Wikipedia

John Donne

For other people named John Donne, seeJohn Donne (disambiguation).

John Donne(/dʌn/DUN;1571 or 1572[a]– 31 March 1631) was an Englishpoet,scholar, soldier and secretary born into arecusantfamily, who later became aclericin theChurch of England.[2]UnderRoyal Patronage,he was madeDean of St Paul's Cathedralin London (1621–1631).[1]He is considered the preeminent representative of themetaphysical poets.His poetical works are noted for theirmetaphoricaland sensual style and includesonnets,love poems, religious poems,Latintranslations,epigrams,elegies,songs and satires. He is also known for hissermons.

The Very Reverend

John Donne
Donne, painted by Isaac Oliver
Donne, painted byIsaac Oliver
Born1571 or 1572[a]
London,England
Died31 March 1631(1631-03-31)(aged 59)[1]
London, England
Occupation
  • Poet
  • priest
  • lawyer
NationalityEnglish
Alma materHart Hall, Oxford
University of Cambridge
GenreSatire, love poetry,elegy,sermons
SubjectLove,sexuality,religion, death
Literary movementMetaphysical poetry
Spouse
Anne More
​
​
(m.1601;died1617)​
Children12 (incl.JohnandGeorge)
RelativesEdward Alleyn(son-in-law)

Donne's style is characterised by abrupt openings and various paradoxes, ironies and dislocations. These features, along with his frequent dramatic or everyday speech rhythms, his tense syntax and his tough eloquence, were both a reaction against the smoothness of conventionalElizabethan poetryand an adaptation into English of European baroque and mannerist techniques.[3]His early career was marked by poetry that bore immense knowledge of English society. Another important theme in Donne's poetry is the idea of true religion, something that he spent much time considering and about which he often theorised. He wrote secular poems as well as erotic and love poems. He is particularly famous for his mastery of metaphysicalconceits.

Despite his great education and poetic talents, Donne lived in poverty for several years, relying heavily on wealthy friends. He spent much of the money he inherited during and after his education on womanising, literature, pastimes and travel. In 1601, Donne secretly married Anne More, with whom he had twelve children.[4]In 1615 he was ordainedAnglicandeacon and then priest, although he did not want to take holy orders and only did so because the king ordered it. He served as a member of Parliament in 1601 and in 1614.

Biography

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Early life

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A portrait of Donne as a young man,c.1595, in theNational Portrait Gallery,London[5]

Donne was born in London in 1571 or 1572,[a]into arecusantRoman Catholic family when practice of that religion was illegal in England.[6]Donne was the third of six children. His father, also named John Donne, was married to Elizabeth Heywood. He was of Welsh descent and a warden of theIronmongers Companyin theCity of London.He avoided unwelcome government attention out of fear of religious persecution.[7][8]

His father died in 1576, when Donne was four years old, leaving his mother, Elizabeth, with the responsibility of raising the children alone.[1]Heywood was also from a recusant Roman Catholic family, the daughter ofJohn Heywood,the playwright, and sister of the ReverendJasper Heywood,a Jesuit priest and translator.[1]She was a great-niece ofThomas More.[1]A few months after her husband died, Donne's mother married John Syminges, a wealthy widower with three children of his own.

Donne was educated privately. There is no evidence to support the popular claim that he was taught byJesuits.[1]In 1583, at the age of 11, he began studies atHart Hall,nowHertford College, Oxford.After three years of studies there, Donne was admitted to theUniversity of Cambridge,where he studied for another three years.[9]Donne could not obtain a degree from either institution because of his Catholicism, since he refused to take theOath of Supremacyrequired to graduate.[10]In 1591 he was accepted as a student at theThavies Innlegal school, one of theInns of Chanceryin London.[1]On 6 May 1592, he was admitted toLincoln's Inn,one of theInns of Court.[1]

