Wikipedia

Jonathan Aitken

For the Canadian hockey player, seeJohnathan Aitken.

Jonathan William Patrick Aitken(born 30 August 1942) is a British author,Church of Englandpriest and formerConservative Partypolitician. Beginning his career in journalism, he was elected to Parliament in 1974 (serving until 1997), and was a member of the cabinet duringJohn Major's premiership from 1994 to 1995. That same year, he was accused byThe Guardianof misdeeds conducted under his official government capacity. He sued the newspaper for libel in response, but the case collapsed, and he was subsequently found to have committed perjury during his trial. In 1999, he was sentenced to 18 months in prison, of which he served seven months.

The Reverend
Jonathan Aitken
Chief Secretary to the Treasury
In office
20 July 1994 – 5 July 1995
Prime MinisterJohn Major
Preceded byMichael Portillo
Succeeded byWilliam Waldegrave
Minister for Defence Procurement
In office
14 April 1992 – 20 July 1994
Prime MinisterJohn Major
Preceded byAlan Clark
Succeeded byRoger Freeman
Member of Parliament
In office
28 February 1974 – 8 April 1997
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byStephen Ladyman
ConstituencySouth Thanet(1983–1997)
Thanet East(1974–1983)
Personal details
Born(1942-08-30)30 August 1942(age 82)
Dublin,Ireland
Political partyConservative(1966–2004)
UKIP(2004–2007)
Spouses
Lolica Olivera Azucki
​
​
(m.1979;div.1998)​
Elizabeth Rees-Williams
​
​
(m.2003; died 2022)​
Children4, including Alexandra
Parent(s)Sir William Aitken
Penelope, Lady Aitken
EducationEton College
Alma materChrist Church, Oxford
Wycliffe Hall, Oxford
WebsiteOfficial website

Following his imprisonment, Aitken became a Christian and later became the honorary president ofChristian Solidarity Worldwide.He was ordained as an Anglican priest in 2019.

Family

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Aitken's parents wereSir William Traven Aitken,KBE,a former Conservative MP, andThe HonourablePenelope, Lady Aitken,MBE,JP,daughter ofThe 1st Baron Rugby.[1][2]Aitken is a great-nephew of the newspaper magnate and war-time minister,The 1st Baron Beaverbrook.His sister is the actressMaria Aitkenand his nephew is the actorJack Davenport.He is godfather to James Abbott, the son ofLabourleft-wingerDiane Abbott,who had been hisvoting pair.[3]

In 1979, Aitken married Serbian Lolica Olivera Azucki, a daughter of O. Azucki, living inZürich,Switzerland; they divorced in 1998.[2]With his first wife, he had twin daughters and one son,[2]Alexandra and Victoria Aitken,[4]and William Aitken respectively.[5][6]

Aitken married his second wife, The Hon. Elizabeth Harris, daughter ofThe 1st Baron Ogmore,TD,PC,and former wife of actorsRichard Harrisand SirRex Harrison,in June 2003.[2]

In 1999,DNAtesting confirmed that Petrina Khashoggi, putative daughter of billionaire arms dealerAdnan Khashoggi,was Aitken's biological child, the result of an affair with Khashoggi's wife Soraya (néeSandra Daly).[2][4] The paternity of Aitken himself has similarly been under question. In December 2008, Dutch historian Cees Fasseur said Aitken was the result of a wartime affair betweenPrince Bernhard of the Netherlandsand Penelope Aitken.[7]

Early life

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Aitken was born inDublin,Ireland. His grandfather,Sir John Maffey(who was created The 1stBaron Rugbyin February 1947), was the first official British representative to the newly independent Irish state, being appointed in October 1939, at a time when Anglo-Irish relations were strained but improving. Maffey's official title was "United Kingdom Representative toÉire".Aitken was baptised on 16 October 1942 atSt Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin,an Anglican church, and he was named "Jonathan William Patrick Aitken". The third name, "Patrick", was included at a late stage owing to the unexpected international importance of the occasion –- one of the Irish papers reported "British envoy's grandson is a realPaddy".TheTaoiseach,Éamon de Valera,who knew his grandparents, asked to attend the christening and his presence at the baptism was symbolic of improving Anglo-Irish relations. Also attending was Princess Juliana (later to becomeQueen Juliana of the Netherlands) as hisgodmother.[8]

