Wikipedia

Joshua

This article is about the figure from theHebrew Bible.For the Biblical book, seeBook of Joshua.For the given name, seeJoshua (name).For other uses, seeJoshua (disambiguation).

Joshua(/ˈdʒɒʃuə/), also known asYehoshua(Hebrew:יְהוֹשֻׁעַ‎Yəhōšuaʿ,‍Tiberian:Yŏhōšuaʿ,lit.'Yahwehis salvation'),Jehoshua,[b][2][3]orJosue,[4]functioned asMoses' assistant in the books ofExodusandNumbers,and later succeeded Moses as leader of theIsraelitetribes in theBook of Joshuaof theHebrew Bible.[5]His name wasHoshea(הוֹשֵׁעַ‎Hōšēaʿ,‍lit.'Save')[6]the son ofNun,of thetribe of Ephraim,but Moses called him "Yehoshua" (translated as "Joshua" in English),[7]the name by which he is commonly known in English. According to the Bible, he was born inEgyptprior tothe Exodus.

Joshua
Joshua stops the race of the sun(c. 1700), byCarlo Maratta
Prophet, Righteous, Forefather
BornGoshen(Lower Egypt),Ancient Egypt
DiedCanaan
Venerated inJudaism,Christianity,Islam
Majorshrine
Feast
AttributesOften depicted withCaleb,carrying the grapes out ofCanaan

The Hebrew Bible identifies Joshua as one ofthe twelve spiesof Israel sent by Moses to explore the land ofCanaan.InNumbers 13:1and after the death of Moses, he led the Israelite tribes in the conquest of Canaan, and allocated lands to the tribes. According tobiblical chronology,Joshua lived some time in theBronze Age.According toJoshua 24:29Joshua died at the age of 110.

Joshua holds a position of respect amongMuslims,who also see him as the leader of the faithful following the death of Moses. In Islam, it is also believed that Yusha bin Nun (Joshua) was the "attendant" of Moses mentioned in theQuranbefore Moses meetsKhidr.Joshua playsa role in Islamic literature,with significant narration in thehadith.[8][9]

Name

The English name "Joshua" is a rendering of theHebrewYehoshua,and is mostly interpreted as "Yahwehis salvation ";[10][11]although others have also alternatively interpreted it as "Yahwehis lordly ".[12]Thetheophoric nameappears to be constructed from a combination of theTetragrammatonwith the Hebrew noun יְשׁוּעָה (Modern:yəšūʿa,Tiberian:yăšūʿā), meaning "salvation";[13][14][15][16]derived from theHebrew rootישׁע (y-š-ʿ), meaning "to save/help/deliver".[17][18]Other theophoric names sharing a similar meaning can also be found throughout theHebrew Bible,such as that of the son ofDavidאֱלִישׁוּעַ (ʾĔlīšūaʿ), whose name means "MyEl(God) is salvation ".[19][20]

"Jesus"is the English derivative of the Greek transliteration of" Yehoshua "via Latin. In theSeptuagint,all instances of the word "Yehoshua" are rendered as "Ἰησοῦς"(Iēsûs), the closest Greek pronunciation of theImperial Aramaic:יֵשׁוּעַYēšūaʿ.[21][22][23][24]Thus, in modern Greek, Joshua is called "Jesus son of Naue" (τοῦ Ναυή,tû Nauḗ) to differentiate him fromJesus.This is also true in someSlavic languagesfollowing theEastern Orthodoxtradition (e.g. "Иисус Навин",Iisús Navín,in Bulgarian, Serbian and Russian, but not Czech).

Biblical narrative

See also:History of ancient Israel and Judah

The Exodus

Moses Blesses Joshua Before the High Priest(watercolor circa 1896–1902 byJames Tissot)

Joshua was a major figure in the events of the Exodus. He was charged by Moses with selecting and commanding a militia group for their first battle after exiting Egypt, against theAmalekitesinRephidim,[25]in which they were victorious.

