Wikipedia

John Selden

For the United States Marine Corps general, seeJohn T. Selden.

John Selden(16 December 1584 – 30 November 1654) was an Englishjurist,a scholar of England's ancient laws and constitution[1]and scholar of Jewish law.[2]He was known as apolymath;John Miltonhailed Selden in 1644 as "the chief of learned men reputed in this land".[3][4]

John Selden
John Selden (portrait by an unknown artist)
Born16 December 1584
Salvington,Sussex
Died30 November 1654(1654-11-30)(aged 69)
White Friars,London
Alma materHart Hall, Oxford
Era17th-century philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolNatural law,social contract,humanism
Main interests
Political philosophy,legal history
Notable ideas
Proposed anegoistictheory of moral motivation, maintained thatnatural lawwasrevealed historicallythrough (esp.Hebrew)scripture,argued that civil law arises fromcontract

Early life

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He was born atSalvington,in the parish ofWest Tarring,West Sussex (now part of the town ofWorthing), and was baptised atSt Andrew's,theparish church.The cottage in which he was born survived until 1959 when it was destroyed by a fire caused by an electrical fault.[5]

His father, also named John Selden, had a small farm. It is said that his skill as a violin-player was what attracted his wife, Margaret, who was from a better family, being the only child of Thomas Baker ofRustingtonand descended from a knightly family ofKent.Selden was educated at the free grammar school atChichester,The Prebendal School,[6]and in 1600 he went on toHart Hall,Oxford.In 1603, he was admitted toClifford's Inn,London; in 1604 he moved to theInner Temple;and in 1612 he wascalled to the bar.His earliest patron was SirRobert Bruce Cotton,the antiquary, who seems to have employed him to copy and summarise some of the parliamentary records then held at theTower of London.For some reason, Selden very rarely practised in court, but his practice inbarristers' chambersas a conveyancer and consulting counsel was large and apparently lucrative.[7]

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Portrait of Selden (drawn byPeter Lely;engraved byGeorge Vertue) included in the 1726 edition of his works

In 1618, hisHistory of Tithesappeared. Although it had passed censorship and licensing, this dissertation on the historical basis of thetithesystem caused anxiety among the bishops and provoked the intervention of the king,James I.The author was summoned before thePrivy Counciland was compelled to retract his opinions.[8]Also, his work was suppressed, and he was forbidden to reply to anyone who might come forward to answer it.[7]

This all seems to have caused Selden's entry into politics. Although he was not in theParliament of England,he was the instigator and perhaps the draughtsman of theProtestation of 1621on the rights and privileges of the House, affirmed by theHouse of Commonson 18 December 1621. He and several others were imprisoned, at first in the Tower and later under the charge of SirRobert Ducie,sheriff of London.During his brief detention, he occupied himself in preparing an edition of medieval historianEadmer'sHistoryfrom a manuscript lent to him by his host or jailor, which he published two years afterwards.[7]

Parliamentarian

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In 1623 he was returned to the House of Commons for theboroughofLancaster,and sat withJohn Coke,William NoyandJohn Pymon Sergeant Glanville's election committee. He was also nominated reader ofLyon's Inn,an office he declined to undertake. For this the benchers of the Inner Temple fined him £20 and disqualified him from being one of their number. Nevertheless, after a few years, he became a master of the bench. In the first parliament ofCharles I(1625), it appears from the "returns of members" printed in 1878 that contrary to the assertion of all his biographers, he had no seat. In Charles's second parliament (1626), he was elected forGreat Bedwynin Wiltshire, and took a prominent part in the impeachment ofGeorge Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham.In the following year, inDarnell's Case(the Five Knights' Case), he was counsel forSir Edmund Hampdenin theCourt of King's Bench.[7]

In 1628 he was returned to the third parliament of Charles forLudgershall,Wiltshire, and was involved in drawing up and carrying thePetition of Right.In the session of 1629 he was one of the members responsible for the tumultuous passage in the House of Commons of the resolution against the illegal levy oftonnageand poundage, and, along with SirJohn Eliot,Denzil Holles,Long, Valentine,William Strode,and the rest, he was sent back to the Tower. There he remained for eight months, deprived for a part of the time of the use of books and writing materials. He was then removed, under less rigorous conditions, to theMarshalsea,untilArchbishop Laudarranged for him to be freed. Some years before, he had been appointedstewardtoHenry Grey, 8th Earl of Kent,to whose seat,Wrestin Bedfordshire, he now retired.[7]

