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John Gresham

For other people named John Gresham, seeJohn Gresham (disambiguation).

Sir John Gresham(1495 – 23 October 1556) was an Englishmerchant,courtierandfinancierwho worked for KingHenry VIII of England,Cardinal WolseyandThomas Cromwell.He wasLord Mayor of Londonand foundedGresham's School.He was the brother ofSir Richard Gresham.

Sir
John Gresham
Lord Mayor of London
In office
1547–1547
Preceded byHenry Huberthorn
Succeeded byHenry Amcotes
Personal details
Born1495
Holt, Norfolk,England
Died23 October 1556
Resting placeSt Michael Bassishaw,London,England
RelativesRichard Gresham(brother)
OccupationMerchant,courtier,financier
Known forFounder ofGresham's School

Life

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Gresham was probably born in 1495, atHoltinNorfolk,and was descended from an old Norfolk family.[1]Biographers have suggested that he probably attended a school kept byAugustinian canonsat nearbyBeeston Priory.[2]At that time, England was largely dependent on the church for education.

In about 1510, Gresham was apprenticed to John Middleton, aLondonmercer,and after serving his seven years he was admitted as a member of theWorshipful Company of Mercers.In 1519, he and his older brother William Gresham were both elected to the livery of the company. Later, John Gresham was four times Master of the Mercers' Company.[2]

Gresham was, in partnership with his brother,Richard Gresham,in the export of textiles and in importing grain from Germany and wine fromBordeaux.[2]He also traded in silks and spices from theOttoman Empireand imported timber and skins from theBaltic.He was a founding member of theMuscovy Company,formed to trade with what is now Russia. Meanwhile, he acted as an agent forCardinal Wolsey,and through him knewThomas Cromwell.[2]

Gresham invested his money in land, buying the manors ofTitsey,Tatsfield,Westerham,andLingfield,on the borders ofSurreyandKent,as well as estates inNorfolkandBuckinghamshire.He lived at a great house calledTitsey PlaceatOxtedinSurreyfrom 1534 until his death.[3]

Gresham wasSheriff of London and Middlesexin 1537–1538 and at the same time was knighted.[2]He was a member of the Royal household between 1527 and 1550, first as agentleman pensionerand later as one of theesquires of the bodyofKing Henry VIII.[2]In 1539, the king granted Gresham the manor ofSandersteadinSurrey,following thedissolution of the monasteries:it had previously belonged to the Minster ofWinchestersince the year 962.[citation needed]

In 1541, Gresham was one of the jurors who triedThomas CulpepperandFrancis Derehamfor treason - that is, intimacy withQueen Catherine Howard.[2]Both were duly beheaded atTyburnon 10 December 1541, and their heads were put on display onLondon Bridge.Queen Catherine was subsequently executed on 13 February 1542. In 1546, Gresham was one of the King's commissioners to survey the properties of thechantriesto be dissolved inSurreyandSussex.[2]

In 1547, Sir John Gresham becameLord Mayor of London,[2]and after the end of his year in office he continued to serve as analderman.[4]

In 1555, a year before his death, he foundedGresham's School(then described as "the Free Grammar School of Sir John Gresham, knight, citizen and alderman of London" ) in the town of his birth,Holt,Norfolk.Gresham endowed the school with land and money and placed these endowments in the care of theWorshipful Company of Fishmongers,which has continued to carry out his trust to the present day.[2][4]

Gresham died on 23 October 1556 of a "profuse fever", and his funeral was described as "very grand and very papistical".[5]His tomb was in theCity of Londonchurch ofSt Michael Bassishaw(demolished 1900).[1]

The Gresham family

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The Gresham family had been settled in theNorfolkvillage ofGreshamsince at least the 14th century,[6]and an early Victorian writer concluded that it seemed very likely that the manor ofGresham Castlewas the ancestral home of the family.[7]

A John Gresham was baptized in 1340 atAylmerton,Norfolk, and died there in 1410, owning property in Aylmerton and an interest in the manor ofHolt.His son John Gresham was born in 1390 and died in 1450. In 1414, he was living at Holt. His son, James Gresham, ofHolt,Norfolk,wasLord of the ManorofEast Beckham,where he lived from 1442 to 1497,[1]In the mid-fifteenth century he also built a manor house in the centre of the small town of Holt.[6]His son John Gresham of Holt married Alice Blyth and was the father of the John Gresham born about 1495.[1][8]A branch of the family was thus established at Holt by the fifteenth century.[9][10]