In 1593, five years after the defeat of theSpanish Armadaand during the intermittentAnglo-Spanish War (1585–1604),Queen Elizabeth issued the first English statute against sectarian dissent from the Church of England, titled "An Act for restraining Popish recusants". It defined "Popish recusants" as those "convicted for not repairing to some Church, Chapel, or usual place of Common Prayer to hear Divine Service there, but forbearing the same contrary to the tenor of the laws and statutes heretofore made and provided in that behalf". Donne's brother Henry was also a university student prior to his arrest in 1593 for harbouring a Catholic priest,William Harrington,and died inNewgate Prisonofbubonic plague,leading Donne to begin questioning his Catholic faith.[8]

During and after his education, Donne spent much of his considerable inheritance on women, literature, pastimes and travel.[7]Although no record details precisely where Donne travelled, he crossed Europe. He later fought alongside theEarl of Essexand SirWalter Raleighagainst the Spanish atCadiz (1596)andthe Azores (1597),and witnessed the loss of the Spanish flagship, theSan Felipe.[1][11]According toIzaak Walton,his earliest biographer,

... he returned not back into England till he had stayed some years, first in Italy, and then in Spain, where he made many useful observations of those countries, their laws and manner of government, and returned perfect in their languages.

— Walton 1888,p. 20

By the age of 25 he was well prepared for the diplomatic career he appeared to be seeking.[11]He was appointed chief secretary to theLord Keeper of the Great Seal,SirThomas Egerton,and was established at Egerton's London home,York House, Strand,close to thePalace of Whitehall,then the most influential social centre in England.

Marriage to Anne More

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During the next four years, Donne fell in love with Egerton's niece Anne More. They were secretly married just before Christmas in 1601, against the wishes of both Egerton and Anne's fatherGeorge More,who was Lieutenant of the Tower.[12]Upon discovery, this wedding ruined Donne's career, getting him dismissed and put inFleet Prison,along with the Church of England priestSamuel Brooke,who married them,[13]and his brother Christopher, who stood in, in the absence of George More, to give Anne away. Donne was released shortly thereafter when the marriage was proved to be valid, and he soon secured the release of the other two. Walton tells us that when Donne wrote to his wife to tell her about losing his post, he wrote after his name:John Donne, Anne Donne, Un-done.[14]It was not until 1609 that Donne was reconciled with his father-in-law and received his wife'sdowry.

Part of the house where Donne lived inPyrford

After his release, Donne had to accept a retired country life in a small house inPyrford,Surrey, owned by Anne's cousin, Sir Francis Wooley, where they lived until the end of 1604.[1][4]In spring 1605 they moved to another small house inMitcham,Surrey, where he scraped a meagre living as a lawyer, while Anne Donne bore a new baby almost every year. Though he also worked as an assistant pamphleteer toThomas Mortonwriting anti-Catholic pamphlets, Donne was in a constant state of financial insecurity.[1]

Anne gave birth to twelve children in sixteen years of marriage, including twostillbirths—their eighth and then, in 1617, their last child. The ten surviving children were Constance,John,George,Francis, Lucy (named after Donne's patronLucy, Countess of Bedford,her godmother), Bridget, Mary, Nicholas, Margaret and Elizabeth. Three, Francis, Nicholas and Mary, died before they were ten.[15]

In a state of despair that almost drove him to kill himself, Donne noted that the death of a child would mean one mouth fewer to feed, but he could not afford the burial expenses. During this time, Donne wrote but did not publishBiathanatos,his defence of suicide.[15]His wife died on 15 August 1617, five days after giving birth to their twelfth child, a still-born baby.[1]Donne mourned her deeply, and wrote of his love and loss in his17thHoly Sonnet.

Career and later life

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In 1602, Donne was elected as a member of parliament (MP) for theconstituency of Brackley,but the post was not a paid position.[1]QueenElizabeth Idied in 1603, being succeeded by KingJames VIof Scotland as King James I of England. The fashion for coterie poetry of the period gave Donne a means to seekpatronage.Many of his poems were written for wealthy friends or patrons, especially for MP Sir Robert Drury ofHawsted(1575–1615), whom he met in 1610 and who became his chief patron, furnishing him and his family an apartment in his large house inDrury Lane.[11]

In 1610 and 1611, Donne wrote twoanti-Catholicpolemics:Pseudo-MartyrandIgnatius His Conclavefor Morton.[1]He then wrote two Anniversaries,An Anatomy of the World(1611) andOf the Progress of the Soul[16](1612) for Drury.