Aitken contractedtuberculosis,and at four years of age was admitted toCappagh Hospital,Dublin, where he was an inpatient on a TB ward for more than three years, being cared for and educated by Catholic nuns. His father was severely injured as anRAFpilot when hisSpitfirewas shot down during theSecond World War.[8]

Aitken recovered and was discharged from the hospital aged seven. He lived with his parents atHalesworth,Suffolk, and learnt to walk properly again within a few months.[8]

Aitken was educated at Orwell Park School and then privately educated atEton College,and then studied law atChrist Church, Oxford.[9]His career initially followed a similar path to the post-war career of his father, who became a journalist and then the Conservative Member of Parliament forBury St Edmunds.[8]

Journalism and business

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He served as awar correspondentduring the 1960s inVietnamandBiafra,and gained a reputation for risk-taking when he tookLSDin 1966 as an experiment for an article in the LondonEvening Standardand had abad trip:"this drug needs police, the Home Office and a dictator to stamp it out".[9][10]

He was also a journalist atYorkshire Televisionfrom 1968 to 1970, presenting the regional news showCalendar.Aitken was the first person to be seen on screen from Yorkshire Television when it began broadcasting.[11]

In 1970, Aitken was acquitted at theOld Baileyof charges of breaching section 2 of theOfficial Secrets Act 1911,when he photocopied a report about the British government's supply of arms toNigeria,and sent a copy toThe Sunday Telegraphand toHugh Fraser,a pro-Biafran (Nigerian Civil War) Tory MP. As a result of the case he was dropped as the Conservative candidate for theThirsk and Maltonparliamentary constituency.[12][13]

Aitken was managing director of the Middle Eastern division ofSlater Walkerin 1973–75 and chairman of R. Sanbaar Consultants Ltd from 1976 to at least 1982,[14]and a director of arms exporting firmBMARCfrom 1988 to 1990.[15]

Parliamentary career

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Aitken initially worked in parliament as private secretary to Conservative MPSelwyn Lloydin 1964–66.[14]

Defeated atMeridenin theWest Midlandsin1966and dropped as candidate for Thirsk and Malton (above), he was elected as MP forThanet Eastin theFebruary 1974 general election;from1983he sat forSouth Thanet.He managed to offend PMMargaret Thatcherby ending a relationship with her daughter,Carol Thatcher,and suggesting that Thatcher "probably thinksSinaiis the plural ofSinus"to an Egyptian newspaper. He stayed on thebackbenchesthroughout Thatcher's premiership, as well as participating in the re-launch ofTV-AM,when broadcasterAnna Fordthrew her wine at him to express her outrage at both his behaviour and the unwelcome consequent transformation of the TV station.

Hollis affair

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Aitken wrote a highly confidential letter to Thatcher in early 1980, dealing with allegations that the former Director-General ofMI5,SirRoger Hollis,had been a double agent also working for theSoviet Union.This information had come to Aitken from retiredCIAspymasterJames Angleton.Espionage historianChapman Pincherobtained a copy of the letter, and used former MI5 officersPeter Wrightand Arthur Martin as his main additional secret sources, to write the sensational bookTheir Trade is Treacheryin 1981. This matter continued to be highly controversial throughout the 1980s, and led to Wright eventually publishing his own bookSpycatcherin 1987, despite the government's prolonged Australian court attempts to stop him from doing so.[16]

Minister of State for Defence Procurement

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Aitken becameMinister of StateforDefence Procurementunder prime ministerJohn Majorin 1992.[15]He was later accused of violating ministerial rules by allowing anArabbusinessman to pay for his stay in theParis Ritz,perjured himself and was jailed (seebelow).[15]

Aitken had previously been a director of BMARC, an arms exporter during 1988–1990.[15]In 1995, a Commons motion showed that while a Cabinet minister he had signed a controversialPublic Interest ImmunityCertificate (PIIC) in September 1992 relating to theMatrix Churchilltrial, and that the "gagged" documents included ones relating to the supply of arms toIranby BMARC for a period when he was a director of the company.[17]

Chief Secretary to the Treasury

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He becameChief Secretary to the Treasuryin 1994, aCabinetposition, but resigned in 1995 following the allegations that he had violated ministerial rules.