He was not elected to theShort Parliamentof 1640; but to theLong Parliament,summoned in the autumn, he was returned without opposition forOxford University.He opposed the resolution againstepiscopacywhich led to the exclusion of the bishops from theHouse of Lords,and printed an answer to the arguments used bySir Harbottle Grimstonon that occasion. He joined in the protestation of the Commons for the maintenance of theProtestantreligion according to the doctrines of theChurch of England,the authority of the Crown, and the liberty of the subject. He was equally opposed to the court on the question of the commissions of lieutenancy of array and to the parliament on the question of the militia ordinance.[9]In the end, he supported Parliament against King Charles, because, according to him, Charles was certainly acting illegally; but Selden was not certain if Parliament was doing the same.[10]

In 1643, he participated in the discussions of theWestminster Assembly,where hisErastianviews were opposed byGeorge Gillespie.[11]Selden's allies includedThomas Coleman,John Lightfoot,andBulstrode Whitelocke.[12]

In October 1643, Selden was appointed by Commons to take control of the office of Clerk and Keeper of the Records in the Tower, which duty passed to the Master of the Rolls in 1651.[13]In 1645 he was named one of the parliamentary commissioners of theadmiraltyand was elected master ofTrinity Hall, Cambridge,an office that he declined to accept. In 1646, he subscribed to theSolemn League and Covenantand, in 1647, was voted £5000 by the parliament as compensation for his pains under the monarchy.[9]

Last years

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After the death of theEarl of Kentin 1639, Selden lived permanently under the same roof with the earl's widow, the formerElizabeth Talbot.It is believed that he married her, although their marriage does not seem to have ever been publicly acknowledged.[9]He assembled a famous library which eventually became part of theBodleian Library's collection in 1659. In addition to a wide range of Greek, Arabic, Hebrew and Latin works, it included theCodex Mendozaand theSelden Map of China.[14]He died at Friary House inWhitefriars,London on 30 November 1654, and was buried in theTemple Church,London. His tomb is today clearly visible through glass plates in the floor of this church. Furthermore, he is commemorated by a monumental inscription on the south side of the Temple Church. More than two centuries after his death, in 1880, a brass tablet was erected to his memory by the benchers of theInner Templein the parish church of St. Andrew's, West Tarring.

Works

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Plan of the Temple as Selden would probably have known it. Drawing byRalph Agas(1563)
1899 edition of The Table Talk of John Selden byRobert Waters(1835 - 1910)

It was as a prolific scholar and writer that Selden won his reputation. The early books were on English history.

English history and antiquities

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In 1610 three of his works came out:Jani Anglorum Facies Altera(The Back Face[orTwo Faces]of the EnglishJanus) andEngland's Epinomis,[15]which dealt with the progress of English law down toHenry II;andThe Duello, or Single Combat,in which he traced the history oftrial by battlein England from the Norman Conquest. In 1613 he supplied a series of notes, including quotations and references, to the first eighteencantosofMichael Drayton'sPoly-Olbion.In 1614 he publishedTitles of Honor,which, in spite of defects and omissions, remained a comprehensive work for centuries.[7]It was republished in a larger and greatly revised edition in 1631 and earned for Selden the praise "monarch of letters" from his friendBen Jonson.[16]

In 1615, theAnalecton Anglobritannicon,an account of the civil administration of England before theNorman Conquest,written in 1607, was published; its title and argument imitated theFranco-GalliaofFrançois Hotman.[17]In 1616 appeared notes onJohn Fortescue'sDe laudibus legum AngliaeandRalph de Hengham'sSummae magna et parva.[18]

In 1618 his controversialHistory of Titheswas published. A first sign of the coming storm was the 1619 book controverting Selden,Sacrilege Sacredly Handled in two parts; with an Appendix, answering some objectionsbyJames Sempill.[19]Selden hit back, but was soon gagged. The churchmenRichard Tillesley(1582–1621) (Animadversions upon M. Seldens History of Tithes,1619) andRichard Montagu(Diatribae upon the first part of the late History of Tithes,1621) attacked the work.[20]There were further replies byWilliam Sclater(The Quaestion of Tythes Revised,1623), and byStephen Nettles(Answer to the Jewish Part of Mr. Selden's History of Tithes1625). In it Selden tried to demonstrate that tithing depended on the civil law, rather thancanon law.He also made much of the complexities of the ancient Jewish customs on tithes.[21] The work was also a milestone in the history of English historical writing through its mixture ofantiquarian-philological scholarship with historical narrative, two approaches to the study of the past previously seen as distinct.