Donne sat as an MP again, this time forTaunton,in theAddled Parliamentof 1614. Though he attracted five appointments within its business he made no recorded speech.[17]Although King James was pleased with Donne's work, he refused to reinstate him at court and instead urged him to take holy orders.[8]At length, Donne acceded to the king's wishes, and in 1615 was an ordained priest in theChurch of England.[11]

In 1615, Donne was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity fromCambridge University.He became aRoyal Chaplainin the same year. He became a reader of divinity at Lincoln's Inn in 1616,[1]where he served in the chapel as minister until 1622.[18]In 1618, he became chaplain toViscount Doncaster,who was an ambassador to theprinces of Germany.Donne did not return to England until 1620.[4]In 1621, Donne was madeDean of St Paul's,a leading and well-paid position in the Church of England, which he held until his death in 1631.[1]

In 1616 he was granted the living as rector of two parishes,KeystoninHuntingdonshireandSevenoaksin Kent, and in 1621 ofBlunham,inBedfordshire,all held until his death.[9]Blunham Parish Church has an imposing stained glass window commemorating Donne, designed by Derek Hunt. During Donne's period as dean his daughter Lucy died, aged eighteen. In late November and early December 1623 he suffered a nearly fatal illness, thought to be eithertyphusor a combination of a cold followed by a period of fever.[1]

During his convalescence he wrote a series of meditations and prayers on health, pain and sickness that were published as a book in 1624 under the title ofDevotions upon Emergent Occasions.One of these meditations,Meditation XVII,contains the well-known phrases "No man is anIland"(often modernised as"No man is an island") and"...for whom thebelltolls".In 1624, he becamevicarofSt Dunstan-in-the-West,and in 1625 aprolocutortoCharles I.[1]He earned a reputation as an eloquent preacher. 160 of his sermons have survived, includingDeath's Duel,his famoussermondelivered at thePalace of Whitehallbefore KingCharles Iin February 1631.

Death

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The memorial to John Donne,St Paul's Cathedral

Donne died on 31 March 1631. He was buried inold St Paul's Cathedral,[19]where a memorial statue of him byNicholas Stonewas erected with a Latin epigraph probably composed by himself.[20]The memorial was one of the few to survive theGreat Fire of Londonin 1666 and is now inSt Paul's Cathedral.The statue was said by Izaac Walton in his biography, to have been modelled from the life by Donne to suggest his appearance at the resurrection. It started a vogue of such monuments during the 17th century.[21]In 2012, abust of the poetby Nigel Boonham was unveiled outside in the cathedral churchyard.[22]

Writings

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Donne's earliest poems showed a developed knowledge of English society coupled with sharp criticism of its problems. His satires dealt with commonElizabethantopics, such as corruption in the legal system, mediocre poets and pompous courtiers. His images of sickness, vomit, manure andplaguereflected his strongly satiric view of a society populated by fools and knaves. His third satire, however, deals with the problem of true religion, a matter of great importance to Donne. He argued that it was better to examine carefully one's religious convictions than blindly to follow any established tradition, for none would be saved at theFinal Judgment,by claiming "A Harry, or a Martin taught [them] this."[23]

Donne's early career was also notable for his erotic poetry, especially hiselegies,in which he employed unconventionalmetaphors,such as aflea biting two lovers being compared to sex.[11]Donne did not publish these poems, although they circulated widely in manuscript form.[11]One such, a previously unknown manuscript that is believed to be one of the largest contemporary collections of Donne's work (among that of others), was found atMelford Hallin November 2018.[24]

Some have speculated that Donne's numerous illnesses, financial strain and the deaths of his friends all contributed to the development of a more sombre andpioustone in his later poems.[11]The change can be clearly seen in "An Anatomy of the World"(1611), a poem that Donne wrote in memory of Elizabeth Drury, daughter of his patron, Sir Robert Drury of Hawstead, Suffolk. This poem treats Elizabeth's demise with extreme gloominess, using it as a symbol for thefall of manand the destruction of theuniverse.[11]