He later accompanied Moses when he ascendedbiblical Mount Sinaito commune with God,[26]visualize God's plan for the Israelitetabernacle,and receive theTen Commandments.Joshua was with Moses when he descended from the mountain, heard the Israelites' celebrations around theGolden Calf,[27]and broke the tablets bearing the words of the commandments. Similarly, in the narrative which refers to Moses being able to speak with God in his tent of meeting outside the camp, Joshua is seen as custodian of the tent ('tabernacle of meeting') when Moses returned to the Israelite encampment.[28]However, when Moses returned to the mountain to re-create the tablets recording the Ten Commandments, Joshua was not present, as the biblical text states "no man shall come up with you".[29]

Later, Joshua was identified as one of thetwelve spiessent by Moses to explore and report on the land ofCanaan,[30]and only he andCalebgave an encouraging report, a reward for which would be that only these two of their entire generation would enter the promised land.[31]

According to Joshua 1:1,[32]God appointed Joshua to succeed Moses as leader of the Israelites along with giving him a blessing of invincibility during his lifetime.[33][34]The first part of the book of Joshua covers the period when he led the conquest ofCanaan.

Conquest of Canaan

Main article:Book of Joshua
Joshua Commanding the Sun to Stand Still upon GibeonbyJohn Martin

At theJordan River,the waters parted, as they had for Moses at theRed Sea.The first battle after the crossing of the Jordan was theBattle of Jericho.Joshua led the destruction ofJericho,then moved on toAi,a small neighboring city to the west. However, they were defeated with thirty-six Israelite deaths. The defeat was attributed toAchantaking an "accursed thing" from Jericho; and was followed by Achan and his family and animals being stoned to death to restore God's favor. Joshua then went to defeat Ai.

The Israelites faced an alliance of fiveAmoritekings fromJerusalem,Hebron,Jarmuth,Lachish,andEglon.AtGibeon,Joshua asked the LORDto cause the Sun and Moon to stand still, so that he could finish the battle in daylight. According to the text, the Sun stopped in the middle of the sky and delayed going down about a full day. This event is most notable because "There has been no day like it before or since, when the LORDheeded the voice of a man, for the Lord fought for Israel. "[35]The LORDalso fought for the Israelites in this battle, for he hurled huge hailstones from the sky which killed more Canaanites than those which the Israelites slaughtered. From there on, Joshua was able to lead the Israelites to several victories, securing much of the land of Canaan. He presided over the Israelite gatherings atGilgalandShilohwhichallocated landto the tribes of Israel (Joshua 14:1–5 and 18:1–10), and the Israelites rewarded him with the Ephraimite city ofTimnath-heresor Timnath-serah, where he settled (Joshua 19:50).

According to theTalmud,Joshua in his book enumerated only those towns on the frontier.[c]

Death

Joshua's Tomb inKifl HarisnearNablus,West Bank,on Joshua'syartzeit2007
Joshua's Tomb inJordan

When he was "old and well advanced in years",[36]Joshua convened the elders and chiefs of the Israelites and exhorted them to have no fellowship with the native population, because it could lead them to be unfaithful to God.[37]At a general assembly of the clans atShechem,he took leave of the people, admonishing them to be loyal to their God, who had been so mightily manifested in the midst of them. As a witness of their promise to serve God, Joshua set up a great stone under an oak by the sanctuary of God. Soon afterward he died, at the age of 110, and was buried atTimnath-heres,in the hill country of Ephraim, north of Mount Gaash.[38]

Historicity

See also:The Exodus § Historicity,andHistory of ancient Israel and Judah

Current mainstream opinion

The prevailing scholarly view is that theBook of Joshuais not a factual account of historical events.[39][40]The apparent setting of Joshua is the 13th century BCE[41]which was a time of widespread city-destruction, but with a few exceptions (Hazor,Lachish) the destroyed cities are not the ones the Bible associates with Joshua, and the ones it does associate with him show little or no sign of even being occupied at the time.[42]Given its lack of historicity, Carolyn Pressler in her commentary for theWestminster Bible Companionseries suggests that readers of Joshua should give priority to its theological message ( "what passages teach about God" ) and be aware of what these would have meant to audiences in the seventh and sixth centuries BCE.[43]Richard Nelsonexplained that the needs of thecentralisedmonarchy favoured a single story of origins, combining old traditions of anexodus from Egypt,belief in anational godas "divine warrior," and explanations for ruined cities,social stratificationand ethnic groups, and contemporary tribes.[44]