In 1623 he produced an edition ofEadmer'sHistoria Novarum.It was notable for including in appendices information from theDomesday Book,which at the time had not been published and could only be consulted in the original at Westminster, on the payment of a fee.[22]

He published in 1642Privileges of the Baronage of England when they sit in Parliament and Discourse concerning the Rights and Privileges of the Subject.In 1652 he wrote a preface and collated some of the manuscripts forSir Roger Twysden'sHistoriae Anglicanae scriptores X.[9]

Tracts,published posthumously in 1683, contained English translations

Literature and archaeology of the Near East

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In 1617, hisDe dis Syriswas issued, and immediately established his fame as an orientalist. It is remarkable for its early use of the comparative method, onSemitic mythology.[7]Also, in 1642, he published a part of the Arabic chronicle ofPatriarch Eutychius of Alexandria,under the titleEutychii Aegyptii, Patriarchae Orthodoxorum Alexandrini,... ecclesiae suae origines.Controversial was the discussion in it of the absence in Alexandria of the distinction between priests and bishops, a burning issue in the debate at the time in theChurch of England.[23]

In 1628, at the suggestion of Sir Robert Cotton, Selden compiled, with the assistance of two other scholars,Patrick YoungandRichard James,a catalogue of theArundel marbles.[7]

Studies on Judaism

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He employed his leisure at Wrest in writingDe successionibus in bona defuncti secundum leges EbraeorumandDe successione in pontificatum Ebraeorum,published in 1631.[7]

During the progress of the constitutional conflict, he was absorbed in research, publishingDe jure naturali et gentium juxta disciplinam Ebraeorumin 1640.[24]It was a contribution to the theorising of the period onnatural law.In the words ofJohn Milton,this "volume of naturall & national laws proves, not only by great authorities brought together, but by exquisite reasons and theorems almost mathematically demonstrative, that all opinions, yea errors, known, read, and collated, are of main service & assistance toward the speedy attainment of what is truest."[4][25]It develops into a theory ofinternational law,taking as its basis theSeven Laws of Noah.[26]

In 1644, he publishedDissertatio de anno civili et calendario reipublicae Judaicae,in 1646 his treatise on marriage and divorce among the Jews entitledUxor Ebraica,and in 1647 the earliest printed edition of the old English law-bookFleta.In 1650 Selden began to print the trilogy he planned on theSanhedrin,as the first part ofDe synedriis et prefecturis juridicis veterum Ebraeorumthrough the press, the second and third parts being severally published in 1653 and 1655.[9]The aim of this work was to counter the use by the Presbyterians, in particular, of arguments and precedents drawn from Jewish tradition; it was a very detailed study aimed at refuting such arguments, and pointing out the inherent flexibility of the tradition that was being cited.[27]

International law

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A portrait of John Selden held by theNational Portrait Gallery, London

HisMare clausumwas written to dismantle the pretensions advanced byGrotiusinThe Free Sea(Mare liberum), on behalf of the Dutch fishermen, to poach in the waters off the English coasts.[7]

The circumstances of its delayed publication, in 1635, suggest that during the early 1630s Selden inclined towards the court rather than the popular party and even secured the personal favour of the king,Charles I.It had been written sixteen or seventeen years earlier, but for political reasons Charles's predecessor,James I,had prohibited its publication. When it eventually appeared, a quarter of a century afterMare liberum,it was under Charles's royal patronage, as a kind of state paper, and with a dedication to him. The fact that Selden was not retained in the great case ofship moneyin 1637 byJohn Hampden,the cousin of Sir Edmund, his former client in the Five Knights' Case, may be taken as additional evidence that his zeal for the popular cause was neither so warm nor so unquestioned as it had once been.[7]

His last publication was a vindication of himself from certain charges advanced against him and hisMare clausumaround 1653 byTheodore Graswinckel,a Dutch jurist.[9]