The increasing gloominess of Donne's tone may also be observed in the religious works that he began writing during the same period. Having converted to theAnglican Church,Donne quickly became noted for his sermons and religious poems. Towards the end of his life Donne wrote works that challenged death, and the fear that it inspired in many, on the grounds of his belief that those who die are sent toHeavento live eternally. One example of this challenge is his Holy Sonnet X, "Death Be Not Proud".[11][15][25]

Even as he lay dying duringLentin 1631, he rose from his sickbed and delivered theDeath's Duelsermon, which was later described as his own funeral sermon. Death's Duel portrays life as a steady descent to suffering and death; death becomes merely another process of life, in which the 'winding sheet' of the womb is the same as that of the grave. Hope is seen in salvation and immortality through an embrace of God, Christ and theResurrection.[11][15][25]

Style

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His work has received much criticism over the years, especially concerning his metaphysical form. Donne is generally considered the most prominent member of themetaphysical poets,a phrase coined in 1781 bySamuel Johnson,following a comment on Donne byJohn Dryden.Dryden had written of Donne in 1693: "He affects the metaphysics, not only in his satires, but in his amorous verses, where nature only should reign; and perplexes the minds of the fair sex with nice speculations of philosophy, when he should engage their hearts, and entertain them with the softnesses of love."[26]

InLife of Cowley(from Samuel Johnson's 1781 work of biography and criticismLives of the Most Eminent English Poets), Johnson refers to the beginning of the 17th century in which there "appeared a race of writers that may be termed the metaphysical poets". Donne's immediate successors in poetry therefore tended to regard his works with ambivalence, with theNeoclassical poetsregarding his conceits as abuse of themetaphor.However, he was revived byRomantic poetssuch asColeridgeandBrowning,though his more recent revival in the early 20th century by poets such asT. S. Eliotand critics likeF. R. Leavistended to portray him, with approval, as an anti-Romantic.[27]

Donne is considered a master of themetaphysical conceit,an extended metaphor that combines two vastly different ideas into a single idea, often using imagery.[23]An example of this is his equation of lovers with saints in "The Canonization".Unlike the conceits found in other Elizabethan poetry, most notablyPetrarchanconceits, which formed clichéd comparisons between more closely related objects (such as a rose and love),metaphysicalconceits go to a greater depth in comparing two completely unlike objects. One of the most famous of Donne's conceits is found in "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning"where he compares the apartness of two separated lovers to the working of the legs of acompass.

Donne's works are also witty, employingparadoxes,punsand subtle yet remarkable analogies. His pieces are often ironic and cynical, especially regarding love and human motives. Common subjects of Donne's poems are love (especially in his early life), death (especially after his wife's death) and religion.[15]

John Donne's poetry represented a shift from classical forms to more personal poetry. Donne is noted for hispoetic metre,which was structured with changing and jagged rhythms that closely resemble casual speech (it was for this that the more classical-mindedBen Jonsoncommented that "Donne, for not keeping of accent, deserved hanging" ).[15]

Some scholars believe that Donne's literary works reflect the changing trends of his life, with love poetry and satires from his youth and religioussermonsduring his later years. Other scholars, such asHelen Gardner,question the validity of this dating—most of his poems were published posthumously (1633). The exception to these is hisAnniversaries,which were published in 1612 andDevotions upon Emergent Occasionspublished in 1624. His sermons are also dated, sometimes specifically by date and year.

Legacy

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John Donne Memorialby Nigel Boonham, 2012, St Paul's Cathedral Churchyard

Donne is remembered in theCalendar of Saints of the Church of England,theEpiscopal Church liturgical calendarand theCalendar of Saintsof theEvangelical Lutheran Church in Americafor his life as both poet and priest. Hiscommemorationis on 31 March.[28][29][30][31]

During his lifetime several likenesses were made of the poet. The earliest was the anonymous portrait of 1594 now in theNational Portrait Gallery,London, which was restored in 2012.[32]One of the earliest Elizabethan portraits of an author, the fashionably dressed poet is shown darkly brooding on his love. The portrait was described in Donne's will as "that picture of myne wych is taken in the shaddowes", and bequeathed by him toRobert Kerr, 1st Earl of Ancram.[33]Other paintings include a 1616 head and shoulders afterIsaac Oliver,also in the National Portrait Gallery,[34]and a 1622 head and shoulders in theVictoria and Albert Museum.[35]In 1911, the youngStanley Spencerdevoted a visionary painting toJohn Donne arriving in heaven(1911) which is now in theFitzwilliam Museum.[36]