It has been argued that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value.[45]The archaeological evidence shows thatJerichoandAiwere not occupied in the Near EasternLate Bronze Age,[46]although recent excavations at Jericho have questioned this.[47]The story of the conquest perhaps represents the nationalistpropagandaof the eighth century BCE kings ofJudahand their claims to the territory of theKingdom of Israel,[39]incorporated into an early form of Joshua written late in the reign of kingJosiah(reigned 640–609 BCE). The book was probably revised and completed after thefall of Jerusalemto theNeo-Babylonian Empirein 586 BCE, and possibly after the return from theBabylonian exilein 538 BCE.[48]

M. Noth (1930s)

In the 1930sMartin Nothmade a sweeping criticism of the usefulness of the Book of Joshua for history.[49]Noth was a student ofAlbrecht Alt,who emphasizedform criticismand the importance ofetiology.[49][50]Alt and Noth posited a peaceful movement of the Israelites into various areas of Canaan,contrathe Biblical account.[51]

W.F. Albright (1930s)

William Foxwell Albrightquestioned the "tenacity" of etiologies, which were key to Noth's analysis of the campaigns in Joshua. Archaeological evidence in the 1930s showed that the city ofAi,an early target for conquest in the putative Joshua account, had existed and been destroyed, but in the 22nd century BCE.[49]Some alternate sites for Ai have been proposed which would partially resolve the discrepancy in dates, but these sites have not been widely accepted.[52]

K. Kenyon (1951)

In 1951Kathleen Kenyonshowed that City IV atTell es-Sultan(Jericho) was destroyed at the end of theMiddle Bronze Age(c. 2100–1550 BCE), not during theLate Bronze Age(c. 1550–1200 BCE). Kenyon argued that the early Israelite campaign could not be historically corroborated, but rather explained as an etiology of the location and a representation of the Israelite settlement.[53][54]

G.E. Wright (1955)

In 1955,G. Ernest Wrightdiscussed the correlation of archaeological data to the early Israelite campaigns, which he divided into three phases per the Book of Joshua. He pointed to two sets of archaeological findings that "seem to suggest that the biblical account is in general correct regarding the nature of the late thirteenth and twelfth-eleventh centuries in the country" (i.e., "a period of tremendous violence" ).[55]He gives particular weight to what were then recent digs at Hazor byYigael Yadin.[55]

Religious views

Joshua and the Israelite people,Carolingianminiature,c. 840

In Judaism

In rabbinical literature

The Israelites led by Joshua crossing the Jordan River with the Ark, Old Sacristy, Milan Italy, 15th c.
Robert Hecquet, Israelites led by Joshua Crossing the Jordan River

Inrabbinic literatureJoshua is regarded as a faithful, humble, deserving, wise man. Biblical verses illustrative of these qualities and of their reward are applied to him. "He that waits on his master shall be honored"[56]is construed as a reference to Joshua,[57]as is also the first part of the same verse, "Whoso keeps the fig-tree shall eat the fruit thereof".[58]That "honor shall uphold the humble in spirit"[59]is proved by Joshua's victory overAmalek.[60]Not the sons ofMoses—as Moses himself had expected—but Joshua was appointed as Moses' successor.[61]Moses was shown how Joshua reproved thatOthniel.[62]

"God would speak to Moses face to face, like someone would speak to his friend. Then he would return to the camp. But his attendant, Joshua the son of Nun, a young man, would not leave the tent. Joshua never moved from the tent".[28]Didn't Joshua leave the tent to eat, sleep or attend to his needs? This praise shows that Joshua had complete faith in Moses, theTzaddik.One who has this faith is cognizant of the tzaddik in everything he does; he remains steadfastly with the tzaddik whatever he does.[63]

According torabbinic tradition,Joshua, when dividing theLand of Canaanamong the twelve tribes of Israel, plantedsea squill(Hebrew:חצוב) to mark off thebutts and boundsof tribal properties.[c]

Moreover, Joshua, on dividing the land of Canaan amongst the tribes of Israel, made the tribes agree to ten conditions, the most important of which being the common use of the forests as pasture for cattle, and the common right of fishing in theSea of Tiberias.[64]Natural springs were to be used for drinking and laundry by all tribes, although the tribe to which the water course fell had the first rights.[65]Prickly burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum) and the camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) could be freely collected as firewood by any member of any tribe, in any tribal territory.