He was defeated in the1997 general election.[15]Within a year he had been appointed as a representative for the defence manufacturerGEC-Marconi[15](part ofBAE Systemssince November 1999).

Libel, arrest and prison

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Libel action

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On 10 April 1995,The Guardiancarried a front-page report on Aitken's dealings with leadingSaudis.The story was the result of a long investigation carried out by journalists from the newspaper and fromGranada Television'sWorld in Actionprogramme.The Guardianalso alleged Aitken, whenMinister for Defence Procurement,procured prostitutes for Arab businessmen. Granada's World in Action programme repeated the accusation in a television documentary calledJonathan of Arabia.[18][19]

Aitken had called a press conference at the Conservative Party offices inSmith Square,London, at 5 p.m. that same day denouncing the claims and demanding that theWorld in Actiondocumentary, which was due to be screened three hours later, withdraw them. He said:

If it falls to me to start a fight to cut out the cancer of bent and twisted journalism in our country with the simple sword of truth and the trusty shield of British fair play, so be it. I am ready for the fight. The fight [is] against falsehood and those who peddle it. My fight begins today. Thank you and good afternoon.[20]

TheWorld in ActionfilmJonathan of Arabiawas transmitted as planned and Aitken carried out his threat to sue. The action collapsed in June 1997 (a month after he had lost his seat in the 1997 general election) whenThe Guardianand Granada produced, via their counselGeorge Carman,evidence countering his claim that his wife, Lolicia Aitken, paid for the hotel stay at theRitz Hotelin Paris. The evidence consisted of airline vouchers and other documents showing that his wife had, in fact, been inSwitzerlandat the time when she had allegedly been at the Ritz in Paris. The jointGuardian/Granada investigation indicated an arms deal scam involving Aitken's friend and business partner, the Lebanese businessman Mohammed Said Ayas, a close associate ofPrince Mohammed of Saudi Arabia.It was alleged that Aitken had been prepared to have his teenage daughter Victoria lie under oath to support his version of events, had the case continued.[21]

A few days after the libel case collapsed,World in Actionbroadcast a special edition, which echoed Aitken's "sword of truth" speech. It was titled "The Dagger of Deceit".

During this time, it emerged that when Aitken was being encouraged to resign, he was chairman of the secretive right-wing think-tankLe Cercle,[22]alleged byAlan Clarkto be funded by theCIA.[23]

Perjury conviction and imprisonment

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Aitken was charged withperjuryandperverting the course of justiceand, after pleadingguiltyon 8 June 1999 to both offences, was sentenced to jail for 18 months[24]of which he served almost seven months as acustodial sentence.[25]While Aitken was sentenced, justiceScott Bakersaid Aitken had breached trust inexcusably.[26]Baker told Aitken: "For nearly four years you wove a web of deceit in which you entangled yourself and from which there was no way out unless you were prepared to come clean and tell the truth. Unfortunately you were not."[27]

During the preceding libel trial, his wife Lolicia, who later left him, was called as a witness to sign a supportiveaffidavitto the effect that she had paid his Paris hotel bill, but did not appear. In the end, with the case already in court, investigative work byThe Guardianreporters into Swiss hotel andBritish Airwaysrecords showed that neither his daughter nor his wife had been in Paris at the time in question.[24]

Bankruptcy

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Aitken was unable to cover the legal costs of his libel trial[28]and was declared bankrupt. As part of the bankruptcy, his trustees settled legal actions against the magazinePrivate Eye,over the claims it had made that Aitken was a "serial liar". He also became one of the few people to resign from thePrivy Council.Aitken's wife and three daughters turned up to support him when he was sentenced.