Gresham had two brothers, William Gresham, andSir Richard Gresham,Lord Mayor of Londonin 1537 and father ofSir Thomas Gresham,founder of theRoyal ExchangeandGresham College,both in theCity of London.[6]

Marriages and issue

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Gresham married firstly, in 1521, Mary Ipswell, with whom he had twelve children between 1522 and 1538:

  • William Gresham (1522–1579), who was the father ofSir Thomas Gresham(d.1630) ofTitsey Place,whose sons were Sir John Gresham of Titsey (1588–1643) and Sir Edward Gresham of Titsey (1594–1647). The latter's son, SirMarmaduke Greshamof Limpsfield (1627–1696), was created a baronet in 1660.
  • John Gresham(born 13 March 1529), second son, who married on 17 July 1553, Elizabeth Dormer, daughter and heir of Edward Dormer, haberdasher, of London and Fulham and his wife, Katherine Sampson (see below). John Gresham and Elizabeth Dormer had three sons.[11]After John Gresham's death his widow, Elizabeth, married William Plumbe (d.1593) of Northend near Fulham.[12]
  • Mary Gresham.
  • Catherine Gresham.
  • James Gresham.
  • Edmund Gresham.
  • Anthony Gresham.
  • Ellen Gresham.
  • Ursula Gresham (1534-1574), who married Thomas Leveson (1532-1576),[13][14]son of the LondonmercerNicholas Leveson (d.1539) and Denise or Dionyse Bodley (d.1561), the daughter of Thomas Bodley (d.1493) and Joan Leche (d. March 1530), by whom she was the mother of William Leveson (d.1621),[15]one of two trustees used byCuthbert Burbage,Richard Burbage,William Kempe,Thomas Pope(d.1603),Augustine Phillips(d.1605),John Heminges(bap. 1566, d. 1630) andWilliam Shakespeare(1564-1616) to allocate shareholdings in theGlobe Theatrein 1599.[16]
  • Cecily Gresham.
  • Elizabeth Gresham.
  • Richard Gresham.

Gresham married secondly, on 15 July 1553, Katherine Sampson (d.1578), widow of Edward Dormer (d.1539), brother of Sir Michael Dormer, Lord Mayor of London in 1541.[17][18][19]

Descendants of Sir John Gresham

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Most of Gresham's twelve children died without issue, but the senior line of Gresham's descendants continued until the early nineteenth century.

The 17th century Greshams sat asMembers of Parliament,loyally supportedKing Charles Ithroughout theCivil War,and suffered from the victory ofCromwell.In 1643 the house at Titsey was commandeered by the Parliamentarians, but at the time of theRestorationin 1660 the newKing Charles IIcreated the head of the family, Marmaduke Gresham, abaronetas a reward for the family's support for the Royalist cause. This title died out with Sir John Gresham, sixth and last Baronet, of Limpsfield (who died in 1801). However, the last Sir John Gresham's daughter and heiress, Katherine Maria Gresham, married William Leveson-Gower, first cousin of the Marquess of Stafford, later thefirst Duke of Sutherland,and through Katherine Maria the Titsey estate continued to be owned by Sir John Gresham's descendants until the death of Thomas Leveson Gower in 1992. By his will, Leveson Gower set up theTitsey Foundation,a charitable trust with the aim of preserving the estate for the benefit of the nation.

Nevertheless, the first Sir John Gresham's line continues in the descendants of his third son, another John Gresham, who was the ancestor of the Greshams of Fulham, Albury, and Haslemere.

Gresham's School

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Main article:Gresham's School

In 1555, shortly before his death, Gresham foundedGresham's Schoolin his home town ofHolt,Norfolk,placing its endowments under the stewardship of theWorshipful Company of Fishmongers,which has continued to carry out the task entrusted to it until the present day.[20]

Associations

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Sir Rowland Hill,publisher of theGeneva Bible,was a close friend of Sir John Gresham and was provided with a black gown to attend his funeral[21]and served as his executor.[22][23]

The Gresham Grasshopper

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The Gresham grasshopper

The grasshopper is the crest aboveSir John Gresham's coat of arms. It can be seen atTitsey Place,his country house, and is used byGresham's School,which he founded. It can also be seen as the weathervane on theRoyal Exchangein theCity of London,founded in 1565 by Gresham's nephewSir Thomas Gresham.Gresham's original Royal Exchange building (destroyed in theGreat Fire of Londonof 1666) was profusely decorated with grasshoppers. The grasshopper is also used as a symbol byGresham Collegein theCity of London,whichSir Thomasalso established.