Donne's reception until the 20th century was influenced by the publication of his writings in the 17th century. Because Donne avoided publication during his life,[37]the majority of his works were brought to the press by others in the decades after his death. These publications present what Erin McCarthy calls a "teleological narrative of Donne's growth" from young rake "Jack Donne" to reverend divine "Dr. Donne".[38]For example, while the first edition ofPoems, by J. D.(1633) mingled amorous and pious verse indiscriminately, all editions after 1635 separated poems into "Songs and Sonnets" and "Divine Poems". This organization "promulgated the tale of Jack Donne's transformation into Doctor Donne and made it the dominant way of understanding Donne's life and work."[38]

A similar effort to justify Donne's early writings appeared in the publication of his prose. This pattern can be seen in a 1652 volume that combines texts from throughout Donne's career, including flippant works likeIgnatius His Conclaveand more pious writings likeEssays in Divinity.In the preface, Donne's son "unifies the otherwise disparate texts around an impression of Donne's divinity" by comparing his father's varied writing to Jesus' miracles.[39]Christ "began his firstMiraclehere,by turningWaterintoWine,and made it his last toascend fromEarthtoHeaven."[40]

Donne first wrote "things conducing to cheerfulness & entertainment ofMankind, "and later"change[d] his conversation fromMentoAngels. "[40]Another figure who contributed to Donne's legacy as a rake-turned-preacher was Donne's first biographerIzaak Walton.Walton's biography separated Donne's life into two stages, comparing Donne's life to the transformation ofSt. Paul.Walton writes, "where [Donne] had been a Saul… in his irregular youth," he became "a Paul, and preach[ed] salvation to his brethren."[41]

The idea that Donne's writings reflect two distinct stages of his life remains common; however, many scholars have challenged this understanding. In 1948,Evelyn Simpsonwrote, "a close study of his works... makes it clear that his was no case of dual personality. He was not aJekyll-Hydein Jacobean dress... There is an essential unity underlying the flagrant and manifold contradictions of his temperament. "[42]

In literature

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After Donne's death, a number of poetical tributes were paid to him, of which one of the principal (and most difficult to follow) was his friendLord Herbert of Cherbury's "Elegy for Doctor Donne".[43]Posthumous editions of Donne's poems were accompanied by several "Elegies upon the Author" over the course of the next two centuries.[44]Six of these were written by fellow churchmen, others by such courtly writers asThomas Carew,Sidney GodolphinandEndymion Porter.In 1963 cameJoseph Brodsky's "The Great Elegy for John Donne".[45]

Beginning in the 20th century, several historical novels appeared taking as their subject various episodes in Donne's life. His courtship of Anne More is the subject ofElizabeth Gray Vining'sTake Heed of Loving Me: A novel about John Donne(1963)[46]and Maeve Haran'sThe Lady and the Poet(2010).[47]Both characters also make interspersed appearances inMary Novik'sConceit(2007), where the main focus is on their rebellious daughter Pegge. English treatments includeGarry O'Connor'sDeath's Duel: a novel of John Donne(2015), which deals with the poet as a young man.[48]

He also plays a significant role in Christie Dickason'sThe Noble Assassin(2012), a novel based on the life of Donne's patron and (the author claims) his lover,Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford.[49]Finally there is Bryan Crockett'sLove's Alchemy: a John Donne Mystery(2015), in which the poet, blackmailed into service in Robert Cecil's network of spies, attempts to avert political disaster and at the same time outwit Cecil.[50]

Musical settings

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There were musical settings of Donne's lyrics even during his lifetime and in the century following his death. These includedAlfonso Ferrabosco the younger's ( "So, so, leave off this last lamenting kisse" in his 1609 Ayres);John Cooper's ( "The Message" );Henry Lawes' ( "Break of Day" );John Dowland's ( "Break of Day" and "To ask for all thy love" );[51]and settings of "A Hymn to God the Father"byJohn Hilton the younger[52]andPelham Humfrey(published 1688).[53]