Christian faith

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Aitken attended theAlpha Coursein 1997, which he said stirred his interest in Christianity. He attended the course on further occasions prior to imprisonment.[29]After being imprisoned in 1999, he began to study the Bible, learnedGreek,and became a student ofChristian theologyatWycliffe Hall,Oxford.This part of his life is covered in two autobiographical works calledPride and PerjuryandPorridge and Passion.

Aitken's claim that he had found God was met with some scepticism.[30][31]Aitken said: "In a different era, I'd have been one of the cynics myself. If I'd had a parliamentary colleague who’d got into trouble, gone to jail and come out saying, 'I've found God', I'd have said, 'Oh, how very convenient for him'."[32]

The Guardianmight insist that Aitken demonstrate the sincerity of repentance by repaying the whopping legal bill of one-and-half-million pounds he landed on them by his dishonest libel action. He was allowed to drop the case on promising to pay costs, but then escaped from the liability when he declared himself bankrupt and revealed that most of his apparent assets turn out to be conveniently owned by other people.The Guardianstill believe he has more resources than he will admit.[30][31]

In 2000 he said that he would not become avicarbecause he considered himself not worthy of the office and "wouldn't like to givedog-collarsa bad name ".[33]

In 2006 Aitken became honorary president ofChristian Solidarity Worldwide.[34]

Ordained ministry

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On 30 June 2018, Aitken wasordainedin theChurch of Englandas adeaconbySarah Mullally,the Bishop of London.[35][36]Since then he has served as anon-stipendiary ministeratSt Matthew's Church, Westminster[37]and as a chaplain ofPentonville Prison.[38]

Exactly one year after becoming deacon, on 30 June 2019, Aitken was ordained as an Anglican priest in St Mary's Church,Stoke Newington,also by the Bishop of London.

Political comebacks

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In early 2004, some constituency party members in Aitken's former seat of South Thanet proposed that he should return as Conservative candidate for the seat in the2005 general election.This was vetoed by Conservative Party leaderMichael Howard.[39]

Aitken later confirmed that he would not attempt a return toParliament,saying that "the leader has spoken. I accept his judgement with good grace." He denied rumours he was to stand as an independent candidate insisting that he was not a "spoiler".

Aitken later declared his support for theUnited Kingdom Independence Party(UKIP)[40]a week before the party'sequally strong performance as the Liberal Democrats, with both parties winning 12 seats eachin the2004 European elections.On 2 October 2004, Aitken attended the (UKIP) conference and re-iterated his support for the party.

In November 2007, with the approval of senior members of theshadow cabinet,he took charge of a task force onprison reformwithinIain Duncan Smith'sCentre for Social Justiceto help formulate Conservative Party policy.[41]Aitken said this was not part of a political comeback. Conservative spokesmen pointed out that the task force is independent of the party, even though the organisation was run by Iain Duncan Smith. The reportLocked Up Potential: A Strategy to Reform our Prisons and Rehabilitate our Prisoners[42][43]was published in March 2009.[44][45]

Parliamentary access

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In September 2020, it was revealed that the formerSpeaker of the House of Commons,John Bercow,awarded Aitken a parliamentary pass despite the House of Commons claiming that former MPs who had been sentenced to a period of imprisonment of one year or more were ineligible. In September 2020 Aitken had held a pass continuously since at least December 2015.[46]

Works

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The Young Meteors

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In his early bookThe Young Meteors(London: Secker & Warburg, 1967; New York: Atheneum, 1967), Aitken profiled the brightest lights among the younger generation in Britain, and particularly London, with a hint in the title that many of these were likely to burn and crash.Hunter Davies,one of the people profiled, has pointed out that such lists of the promising were then common inThe Sunday Times,but unusual as books.[47]Much later, Craig Taylor in 2003 observed that those profiled who were still burning brightly includedMichael Caine,David Bailey,Twiggy,David FrostandDon McCullin.Taylor found it humdrum, but:

the book is worth re-examining these many years later for one reason. Aitken, it has been shown over time, is a figure we can always learn something from, a kind of walking, well-groomedGrimm's fairy tale.... In [this book] he intuits the popularity and importance of unquantifiable lists of who is hot, young and going places.[48]