Posthumous publications

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Several of Selden's minor works were printed for the first time after his death, including a tract in defence of the 25 December birth of Christ written during the Puritan Commonwealth (1649–1660) when celebration of Christmas was prohibited.[28]A collective edition of his writings was published byDavid Wilkinsin 3 volumes folio in 1725, and again in 1726.Table Talk,for which he is perhaps best known, did not appear until 1689. It was edited by hisamanuensis,Richard Milward,who affirms that "the sense and notion is wholly Selden's" and that "most of the words" are his also. Its genuineness has sometimes been questioned.[9]

Views

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Selden arrived at anErastianposition in church politics. He also believed infree will,which was inconsistent withCalvinism.[29]

He was sceptical of the legend ofKing Arthuras it had grown up, but believed Arthur had existed.[30]TheDruids,he suggested in comments onPoly-Olbion,were ancient and presumed esoteric thinkers.[31]The popular image of a Druid descends via a masque ofInigo Jonesfrom a reconstruction by Selden, based (without good foundations) on ancient German statuary.[32]

Commemoration

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Volumes published by theSelden Society

Selden is commemorated in the name of theSelden Society,alearned societyconcerned with the study of English legal history, founded in 1887.

He is also commemorated in place-names in Salvington, including "The John Selden Inn", which purports to be on the site of his dwelling; Selden Road; and the Selden medical centre. Also The Selden Arms on Lyndhurst Road in Worthing.

Influence

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According to theEncyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing,he "played a role of fundamental importance in the transition of English historical writing from a medieval antiquarianism to a more modern understanding of the scope and function of history than had ever before been expressed in Renaissance England".[33]His reputation lasted well, withMark Pattisoncalling him "the most learned man, not only of his party, but of Englishmen".[34]

By about 1640, Selden's views (with those of Grotius) had a large impact on theGreat Tew circlearoundLucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland:William Chillingworth,Dudley Digges,Henry Hammond.[35]It was in this milieu that Selden met and befriendedThomas Hobbes.They had much in common, in political thought, but the precise connections have not been clarified.[36]

Richard Cumberlandfollowed Selden over both Grotius and Hobbes on natural law. Selden contested the scholastic position, afterCicero,that "right reason" could by its dictates alone generateobligation,by claiming that a formal obligation required a superior in authority. In hisDe legibusCumberland rejects Selden's solution by means of the Noahide laws, inDe jure naturali,in favour of Selden's less developed alternate solution. The latter is more orthodox for aThomist,anintellectus agensas a natural faculty in the rational soul, by the mediation of which divine intellect can intervene directly with individuals.[37]Matthew Haletried to merge the theory of Grotius on property with Selden's view on obligation.[38]Cumberland and Hale both belonged to a larger group, followers in a broad sense of Selden, with backgrounds mostly of Cambridge and the law, comprising alsoOrlando Bridgeman,Hezekiah Burton,John Hollings,Richard Kidder,Edward Stillingfleet,John Tillotson,andJohn Wilkins.[39]

Giambattista Vicocalled Grotius, Selden andSamuel Pufendorfthe "three princes" of the "natural right of the gentes". He went on to criticise their approach foundationally.[40]In hisAutobiographyhe specifies that they had conflated the natural law of the "nations", based on custom, with that of the philosophers, based on human abstractions.[41]Isaiah Berlincomments on Vico's admiration for Grotius and Selden.[42]

Library collections

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Title page for John Selden's copy ofSanctos no gosagues no uchi nuqigaqi quan dai ichi(1591). This was the first book printed with moveable type in Japan. Oxford, Bodleian Library Arch. B f.69: https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/3bdc1c46-9c84-4e64-aa83-b48b4baf2a5f//

By the time of his death in 1654, Selden had accumulated a library of several thousand manuscripts and printed books. Selden's will left his intentions for this library somewhat ambiguous, although the will andcodicilseem to suggest that he intended to bequeath most of hisOrientalmanuscripts, Greek manuscripts, a Latin manuscript, and his printedTalmudicandRabbinicalbooks to theBodleian Library,Oxford.[43]There is some evidence to suggest that Selden intended to leave his printed books and historical manuscripts to theInner Templebut that this transaction did not occur because the Temple did not possess a large enough library.[44]By 1656, two years after Selden's death, his executors (Edward Heyward, John Vaughan,Matthew Hale,and Rowland Jewks) were in negotiation with the Bodleian library to transfer Selden's entire collection.[45]In 1659, the executors stipulated that Selden's manuscripts "bee forever heerafter kepte together in one distincte pile and body under the name of Mr. Selden’s Library." The Bodleian agreed, and the library received Selden's collection in June 1659.[46]