After the 17th century, there were no more until the start of the 20th century withHavergal Brian( "A nocturnal on St Lucy's Day", first performed in 1905),Eleanor Everest Freer( "Break of Day, published in 1905) andWalford Davies( "The Cross", 1909) among the earliest. In 1916–18, the composerHubert Parryset Donne's "Holy Sonnet 7" ( "At the round earth's imagined corners" ) to music in his choral work,Songs of Farewell.[54]Regina Hansen Willmanset Donne's "First Holy Sonnet" for voice and string trio. In 1945,Benjamin Brittenset nine of Donne's Holy Sonnets in hissong cyclefor voice and pianoThe Holy Sonnets of John Donne.in 1968,Williametta Spencerused Donne's text for her choral work "At the Round Earth's Imagined Corners." Among them is also the choral setting of "Negative Love" that opensHarmonium(1981), as well as the aria setting of "Holy Sonnet XIV" at the end of the 1st act ofDoctor Atomic,both by John Adams.[55][56]

There have been settings in popular music as well. One is the version of the song "Go and Catch a Falling Star"onJohn Renbourn's debut albumJohn Renbourn(1966), in which the last line is altered to "False, ere I count one, two, three".[57]On their 1992 albumDuality,the EnglishNeoclassical dark wavebandIn the Nurseryused a recitation of the entirety of Donne's "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" for the track "Mecciano"[58]and an augmented version of "A Fever" for the track "Corruption."[59] Prose texts by Donne have also been set to music. In 1954,Priaulx Rainierset some in herCycle for Declamationfor solo voice.[60]In 2009, the AmericanJennifer Higdoncomposed the choral pieceOn the Death of the Righteous,based on Donne's sermons.[61][62]Still more recent is the Russian minimalistAnton Batagov's "I Fear No More, selected songs and meditations of John Donne" (2015).[63][64]

Works

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^abcBiographer John Stubbs points out that, although Donne is known to have been born between January and June, the year is uncertain because of confusion betweenOld Style and New Style dates.[65]