Aitken himself in 2003 had a low opinion of the book: "In terms of style, it was certainly the worst book I've ever written".[49]Yet the title was memorable: it was consciously adopted byMartin Harrisonfor a survey of the British photojournalism (including Bailey and McCullin) of about the same period.[50]

Nazarbayev and the Making of Kazakhstan: From Communism to Capitalism

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In 2009 Aitken published a biography ofNursultan Nazarbayev,thePresident of Kazakhstan,with the subject's cooperation.The Diplomatobserved that the publisher’s note "describes Nazarbayev as a 'widely admired' leader, which is an interesting descriptor for a political leader who has never won an election deemed free or fair."[51]Aitken received a Kazakh award for his "huge contribution to making Kazakhstan popular in the world and promoting its global reputation".[51]

The book sold only 466 copies[52]and was widely panned by critics,The Guardiannoting that the book "relies, for supporting evidence, on the good opinions of his [Nazarbayev's] friends (or of those too cowed to utter a word out of place). It becomes curiously tolerant when oppression, corruption and galloping megalomania are on the menu." The review also described it as "a fascinating, cleverly orchestrated snow job: quite probably the hagiography of the year."[53]The London Review of Bookswrote that the flattery within the biography ranged "from the banal to the cringing."[54]Eurasianetwrote that it was a "hagiography" that was part of Nazarbayev'spersonality cult.[55]

In 2021, documents leaked in thePandora paperssuggested that Aitken was paid £166,000 for writing the book by organisations with links to theGovernment of Kazakhstan,[52]despite Aitken tellingReutersat the time of the publication "that he had not received any payment from the government."[56]One invoice from Aitken's firm dated April 2009 for £33,333 is marked as "agreed final instalment fee for book project".[52]

Other books

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Aitken has written several Christian religious books since his release from prison. Aitken has published two books of prayers,Prayers for People under Pressure(2006),[57] andPsalms for People Under Pressure(2004),[58]and wrote a biography of the English slaver, and later Anglican clergyman and abolitionistJohn Newton,John Newton: From Disgrace to Amazing Grace,in 2007.[59]

Aitken has written several biographies of political figures, including the President of the United StatesRichard Nixon(Nixon: A Life,1993). Although his was not an authorised biography, Aitken was one of the few biographers from whom Nixon accepted questions and to whom he granted interviews.[citation needed]He also wrote on Nixon's co-conspirator in theWatergate scandal,Charles Colson(Charles W. Colson: A Life Redeemed,2005). Colson had assisted Aitken in his biography of Nixon, and had later corresponded with Aitken urging him to repent in the wake of theGuardianlibel case.[57]Aitken published a book of personal recollections of Margaret Thatcher,Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality,after her death in 2013.[60]

Bibliography

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  • A Short Walk On The Campus(1966, withMichael Beloff)
  • Young Meteors(1967)
  • Land of Fortune: A Study of the New Australia(1970)
  • From John Bull to Uncle Sam: How to Run An Empire(1970)
  • Officially Secret(1971)
  • A British View of the Middle East Situation(1976)
  • Nixon: A Life(1993)
  • Pride and Perjury: An Autobiography(2003)
  • Psalms for People Under Pressure(2004)
  • Porridge and Passion: An Autobiography(2005)
  • Charles W. Colson: A Life Redeemed(2005)
  • Prayers for People under Pressure(2006)
  • Heroes and Contemporaries(2007)
  • John Newton(2007)
  • Nazarbayev and the Making of Kazakhstan: From Communism to Capitalism(2009)
  • Kazakhstan and Twenty Years of Independence(2012)
  • Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality(2013)
  • Doing Time: A Spiritual Survival Guide(2021, with Edward Smyth)

See also

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  • Jeffrey Archer,Aitken's contemporary, another Conservative politician imprisoned for perjury
  • Chris Huhne,Liberal Democrat politician, imprisoned for perverting the course of justice