Cover of John Selden's copy of Boccaccio'sDecamerone.The design on the cover is similar to the Plantagenet crest. Holes from clasps are also visible. Oxford, Bodleian Library S. Seld. c.2: https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/61459688-0512-49e0-a996-a4f0921956b2/

Selden's collection was the largest received by the Bodleian in the seventeenth century, comprising around 8,000 items.[47]Even this massive collection did not represent the extent of Selden's library. Duplicates, meaning books the library already owned, were given toGloucester Cathedrallibrary.[45]A rumor also circulated in the decades after Selden's death that part of his library had remained in London and was destroyed by a fire. The 1704 edition ofEdward Chamberlayne'sThe Present State of Englandclaimed that a fire at the Inner Temple destroyed "8 Chests full" of Selden's manuscripts.[48]Still, the collection the Bodleian received was large enough that it required several years and multiple librarians to fully catalogue.[49]Since then, the original collection has been enhanced by further acquisitions, most notably by a group of forty Selden manuscripts purchased by the Bodleian from James Fairhurst in 1947.[50][47] The Selden collection at the Bodleian houses more than 400 manuscript volumes taking up more than 40 meters (approx. 130 feet) of shelf space.[51][52]The linguistic range of these manuscripts reflects Selden's interest in eastern and other languages. The languages represented include

  • Russian
    • An incomplete Russian-English vocabulary (MS. Selden Supra 61)
    • Samples of Russiancalligraphy(MS. Arch. Selden A. 72 (5))
  • Greek
    • Astronomical and musical treatises (MS. Arch. Selden B. 17)
    • Several Greek versions of theNew TestamentGospels(MS. Selden Supra 2, 3, 6, 28–9)
  • Arabic
    • Prayers, meditations, andQuranicpraises (MS. Selden Superius 3)
    • Works onastrologyand medicine (MS. Selden Superius 15)
    • Works onAlgebraand mathematics (MS. Selden Superius 65)
  • Hebrew
    • HebrewandArabicgrammar and vocabulary (MS. Selden Supra 107)
    • Kabbalahand Kabbalistic collections (MS. Arch. Selden A. 56; MS. Selden Superius 107)
  • New World languages
    • A treatise on Mexican hieroglyphics (MS. Arch. Selden A. 2)

Many manuscripts relate to Selden's study of the law both in England and internationally. These include

  • A fragment on Islamic law (MS. Selden Superius 42)
  • Canon law(MS. Arch. Selden A. 63)
  • An account of the laws ofIvan the Terrible(MS. Selden Supra. 59)
  • Various legal topics, such as maritime law and a Latin treatise on procedure in Civil Courts (MS. Arch. Selden B. 27)
A heavily annotated page in John Selden's copy of Aristotle'sNicomachean Ethics,translated by Leonardus Brunus Aretinus (1479). The page includes a space left for aninitial(also called a drop cap). Oxford, Bodleian Library S. Seld. e.2: https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/032cc92a-b24c-48ab-9c58-3545cf24121f/.

Some manuscripts touch on contemporary events. For instance MS. Arch. Selden B. 8 includes a Latin speech given in Oxford on the return ofPrince Charles from Spain in 1623.Still others contain classical works of philosophy and literature, such as

Beyond manuscripts, the Selden collection contains several notable printed works. Among them is the first book ever printed in Japan using moveable type,Sanctos no gosagueo no uchi nuqigaqi(Arch.b.f.69).[47]The printed books included in the Selden collection contain many that are significant in part because they originated in the libraries of other famous figures, includingSir Robert Cotton,John Donne,andJohn Dee.[47]According toGeoffrey Keynes,several of the books Selden received from John Donne's library include inscriptions from both men. One such book isTheodorus Beza'sTractatio de polygamia,which includes Donne's signature and motto ( "Per Rachel ho servitor, & non per Lea" ), as well as Selden's motto ( "περί παντός τήν έλευθερίαν", "Freedom above all things" ).[53][54]