Citations

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  1. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrColclough 2011.
  2. ^Grierson 1971,pp. xiv–xxxiii.
  3. ^Bloom 2009,pp. 14–15.
  4. ^abcJokinen 2006.
  5. ^Portraits of John Donneat theNational Portrait Gallery, London
  6. ^Papazian, Mary(2003).John Donne and the Protestant Reformation: new perspectives.Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. p. 3.ISBN9780814330128.
  7. ^abLangstaff, Richard W. (1988). "Donne, John". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.).Collier's Encyclopedia.Vol. 8. New York: P.F. Colliers. pp.346–349.
  8. ^abcKunitz & Haycraft 1952,pp. 156–158.
  9. ^ab"Donne, John (DN615J)".A Cambridge Alumni Database.University of Cambridge.
  10. ^Walton 1999.
  11. ^abcdefghijDurant & Durant 1961,p. 154.
  12. ^Gosse, Edmund(1899).The Life and Letters of John Donne.Vol. 1 (2018 ed.). London: Heinemann. pp.97–99.ISBN9781532678103.OCLC179202190.
  13. ^Lee 1886.
  14. ^II, Ernest W. Sullivan (30 August 2016).""John Donne, Anne Donne, Vn-done" Redone ".ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews.2(3):101–103.doi:10.1080/19403364.1989.11755209.ISSN1940-3364.
  15. ^abcdefGreenblatt 2012,pp. 1370–1372.
  16. ^Donne, John."Of the Progress of the Soul: The Second Anniversary".Poetry Foundation.Retrieved27 October2017.
  17. ^Ferris, John P."DONNE, John (1572–1631), of Drury Lane, Westminster; formerly of Mitcham, Surr".historyofparliamentonline.org.Retrieved5 November2021.
  18. ^Hutchings, Josephine."John Donne (1572–1631) and Lincoln's Inn"(PDF).lincolnsinn.org.uk.Retrieved27 October2017.
  19. ^"Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral"Sinclair, W.p. 464: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909.
  20. ^Sinclair 1909,p. 93.
  21. ^Cottrell, Philip."The John Donne Monument (d. 1631) by Nicholas Stone St Paul's Cathedral, London".churchmonumentssociety.org.Retrieved29 May2022.
  22. ^"New John Donne statue unveiled in the shadow of St Paul's".St Paul's Cathedral.15 June 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 18 November 2021.Retrieved29 May2022.
  23. ^abGreenblatt 2006,pp. 600–602.
  24. ^Flood, Alison (30 November 2018)."Unknown John Donne Manuscript Discover in Suffolk".The Guardian.Retrieved3 December2018.
  25. ^abSherwood 1984.
  26. ^Dryden 1693.
  27. ^Bloom 2004,pp. 138–139.
  28. ^"The Calendar".Church of England.Retrieved23 March2021.
  29. ^Brown, Andrew(11 July 1995)."Church picks candidates for not-quite-sainthood".The Independent.Retrieved25 April2022.
  30. ^Evangelical Lutheran Worship – Final Draft(PDF).Augsburg Fortress Press. 2006. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 24 January 2007.
  31. ^Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018.Church Publishing, Inc. 1 December 2019. p. 9.ISBN978-1-64065-234-7.
  32. ^Cooper 2012.
  33. ^"John Donne".National Portrait Gallery.Retrieved27 October2017.
  34. ^"John Donne".National Portrait Gallery.Retrieved27 October2017.
  35. ^"Portrait of John Donne (1573–1631) at the age of 49".V&A.18 September 2023.
  36. ^Spencer, Stanley (1911)."John Donne Arriving in Heaven".wikiart.org.Retrieved27 October2017.
  37. ^Pebworth 2006,p. 23-35.
  38. ^abMcCarthy 2013,p. 59.
  39. ^Christoffersen 2018,pp. 46–47.
  40. ^abDonne, John (1652).Paradoxes, Problemes, Essayes, Characters,A2–A6.
  41. ^Walton, Izaak (1658).Life of John Donne,86–88.
  42. ^Simpson, Evelyn (1948).A Study of the Prose Works of John Donne.Oxford University Press. pp. 4–5.
  43. ^"Elegy for Doctor Donne".Poetry Explorer.
  44. ^Donne 1633,p. 373.
  45. ^Maxton 1983,pp. 62–64.
  46. ^Hollander, John (2 April 1964)."This Is Your Life, John Donne".The New York Review of Books.Retrieved27 October2017.
  47. ^Haran 2009.
  48. ^O'Connor, Garry (2015).Death's Duel: A Novel of John Donne.Endeavour.ASINB019E0NQ1G.
  49. ^Dickason 2011.
  50. ^Crockett 2015.
  51. ^To ask for all thy love performed by John DowlandonYouTube
  52. ^Wilt Thou Forgive? performed by Connor BurrowesonYouTube
  53. ^Hymn to God the Father, music composed by Pelham HumfreyonYouTube
  54. ^Shrock, Dennis (2009).Choral Repertoire.Oxford University Press, USA.ISBN9780195327786.
  55. ^A choral setting of 'Negative Love'onYouTube
  56. ^An aria setting of 'Holy Sonnet XIV'onYouTube
  57. ^John RenbournonYouTube
  58. ^MeccianoonYouTube
  59. ^In the Nursery – CorruptiononYouTube
  60. ^Priaulx Rainier – Cycle for DeclamationonYouTube
  61. ^Webster, Daniel (31 March 2009)."Two stirring requiems: One old, the other new".The Philadelphia Inquirer.Archived fromthe originalon 30 December 2015.Retrieved14 September2015.
  62. ^On the Death of the RighteousonYouTube
  63. ^"Anton Batagov – I fear no more".FANCYMUSIC.1 June 2015.Retrieved23 October2015.
  64. ^Fear no more:Selected songs and meditations of John Donne performed by Anton BagatovonYouTube
  65. ^Stubbs, John (2006). "A note on conventions".Donne the Reformed Soul.London:Penguin Random House.p. xi.ISBN978-0-141-90241-8.

Sources

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Further reading

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