References

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Citations

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  1. ^Stenton and LeesWho's Who of British Members of Parliamentvol. iv p. 2
  2. ^abcde"Aitken, Jonathan William Patrick",Who's Who 2014,A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2014; online ed., Oxford University Press, 2013; online ed., December 2013
  3. ^"Aitken weds for second time".BBC News. 25 June 2003.Retrieved2 October2011.
  4. ^abRidley, Yvonne (10 January 1999)."Family rallies round Aitken's secret Khashoggi love child".The Guardian.London.Retrieved26 March2010.
  5. ^Edwardes, Charlotte (12 August 2001)."Aitken children in fight to keep share of estate".Telegraph.Retrieved2 October2011.
  6. ^"Life – The Times".The Times.12 September 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 12 September 2012.
  7. ^"Jonathan Aitken is of 'royal blood'".theweek.co.uk.Michael Wolfe.Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.Retrieved21 November2014.
  8. ^abcd"The House I Grew Up In,with Jonathan Aitken as participant ".The House I Grew Up In.29 September 2009. BBC.BBC Radio 4.
  9. ^abAdams, Tim (8 February 2004)."Pilgrim's progress".London: guardian.co.uk.Retrieved1 October2009.
  10. ^"The Real Jonathan Aitken".Channel 4.
  11. ^"YTV 40 years old – A voice for Yorkshire".Yorkshire Evening Post.21 July 2008.Retrieved15 March2010.
  12. ^"Jonathan Aitken – a 'swashbuckling' life".BBC News.7 December 1998.Retrieved26 March2010.
  13. ^For an account of the trial, see Aitken, J.,Officially Secret,1971, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson
  14. ^abMosley, Charles (ed.).Debrett's Handbook 1982, Distinguished People in British Life.Debrett's Peerage Limited. p. 20.ISBN0-905649-38-9.
  15. ^abcdef"Jonathan Aitken: a timeline".The Guardian.London. 8 June 1999.Retrieved26 March2010.
  16. ^A Web of Deceit: The Spycatcher Affair,byChapman Pincher,London 1987, Sidgwick and Jackson,ISBN0-283-99654-4
  17. ^Blackhurst, Chris (29 June 1995)."MPs to question Aitken over BMARC arms allegations".The Independent.London.Archivedfrom the original on 14 June 2022.Retrieved7 May2010.
  18. ^Aitken falls on 'sword of truth'Irish Times
  19. ^He lied and lied and liedThe Guardian
  20. ^"Aitken sues over Saudi claims".The Guardian.London.Retrieved7 May2010.
  21. ^"Atkin".The Guardian.London.Retrieved26 March2010.
  22. ^Hirst, Chrissie (2000).The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia.ISBN0-9506922-5-5.Archived fromthe originalon 22 September 2008.
  23. ^Blackhurst, Chris (29 June 1997)."Aitken dropped by the Right's secret club".The Independent.London.Archivedfrom the original on 14 June 2022.Retrieved8 March2010.
  24. ^ab"Aitken jailed for 18 months".The Guardian.London. 8 June 1999.Retrieved26 March2010.
  25. ^"BBC News UK POLITICS Aitken freed from prison".Retrieved19 May2015.
  26. ^"1999: Liar Aitken jailed for 18 months",BBC.
  27. ^Aitken jailed for 18 monthsThe Guardian
  28. ^"Alan Rusbridger: The long, slow road to libel reform".The Guardian.10 May 2011.Retrieved24 May2022.
  29. ^"Jonathan Aitken says Sorry".the Tablet.Archived fromthe originalon 5 January 2016.Retrieved19 October2011.
  30. ^ab"Jonathan Aitken's confession".The Tablet.21 May 1998.Retrieved2 October2011.
  31. ^abBlackhurst, Chris (21 December 1997)."Villain of the Year: Jonathan Aitken; The liar who claims he's turned to God for solace – Life & Style".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 14 June 2022.Retrieved2 October2011.
  32. ^Jonathan Aitken to be ordained as a deaconThe Guardian
  33. ^Barwick, Sandra (2 November 2000)."I am not worthy of life as a vicar, says Aitken".Telegraph.Retrieved2 October2011.