In prayer

According to Jewish religious tradition, upon makingAliyahby crossing the Jordan River to enter theLand of Israel,Joshua composed theAleinuprayer thanking God. This idea was first cited in theKol Boof the late 14th Century.[66]Several medieval commentators noticed that Joshua's shorter birth name, Hosea, appears in the first few verses of Aleinu in reverse acrostic: ע – עלינו, ש – שלא שם, ו – ואנחנו כורעים, ה – הוא אלוקינו. The Teshuvot HaGeonim, aGeonicresponsum, discussed that Joshua composed the Aleinu because although the Israelites had made Aliyah to thePromised Land,they were surrounded by other peoples, and he wanted the Jews to draw a clear distinction between themselves, who knew and accepted the sovereignty of God, and those nations of the world which did not.[67]In the modern era, religious Jews still pray the Aliyah inspired Aleinu three times daily, including on theHigh Holidays.The Aleinu prayer begins:

It is our duty to praise the Master of all, to exalt the Creator of the Universe, who has not made us like the nations of the world and has not placed us like the families of the earth, who has not designed our destiny to be like theirs, nor our lot like that of all their multitude.[68]

In Christianity

Most modern Bibles translateHebrews 4:8–10to identify Jesus as a better Joshua, as Joshua led Israel into the rest ofCanaan,but Jesus leads the people of God into "God's rest". Among the earlyChurch Fathers,Joshua is considered atypeof Jesus Christ.[69]

The story of Joshua and the Canaanite kings is also alluded to in the2 Meqabyan,a book consideredcanonicalin theEthiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.[70]

In Islam

Prophet
Yūšaʿ
يُوشَعُ
Joshua
PredecessorKalib

Quranic references

Joshua (Arabic:يُوشَعُ بْنُ نُونٍ,Yūšaʿ ibn Nūn[juːʃaʕibnnuːn],is not mentioned by name in theQuran,but his name appears in otherIslamic literature.In the Quranic account of the conquest of Canaan, Joshua and Caleb are referenced, but not named, as two God-fearing men on whomGod"had bestowed His grace".[71]

They said, "Moses, there is a fearsome people in this land. We will not go there until they leave. If they leave, then we will enter." Yet the two men whom God had blessed among those who were afraid said, "Go in to them through the gate and when you go in you will overcome them. If you are true believers, put your trust in God.

— Quran, sura 5 (Al-Ma'ida), ayah 22–23, Haleem translation[72]

Joshua is also referred to in the journeyMusa(Moses) took with him to findKhidr.

And remember when Moses said to his young assistant, "I will never give up until I reach the junction of the two seas, even if I travel for ages". But when they finally reached the point where the seas met, they forgot their salted fish, and it made its way into the sea, slipping away wondrously. He replied, "Do you remember when we rested by the rock? That is when I forgot the fish. None made me forget to mention this except Satan. And the fish made its way into the sea miraculously". Moses responded, "That is exactly what we were looking for". So they returned, retracing their footsteps. There they found a servant of Ours, to whom We had granted mercy from Us and enlightened with knowledge of Our Own.

— Quran, chapter 6 (al-Kahf), verses 60-65[73]

The narration collected byBukharireports that a man approached Moses after he gave a talk and asked him, "Who is the most knowledgeable person on earth?" Moses responded, "That would be me!" So Allah revealed to Moses that he should not have said this and there was in fact someone who was more knowledgeable than him. Moses was commanded to travel to meet this man, named Al-Khaḍir, at the junction of the two seas. Islamic scholars have argued this could be the northern part of theSinai Peninsulabetween theRed Seaand theMediterranean Sea,the southern part of Sinai where the Rea Sea splits into theGulf of Suezand theGulf of Aqaba,or theBosporusin Istanbul which is a strait between theBlack Seaand theSea of Marmara.

Hadith, exegesis, traditions

Joshua was regarded by some classical scholars as the prophetic successor to Moses (موسى)[d]Al-Tabarirelates in hisHistory of the Prophets and Kingsthat Joshua was one of the twelve spies, and Muslim scholars believe that the two believing spies referred to in the Quran are Joshua and Caleb. Joshua was exceptional among theIsraelitesfor being one of the few faithful followers of Allah.