Notes

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  1. ^Pocock, John (1957),The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  2. ^Herzog, Isaac (1931), "John Selden and Jewish Law",Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law,3,13(4): 236–45.
  3. ^Milton, John (1644).Areopagitica, A Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc'd Printing to the Parliament of England(1 ed.). London. p. 11.Retrieved6 January2017– via Google Books.
  4. ^ab"Milton'sAreopagitica".Archived fromthe originalon 24 January 2021.Retrieved20 December2007.
  5. ^Elleray 1977,§168.
  6. ^Haivry, Ofir (29 June 2017).John Selden and the Western Political Tradition.Cambridge University Press. p. 11.ISBN978-1-107-01134-2.
  7. ^abcdefghijkChisholm 1911,p. 600.
  8. ^Berkowitz, p. 36.
  9. ^abcdefgChisholm 1911,p. 601.
  10. ^Glen Burgess,The Politics of the Ancient Constitution(1992), p. 95.
  11. ^Francis J. Bremer, Tom Webster.Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia(2006), p. 105.
  12. ^Sommerville, Johann."The English Revolution, 1647–1649".University of Wisconsin. Archived fromthe originalon 27 September 2011.Retrieved8 June2016.
  13. ^Thomas, Francis Sheppard (1843).Notes of Materials for the History of Public Departments.W. Clowes & Sons.
  14. ^Robert Batchelor,London: The Selden Map and the Making of a Global City, 1549–1689(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), 128–151
  15. ^TheEpinomis(GreekἘπινομίς) is the name of one ofPlato'sdialogues,which was an appendix to hisLaws(GreekΝόμοι,Nomoi). Thus, the titleEngland's Epinomisindicates that the work is an appendix to Selden'sJani Anglorum Facies Altera.
  16. ^James Loxley,The Complete Critical Guide to Ben Jonson(2002), p. 100.
  17. ^Colin Kidd,British Identities Before Nationalism: Ethnicity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World, 1600–1800(1999), p. 85.
  18. ^Michael Lapidge, Malcolm R. Godden, Simon Keynes,Anglo-Saxon England(2000), p. 250.
  19. ^"The Scottish Nation, Semple".electricscotland.Retrieved8 June2016.
  20. ^Charles John Sommerville,The Secularization of Early Modern England: From Religious Culture to Religious Faith(1992), p. 100.
  21. ^Adam Sutcliffe,Judaism and Enlightenment(2005), p. 47.
  22. ^David C. Douglas,English Scholars(1939), p. 171.
  23. ^David Armitage,British Political Thought in History, Literature and Theory, 1500–1800(2006), p. 57.
  24. ^Chisholm 1911,pp. 600–601.
  25. ^Milton, John (1644).Areopagitica, A Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc'd Printing to the Parliament of England(1 ed.). London. p. 11.Retrieved6 January2017.via Google Books
  26. ^Mark W. Janis,Religion and International Law(1999), pp. 68–9.
  27. ^Johann Somerville,Hobbes, Selden, Erastianism and the history of the Jews,pp. 168–9, in Graham Alan John Rogers, Tom Sorell,Hobbes and History(2000).
  28. ^Theanthropos: God Made Man, a Tract Proving the Nativity of our Saviour to be on the 25 December
  29. ^Steven Matthews,Theology and Science in the Thought of Francis Bacon,pp. 125–8.
  30. ^Rodney Castleden,King Arthur: The Truth Behind the Legend(2003), p. 49.
  31. ^Haycock, David Boyd (2013)."Chapter 7: 'Much Greater, Than Commonly Imagined.'".The Newton Project, University of Sussex. Archived fromthe originalon 26 February 2009.Retrieved8 June2016.
  32. ^Hutton, Ronald (2009).Blood & Mistletoe.pp. 62–4.
  33. ^Kelly Boyd,Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing(1999), p. 1082.
  34. ^Pattison, Mark (1879).English Men of Letters, Ch. 8.
  35. ^Richard Tuck,Philosophy and Government 1572–1651(1993), pp. 272–4.
  36. ^A. P. Martinich,The Two Gods of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes on Religion and Politics(2003), p. 381.
  37. ^Jon Parkin,Science, Religion and Politics in Restoration England: Richard Cumberland's De Legibus Naturae(1999), pp. 61–4.
  38. ^Richard Tuck,Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development(1981), p. 162.
  39. ^Jon Parkin,Science, Religion and Politics in Restoration England: Richard Cumberland's De Legibus Naturae(1999), pp. 26–8.
  40. ^Thomas Goddard Bergin and Max Harold Fisch (translators),The New Science of Giambattista Vico(1970 edition), section 493 at p. 123; translation revised by replacing "law" with a faithful rendering of "diritto"as" right ".
  41. ^Thomas Goddard Bergin and Max Harold Fisch (translators),The Autobiography of Giambattista Vico(1975 edition), p. 172.
  42. ^Isaiah Berlin,Against the Current(1997 edition), p. 118.
  43. ^Barratt, D. M. (1950–1951). "The Library of John Selden and its later history".The Bodleian Library Record.3:129.
  44. ^Barratt, D. M. (1950–51). "The Library of John Selden and its later history".The Bodleian Library Record.3:130–31.
  45. ^abBarratt, D. M. (1950–51). "The Library of John Selden and its later history".The Bodleian Library Record.3:131.
  46. ^Barratt, D. M. (1950–51). "The Library of John Selden and its later history".The Bodleian Library Record.3:132.
  47. ^abcdThe Bodleian Library."Rare Books Named Collection Descriptions".Weston Library.
  48. ^Chamberlayne, Edward (1704).Angliae Notitia: Or The Present State of England(21 ed.). London. p. 465.
  49. ^Barratt, D. M. (1950–51). "The Library of John Selden and its later history".The Bodleian Library Record.3:133.
  50. ^Barratt, D. M. (1950–51). "The Library of John Selden and its later history".The Bodleian Library Record.3:128.
  51. ^Bodleian Archives & Manuscripts."Manuscripts of John Selden".
  52. ^All information about Selden's manuscripts taken from the Bodleian Library's Summary Catalogues: Madan, Falconer and H. H. E. Craster. 1922.A Summary Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Also Clapinson, Mary and T. D. Rogers,Summary Catalogue of Post-Medieval Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library Oxford.Vol. 2. Oxford: 1991.
  53. ^Keynes, Geoffrey (1958).A Bibliography of John Donne.Cambridge University Press. p. 210.
  54. ^Bodleian Library (24 June 2010)."'Freedom above all things': A display of John Selden's books at the Bodleian Library ".