  34. ^"Christian Solidarity website 2006".Christian Solidarity Worldwide.Retrieved2 October2011.
  35. ^"Diocese welcomes new clergy for London churches".Diocese of London.2 July 2018.Retrieved24 August2018.
  36. ^"Ex-Tory MP Aitken becomes prison chaplain".BBC News.30 June 2018.Retrieved24 August2018.
  37. ^ "Jonathan Aitken".Crockford's Clerical Directory(online ed.).Church House Publishing.Retrieved24 August2018.
  38. ^"Jails in desperate need of support, says Jonathan Aitken".The Church Times.Retrieved20 May2019.
  39. ^"Howard blocks Aitken's comeback".BBC News.6 February 2004.Retrieved26 March2010.
  40. ^"Disgraced Tory Aitken backs UKIP".BBC News.4 June 2004.Retrieved26 March2010.
  41. ^Watt, Nicholas (11 November 2007)."Disgraced Aitken in key new Tory role".The Observer.London.Retrieved7 May2010.
  42. ^Hinsliff, Gaby (22 March 2009)."Give convicts a fresh start, pleads Aitken".The Observer.London.Retrieved26 March2010.
  43. ^"Locked up potential"(PDF).Centre for Social Justice.Retrieved19 October2011.
  44. ^Travis, Alan (25 March 2009)."Scrap Titan jail plans, urges Jonathan Aitken".The Guardian.London.Retrieved26 March2010.
  45. ^James, Erwin (25 March 2009)."Prisoners of hope".The Guardian.London.Retrieved26 March2010.
  46. ^Pegg, David; Duncan, Pamela (20 September 2020)."Jonathan Aitken given parliamentary pass despite jail sentence".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved21 September2020.
  47. ^Davies quoted in Craig Taylor,"Promises, promises",The Guardian,6 September 2003. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  48. ^Craig Taylor,"Promises, promises",The Guardian,6 September 2003. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  49. ^Aitken quoted in Craig Taylor,"Promises, promises",The Guardian,6 September 2003. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  50. ^Martin Harrison,Young Meteors: British Photojournalism, 1957–1965(London: Cape, 1998;ISBN0-224-05129-6). Harrison writes in the book's preface: "The title 'Young Meteors' [is] taken from Jonathan Aitken's 1976 survey of the financial enterprise of sixties youth...."
  51. ^abCasey, Michael (11 April 2017)."Kazakhstan Thanks British Nazarbayev Biographer".The Diplomat.Arlington, VA.Retrieved26 April2017.
  52. ^abc"Jonathan Aitken was paid £166,000 for book on Kazakh autocrat, leak suggests".The Guardian.6 October 2021.Retrieved6 October2021.
  53. ^"Review: Nazarbayev and the Making of Kazakhstan by Jonathen Aitken".The Guardian.18 July 2009.Retrieved6 October2021.
  54. ^Steele, Jonathan (28 January 2010)."Was it better in the old days?".London Review of Books.Vol. 32, no. 2.ISSN0260-9592.Retrieved6 October2021.
  55. ^"Kazakhstan Gets Nazarbayev's Official Life Story".Eurasianet.8 August 2012.Retrieved16 October2021.
  56. ^"Kazakh leader gets glowing bio by Jonathan Aitken".Reuters.19 June 2009.Retrieved6 October2021.
  57. ^abAitken, Jonathan (10 November 2006).Prayers for People Under Pressure.Bloomsbury Academic.ISBN978-0-8264-8275-4.
  58. ^Aitken, Jonathan (29 January 2004).Psalms for People Under Pressure.Bloomsbury Academic.ISBN978-0-8264-7275-5.
  59. ^Aitken, Jonathan (2007).John Newton: From Disgrace to Amazing Grace.Continuum.ISBN978-0-8264-9383-5.
  60. ^Jonathan Aitken (2013).Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality.A&C Black.ISBN978-1-4088-3184-7.

Sources

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  • Stenton, M., S. Lees (1981).Who's Who of British Members of Parliament,volume iv (covering 1945–1979). Sussex: The Harvester Press; New Jersey: Humanities Press.ISBN0-391-01087-5.
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