Significant events from Joshua's Muslim narratives include the crossing of theJordan riverand the conquest ofBait al-Maqdis.[74]

The traditional Muslim scholastic commentaries has narrated the miracle which shown by Joshua as a sign that he is aprophet in Islam.Ibn Kathir gave commentary ofMusnad Ahmad ibn HanbalHadith that during the siege of Jerusalem, Yoshua prayed to God to withheld the sun until he won, which resulted in the day did not cease, and the sun only set after the Israelites under Joshua manage to capture the city.[75][76]al-Jalalaynsays, "Ahmad [b. Hanbal]reported in his Musnad, the [following] hadīth, 'The sun was never detained for any human, except for Joshua during those days in which he marched towards the Holy House [of Jerusalem]'. "[77]

Muslim literature includes traditions of Joshua not found in theHebrew Bible.Joshua is credited with being present at Moses's death and literature records that Moses's garments were with Joshua at the time of his departure.[78]InSahih BukhariandSahih Muslim,Joshua is mentioned as Yusha' bin Nun and is the attendant to Moses during hismeeting with Khidr.[79][80][81]This hadith episode was used by scholars for the exegesis of Quran scripture chapterAl-Kahfabout the journey of Moses.[82]

In art and literature

Joshua inThe Ten Commandments,1956

In the literary tradition of medieval Europe, Joshua is known as one of theNine Worthies.InThe Divine ComedyJoshua's spirit appears to Dante in the Heaven of Mars, where he is grouped with the other "warriors of the faith."[83]

BaroquecomposerGeorg Frideric Handelcomposed theoratorioJoshuain 1747. ComposerFranz Waxmancomposed an oratorioJoshuain 1959.Marc-Antoine CharpentiercomposedJosue(H.404 and H.404 a), an oratorio for soloists, double chorus, double orchestra and continuo, in 1680.[84]

Nomenclature in biology

According to legend,Mormonpioneers in the United States first referred to theyucca brevifoliaagaveplant as the Joshua tree because its branches reminded them of Joshua stretching his arms upward in supplication, guiding the travelers westward.[85]

Joshua is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of snake,Joshua's blind snake(Trilepida joshuai), theholotypeof which was collected atJericó, Antioquia,Colombia.[86]

Jewish holidays

Israeli poster celebrating Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day) from the Yosef Matisyahu Collection

Religious holiday

The annual commemoration of Joshua'syahrtzeit(the anniversary of his death) is marked on the 26th ofNisanon theHebrew calendar.Thousands make the pilgrimage to theTomb of Joshuaat Kifl Haris nearNablus,West Bank,on the preceding night.

Israeli Zionist holiday

Yom HaAliyah(AliyahDay;Hebrew:יום העלייה) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of theHebrewmonth ofNisan,as per the opening clause of the Yom HaAliyah Law, as aZionistcelebration of "Jewish immigration to theLand of Israelas the basis for the existence of theState of Israel",and secondarily" to mark the date of entry into the Land of Israel ", i.e. to commemorate Joshua having led the Israelites across the Jordan River into the Land of Israel while carrying theArk of the Covenant.

Tomb of Joshua

Samaritan and Jewish traditions

According to a Samaritan tradition, noted in 1877, the tombs of Joshua and Caleb were in Kifl Haris.[87]

According toJoshua 24:30,thetomb of Joshuais inTimnath-heres,and Jewish tradition also places the tombs of Joshua's father, Nun, an his companion,Caleb,at that site, which is identified byOrthodox Jewswith Kifl Haris. Thousands make the pilgrimage to the tombs on theannual commemoration of Joshua's death,26th of Nisan on the Hebrew calendar.[88][clarification needed]

It seems that old Jewish traditions once associatedMeronin theUpper Galileewith the burial site of Joshua.[89]

Islamic sites

TheBosporusfromJoshua's Hill(Giant's Grave) with a broken column, by Joseph Schranz (1803–1864/6), courtesy of the Ömer M Koç Collection

