Songkick.Archivedfrom the original on 2 May 2014.Retrieved5 March2013.
  121. ^Johannesburg, South Africa (10 March 2012)."Ramfest 2012 | Ramfest 2012 Line-up and Posters".Songkick.Archivedfrom the original on 18 November 2012.Retrieved5 March2013.
  122. ^"Ramfest 2013 line-up".Bizcommunity. 21 January 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2014.Retrieved5 March2013.
  123. ^"Archived copy".drop-your-drink.Archived fromthe originalon 12 February 2017.Retrieved17 January2022.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  124. ^Charalambous, Styli (14 February 2011)."U2 in Johannesburg – the real greatest show on earth – Daily Maverick".Archivedfrom the original on 13 October 2011.Retrieved17 September2013.
  125. ^Quintal, Genevieve; Etheridge, Jenna (9 October 2011)."Coldplay makes Jo'burg Paradise".Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2013.Retrieved17 September2013.
  126. ^Charalambous, Styli (31 October 2011)."Kings of Leon: anything but a royal performance – Daily Maverick".Archivedfrom the original on 1 November 2011.Retrieved17 September2013.
  127. ^Wyk, Andrea van."Thousands attend Linkin Park concert".Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2013.Retrieved17 September2013.
  128. ^"Billboard Boxscore".Billboard.Vol. 124, no. 51. 5 January 2013.ISSN0006-2510.Archived fromthe originalon 7 January 2013.Retrieved7 January2013.
  129. ^VOGES, KAYLEIGH (6 December 2018)."Report: Red Hot Chili Peppers Electrify FNB Stadium – Rolling Stone South Africa".rollingstone.co.za.Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2013.Retrieved17 September2013.
  130. ^"TimesLIVE".timeslive.co.za.Archivedfrom the original on 2 July 2013.Retrieved17 September2013.
  131. ^"Bieber busts Jozi ticket bank".Archivedfrom the original on 16 October 2013.Retrieved17 September2013.
  132. ^"JDA's PUBLIC ART STRATEGY 2011–2016"(PDF).jda.org.za.Johannesburg Development Agency. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 1 April 2017.Retrieved31 March2017.
  133. ^"Place making and public art".jda.org.za.Johannesburg Development Agency. Archived fromthe originalon 31 March 2017.Retrieved31 March2017.
  134. ^Smith, David (12 July 2013)."Johannesburg rebuked over 'world-class city' advert".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 4 September 2013.Retrieved15 July2013.
  135. ^"Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas".FIBA.2 September 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 7 January 2021.Retrieved10 December2020.
  136. ^"Here are the streets affected by Ekurhuleni's new name changes".The Citizen.13 October 2021.Retrieved2 January2022.
  137. ^ab"Busiest freeways in southern hemisphere".SA National Roads Agency. 26 September 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 16 June 2013.Retrieved15 July2013.
  138. ^Staff Reporter (10 May 2013)."18 perish in road accidents".NewsDay.Archivedfrom the original on 19 July 2013.Retrieved15 July2013.
  139. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrFalkner, John (May 2012).South African Numbered Route Description and Destination Analysis(Report). National Department of Transport. pp. 13–15. Archived fromthe originalon 6 June 2014.Retrieved12 August2014.
  140. ^"Metrobus".Archived fromthe originalon 11 February 2005.
  141. ^"About Us".City of Johannesburg.Metrobus. Archived fromthe originalon 3 October 2023.Retrieved19 September2023.
  142. ^"Bus Rapid Transit bleeding cash".Fin24.Archivedfrom the original on 2 July 2019.Retrieved2 July2019.
  143. ^YoInsta."Posts filled under #knysna".yoinsta.Archived fromthe originalon 28 December 2017.Retrieved28 December2017.
  144. ^Greef, Kimon de (22 July 2018)."In South Africa's 'Mafia-Like' Taxi Industry, 11 Die in Latest Attack".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on 13 May 2023.Retrieved9 March2022.
  145. ^"Why Rapid Rail".Gautrain.Archivedfrom the original on 25 August 2017.Retrieved24 August2017.
  146. ^"Railway country. 150 Years of Rail in South Africa"(PDF).Transnet. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 12 October 2019.Retrieved24 August2017.
  147. ^"Railway Gazette: Ambitious plans will still need funding".Archived fromthe originalon 15 June 2011.Retrieved19 September2010.
  148. ^"South Africa's Rail Expansion Plan Links Soweto to Johannesburg".Bloomberg.25 October 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2020.Retrieved25 October2020.
  149. ^"Vodacom History".Africanwireless.Archivedfrom the original on 27 March 2020.Retrieved2 July2010.
  150. ^"Radio Stations".joburg.org.za.Archivedfrom the original on 1 December 2020.Retrieved30 April2020.
  151. ^"South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC)".gov.za.Archivedfrom the original on 18 July 2020.Retrieved16 July2020.
  152. ^"MultiChoice Group".multichoice.Archivedfrom the original on 11 August 2020.Retrieved16 July2020.
  153. ^"Hillbrow Tower – symbol of Joburg".brandsouthafrica.Archived fromthe originalon 16 July 2020.Retrieved16 July2020.
  154. ^"The story behind Sentech's iconic tower – TechCentral".techcentral.co.za.27 October 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 26 August 2018.Retrieved30 April2020.
  155. ^ab"Twinning agreements"(PDF).joburg.org.za.City of Johannesburg.Retrieved23 September2023.
  156. ^"Международные и межрегиональные связи".gov.spb.ru(in Russian). Federal city of Saint Petersburg.Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2018.Retrieved30 January2020.
  1. ^This figure represents the urban population for theCity of Johannesburg,City of Ekurhuleni,Mogale CityandRand West Citymunicipalities combined.

References

edit
  • Felix Urban:Acoustic Competence. Investigating sonic empowerment in urban cultures. Johannesburg and Berlin.1. Edition. Tectum, Baden-Baden 2016,ISBN978-3-8288-3683-9.
  • Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis.Sarah Nuttall. Duke University Press. 9 January 2005. 210 pages.ISBN0-8223-6610-X.
  • Early Johannesburg, Its Buildings and People.Hannes Meiring, Human & Rousseau. 1986. 143 pages.ISBN0-7981-1456-8
  • Gold! Gold! Gold! The Johannesburg Gold Rush.Eric Rosenthal, AD. Donker, 1970,ISBN0-949937-64-9
  • The Corner House: The Early History of Johannesburg.Alan Patrick Cartwright. MacDonald. 1965. 295 pages.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&oldid=1250770221"