References

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  • Anthony à Wood,Athenae Oxonienses,ed. Bliss (London; 1817, 4 vols.)
  • John Aikin,Lives of John Selden and Archbishop Usher(London, 1812)
  • Robert Batchelor,London: The Selden Map and the Making of a Global City, 1549–1689(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014)ISBN9780226080659
  • David Sandler Berkowitz,John Selden's Formative Years: Politics and Society in Early Seventeenth-Century England(London, 1988)
  • Sergio Caruso,La miglior legge del regno. Consuetudine, diritto naturale e contratto nel pensiero e nell’epoca di John Selden (1584–1654),Giuffrè: Milano 2001, two vols.
  • Paul Christianson, "Selden, John (1584–1654)." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. (Oxford University Press, 2004)
  • Elleray, D. Robert (1977).Worthing: a Pictorial History.Chichester: Phillimore & Co.ISBN0-85033-263-X.
  • Gabor Hamza,Comparative law and Antiquity(Budapest, 1991)
  • George William Johnson,Memoirs of John Selden,etc. (London, 1835)
  • Jason P. Rosenblatt,Renaissance England's Chief Rabbi: John Selden,Oxford University Press, 2006
  • S. W. Singer(preface and notes),The Table-Talk of John Selden.(London, 1856)
  • G. J. Toomer,John Selden: A Life in Scholarship(Oxford, OUP, 2009) (Oxford-Warburg Studies).
  • Archdeacon David Wilkins (editor),Johannis Seldeni Opera Omnia,etc. (London, 1725)
  • Daniel Woolf,"The Idea of History in Early Stuart England" (Toronto, 1990)
  • John Milton,Areopagitica.(London, 1644)

Attribution:

Further reading

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  • Daniel Woolf (1990),The Idea of History in Early Stuart England
  • Paul Christianson (1996),Discourse in History, Law and Governance in the Public Career of John Selden, 1610–1635
  • Reid Barbour (2003),John Selden: Measures of the Holy Commonwealth in Seventeenth-century England
  • Ofir Haivry(2017),John Selden and the Western Political Tradition(Cambridge University Press)
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