Joshua is believed by some Muslims to be buried onJoshua's Hillin theBeykozdistrict ofIstanbul.[90]Alternative traditional sites for his tomb are situated in Israel (the Shia shrine atAl-Nabi Yusha'),Jordan(An-Nabi Yusha' bin Noon, a Sunnishrinenear the city ofAl-Salt[91][92]), Iran (Historical cemetery of Takht e Foolad in Esfahan[93]) and Iraq (the Nabi Yusha' shrine ofBaghdad[91]). A local tradition combining three versions of three different Yushas, including biblical Joshua, places the tomb inside a cave in the Tripoli Mountains, overlooking the coastal town ofel-MinyiehnearTripoli, Lebanon.[94][95]

See also

References

Explanatory notes

  1. ^(In Greek)"Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἰησοῦς ὁ Δίκαιος".Megas Synaxaristis.
  2. ^Imperial Aramaic:יֵשׁוּעַYēšūaʿ;Syriac:ܝܫܘܥ ܒܪ ܢܘܢYəšūʿ bar Nōn;Greek:Ἰησοῦς,Arabic:يُوشَعُ ٱبْنُ نُونٍYūšaʿ ibn Nūn;Latin:Iosue
  3. ^abBabylonian Talmud,Baba Bathra56a;Beitza25b, s.v.חצובא מקטע רגליהון דרשיעי‎. Quote: "ʻThe sea squill (Urginea maritima) amputates the leg of the wicked’. Explained byTalmudicexegete,Rashi,to mean a plant whose roots penetrate and go down deeply, without spreading-out to the sides at all, and they plant it between the boundaries of fields, with which Joshua [formerly] divided the country by designated borders for Israel. "ʻAmputates the leg of the wicked’, [meaning], on theDay of Judgment,in the sense that they (the wicked) steal, and covet, and reappropriate the property bounds [of others], without taking a lesson from it "(END QUOTE). Cf.Hai Gaon(1921), "Hai Gaon's Commentary on Seder Taharot", in Epstein, J.N. (ed.),The Geonic Commentary on Seder Taharot - Attributed to Rabbi Hai Gaon(in Hebrew), vol. 1, Berlin: Itzkowski, pp. 13–14,OCLC13977130,s.v.יבלית‎ inMishnahKeilim3:6.
  4. ^Joshua is mentioned as a prophet inIbn Kathir'sStories of the Prophets