According to an ancient legend of the Greshams, the founder of the family, Roger de Gresham, was a foundling abandoned as a new-born baby in long grass inNorth Norfolkin the 13th century and found there by a woman whose attention was drawn to the child by a grasshopper. A beautiful story, it is more likely that the grasshopper is simply anheraldicrebuson the name Gresham, withgresbeing a Middle English form ofgrass(Old Englishgrœs).

In the system of English heraldry, the grasshopper is said to represent wisdom and nobility.

The Gresham familymottoisFiat voluntas tua('Thy will be done').[24]

Notes

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  1. ^abcdSir John Gresham (c.1495–1556)inGresham, Sir Richard (c.1485–1549), mercer, merchant adventurer, and mayor of Londonby Ian Blanchard inDictionary of National Biography
  2. ^abcdefghijI Will Plant Me a Tree: an Illustrated History of Gresham's Schoolby S. G. G. Benson & Martin Crossley Evans (James & James, London, 2002)
  3. ^Profile,Titsey.org. Accessed 9 September 2007.
  4. ^abHerbert, William,The History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies of London(London, Wm Herbert, 1836)pp. 80-81at books.google.co.uk: Byletters patentof 1555, the school Gresham founded at Holt was called in full "The Free Grammar School of Sir John Gresham, knight, citizen and alderman of London".
  5. ^The Cabinet Portrait Gallery of British WorthiesVol. 4 (London: Charles Knight & Co, 1845), p. 9
  6. ^abcIan Blanchard, “Gresham, Sir Richard (c.1485–1549)” inOxford Dictionary of National Biography(2004)
  7. ^J. W. Burgon,The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham(London, 1839, new edition 1968)
  8. ^John Gresham of Aylmerton and Holt(accessed 9 September 2007)
  9. ^Swales, T. H. (1966)."The Redistribution of the Monastic, Lands in Norfolk at the Dissolution".Norfolk Archaeology.34(1): 36.doi:10.5284/1077979.
  10. ^Francis Blomefield,An essay towards a topographical history of the county of Norfolk(1808),p. 173,accessed 4 February 2009: "He was the son of John Gresham, of Holt, Esq., by Alice his wife (daughter of Alexander Blith of Stratton in Norfolk)... and John was son of James Gresham, Gent., of Holt, by Margery, daughter of William Billingford, Esq., of Blackford-Hall... and John Gresham, Gent., of Gresham in Norfolk, was father of the said James."
  11. ^Gresham, John (1529-?86), of Mayfield, Sussex, Northend near Fulham, Middlesex, and Bishopsgate Street, London, History of ParliamentRetrieved 8 May 2013.
  12. ^Burgon 1839,p. 458.
  13. ^Sutton 1994,p. 230.
  14. ^Sutton 2005,p. 584.
  15. ^Thomas Leveson and Ursula Gresham were also the parents of Sir John Leveson (1555–1615);Wisker 2004;Leveson, Sir John (1556–1615), History of ParliamentRetrieved 6 April 2013.
  16. ^Hotson 1937,pp. 160–1;Corrigan 2004,pp. 64–71;Honigmann 1998,pp. 87–9.
  17. ^Richardson 2011,p. 420.
  18. ^Leveson Gower 1883,p. 30.
  19. ^Burgon 1839,pp. 456–8.
  20. ^The History and Register of Gresham's School,1555-2009(Memphie,2009.)
  21. ^Johnson, Richard (1771).The Baronetage of England:: Containing a Genealogical and Historical Account of All the English Baronets Now Existing: with Their Descents, Marriages, and Memorable Actions Both in War and Peace. Collected from Authentic Manuscripts, Records, Old Wills, Our Best Historians, and Other Authorities. Illustrated with Their Coats of Arms, Engraven on Copper-plates. Also, a List of All the Baronets, who Have Been Advanced to that Dignity, from the First Institution Thereof. To which is Added, An Account of Such Nova-Scotia Baronets as are of English Families; and a Dictionary of Heraldry, Explaining Such Terms as are Commonly Used in English Armory.G. Woodfall, J. Fuller, E. Johnson, Hawes, Clarke and Collins, W. Johnston, [and 11 others in London].
  22. ^THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES PROB 11/38/241
  23. ^Burgon 1839,p. 20.
  24. ^Granville William Gresham Leveson-Gower,Genealogy of the family of Gresham(1883) p. 27

References

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