Citations

  1. ^"Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi)".Oca.Archivedfrom the original on 14 November 2012.Retrieved8 January2018.
  2. ^Khan, Geoffrey (2020).The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 1.Open Book Publishers.ISBN978-1783746767.
  3. ^"Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 3091. Yehoshua".Bible Hub.
  4. ^"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Josue (Joshua)".newadvent.org.Retrieved2023-01-01.
  5. ^Coogan 2009,pp. 166–167.
  6. ^"Conjugation of לְהוֹשִׁיעַ".Pealim.
  7. ^BibleNumbers 13:16
  8. ^"Jami' at-Tirmidhi 3149 - Chapters on Tafsir - كتاب تفسير القرآن عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم - Sunnah - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)".sunnah.Retrieved2022-02-14.
  9. ^"Sahih Muslim 2380a - The Book of Virtues - كتاب الفضائل - Sunnah - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)".sunnah.Retrieved2022-02-14.
  10. ^Gesenius 1906,pp. 221, 446.
  11. ^"Fausset's Bible Dictionary".Study Light.Archivedfrom the original on 16 March 2012.Retrieved8 January2018.
  12. ^Ayali-Darshan 2018.
  13. ^"Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 3444. yeshuah".Bible Hub.
  14. ^"Inflection of יְשׁוּעָה".Pealim.
  15. ^"Klein Dictionary, יְשׁוּעָה".Sefaria.
  16. ^"Jastrow, יְשׁוּעָה".Sefaria.
  17. ^"Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 3467. yasha".Bible Hub.
  18. ^"Klein Dictionary, ישׁע".Sefaria.
  19. ^"Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 474. Elishua".Bible Hub.
  20. ^"Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 410. êlî".Bible Hub.
  21. ^BibleNehemiah 8:17
  22. ^Numbers 13:16 LXXArchived2011-07-23 at theWayback Machineκαὶ ἐπωνόμασεν Μωυσῆς τὸν Αὐσῆ υἱὸν Ναυῆ 'Ἰησοῦν'(and Moses named Hosea, son of Naue,Jesus)
  23. ^"Zechariah",Online Greek OT (Septuagint/LXX) UTF8 Bible,Bible database, 3:1–10,archivedfrom the original on 23 July 2011,retrieved8 January2018
  24. ^"Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 3442. Yeshua".Bible Hub.
  25. ^BibleExodus 17:8–16
  26. ^Exodus 24:13
  27. ^BibleExodus 32:17
  28. ^abExodus 33:11
  29. ^Exodus 34:3
  30. ^BibleNumbers 13:16–17
  31. ^BibleNumbers 14:22–24
  32. ^BibleJoshua 1:1–9
  33. ^BibleJoshua 1:5
  34. ^Goldingay 2023,pp. 67–68.
  35. ^BibleJoshua 10:14
  36. ^BibleJoshua 23:1–2
  37. ^BibleJoshua 23:7–8,23:12–13
  38. ^BibleJoshua 24:29–30
  39. ^abCoote 2000,p. 275.
  40. ^McConville & Williams 2010,p. 4.
  41. ^McConville & Williams 2010.
  42. ^Miller & Hayes 1986,pp. 71–72.
  43. ^Pressler 2002,pp. 5–6.
  44. ^Nelson 1997,p. 5.
  45. ^Killebrew 2005,p. 152: "Almost without exception, scholars agree that the account in Joshua holds little historical value vis-à-vis early Israel and most likely reflects much later historical times.15"
  46. ^Bartlett 2006,p. 63.
  47. ^Nigro 2020,pp. 202–204.
  48. ^Creach 2003,pp. 10–11.
  49. ^abcAlbright 1939,pp. 11–23.
  50. ^Noort 1998,pp. 127–144.
  51. ^Rendsburg 1992,pp. 510–527.
  52. ^Hawkins 2013,p. 109.
  53. ^Kenyon 1967,pp. 268–275.
  54. ^Kenyon 2013,pp. 101–138.
  55. ^abWright 1955,pp. 106–108.
  56. ^Proverbs27:18
  57. ^Numbers Rabbah12
  58. ^Yalkut Shimoni,Joshua 2;Numbers Rabbah12:21
  59. ^Proverbs29:23
  60. ^Numbers Rabbah13
  61. ^Numbers Rabbah12
  62. ^Yalkut Shimoni,Numbers 776
  63. ^Nachman of Breslov,Likutey Halakhot VII
  64. ^Babylonian Talmud(Bava Kamma80b—81a).
  65. ^Maimonides,Mishneh Torah(Hil.Nizkei Mammon5:3);Acha of Shabha,Sheiltoth,P. Ra’eh 147;Jerusalem Talmud,Baba Bathra5:1. Even if the source of the natural spring were to originate in a distant tribal territory, and flowed along its course through another tribal territory, the people living in the territory where the water currently passes through have first-rights over the water.
  66. ^"Shiur #18: Aleinu | VBM haretzion".Archivedfrom the original on 2021-01-23.Retrieved2021-01-30.
  67. ^"The Origins of Aleinu – Anshe Sholom".Archivedfrom the original on 2021-07-16.Retrieved2021-01-30.
  68. ^"Online Siddur with Commentary".Archivedfrom the original on 2021-03-03.Retrieved2021-01-30.
  69. ^Nichols 2007,p. 195.
  70. ^"Torah of Yeshuah: Book of Meqabyan I - III".Archivedfrom the original on 2019-09-23.Retrieved2019-11-10.
  71. ^Abdullah Yusuf Ali,The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary,Note. 726 to verse 23: "Among those who returned after spying out the land were two men who had faith and courage. They were Joshua and Caleb. Joshua afterwards succeeded Moses in the leadership after 40 years. These two men pleaded for an immediate entry through the proper Gate, which I understand to mean, 'after taking all due precautions and making all due preparations.' Cf. 2:189 and n. 203. But of course, they said, they must put their trust in Allah for victory."
  72. ^M. A. S. Abdel Haleem, translator (2005).The Qur'an.Oxford University Press. p. 70.
  73. ^"Surah Al-Kahf - 60".Quran.Retrieved2023-07-14.
  74. ^Tabari,History of the Prophets and Kings,Vol. I: 414–429, 498–499, 503–516
  75. ^Muhammad Al-Munajjid(2022)."من هو يوشع بن نون؟".IslamQA.info(in Arabic).Retrieved4 August2024.
  76. ^"Palestina, Tanah Kaum Muslimin".Almanhaj(in Indonesian and Arabic). Lajnah Istiqomah. 2006.Retrieved4 August2024.reference:
    • Dirasatun Fil Ad-yan Al-Yahudiyah wan Nashraniyah, Dr Su’ud bin Abdil Aziz Al-Khalaf, Penerbit Adhwa-us Salaf, Cetakan I, Th 1422H/2003M
    • Mujaz Tarikhil Yahudi war-Raddi Ala Ba’dhi Maza’imil Bathilah, Dr Mahmud bin Abdir Rahman Qadah, Majalah Jami’ah Islamiyah, Edisi 107, Th 29, 1418-1419H
    • Shahih Qashashil Anbiya, karya Ibnu Katsir, Abu Usamah Salim bin Id Al-Hilali, Maktabah Al-Furqan, Cetakan I Th, 1422H
    • Tafsir Al-Qur’anil Azhim, Abu Fida Ismail Ibnu Umar Ibnu Katsir, Darul Kutub Al-Ilmiyah, Cetakan II, Th.1422H
  77. ^"QuranX The most complete Quran / Hadith / Tafsir collection available!".quranx.Archivedfrom the original on 2018-08-15.Retrieved2018-08-15.
  78. ^Encyclopedia of Islam,Vol. XI, pg. 351,Yusha ibn Nun [Joshua, son of Nun]
  79. ^Bukhari, Book 6, Volume 60, Hadiths 249, 250, 251: Prophetic Commentary on the Qur'an (Tafseer of the Prophet (pbuh))
  80. ^Bukhari, Book 1, Volume 3, Hadith 124: Knowledge
  81. ^Muslim, Book 30, Hadith 5864: The Book Pertaining to the Excellent Qualities of the Holy Prophet (may Peace be upon them) and His Companions (Kitab Al-Fada'il)
  82. ^Abulfeda(2006). Muhammad Mahdi Al-Sharîf (ed.).THE EXEGESIS OF THE GRAND HOLY QUR'AN 1-4 Ibn Katheer VOL 3: تفسير ابن كثير [انكليزي] 1/4.Beirut: Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah. p. 361.Retrieved4 August2024.
  83. ^Simons 2018,pp. 371–380.
  84. ^Duron, Jean."Histoires sacrées, vol. 2".
  85. ^"Joshua Trees".nps.gov.National Park Service.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-02-25.Retrieved2013-05-27.
  86. ^Beolens, Watkins & Grayson 2011,p. 136.
  87. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1882, p.218-219
  88. ^"Jews Barred from Visiting Tomb of Biblical Joshua".
  89. ^Berger, Uri; Glick, Alexander; Shemer, Maayan (2019)."Meron, Rabbi Shim'on Bar Yochai Compound: Final Report".Hadashot Arkheologiyot.131.Retrieved17 April2024– via online ed., posted 02/06/2019.Citing Reiner, Elchanan (2012). "Joshua is Simeon Bar Yohai, Hazor is Meron: Towards a Typology of the History of the Establishment of Galilee (Another Chapter in the Religious World of the Galilean Jews)".Tarbiz80(2):1 pp. 79–218 (Hebrew).
  90. ^"ISTANBUL, Extended On Two Continents".Archivedfrom the original on 6 April 2016.Retrieved8 January2018.
  91. ^abMazar Hazrat Yusha’ bin Noon, on the website of the Islamic Supreme Council of Canada[1]Archived2017-05-05 at theWayback Machine
  92. ^Tomb of Prophet Yusha' (photo of the tomb; Islamic view on Prophet Yusha'/Joshua)[2]Archived2018-09-26 at theWayback Machine
  93. ^"The buried prophets in Iran – Arash Nooraghayee".nooraghayee.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-03-29.Retrieved2020-01-15.
  94. ^The Shrine of Prophet Yusha/Joshua (pbuh)Archived2019-07-20 at theWayback Machine,Sacred Places in Lebanon - Holy Places in Lebanon
  95. ^El-Nabi Yusha' Mosque and MaqamArchived2019-07-20 at theWayback Machine,at DestinationLebanon.gov.lb, Lebanon Ministry of Tourism

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