Wikipedia

Hodï language

(Redirected fromJoti language)
Not to be confused withHoti language.

TheHodï(Jodï, Jotí, Hoti) language, also known asYuwana(Yoana),Waruwaru,orChikano(Chicano), is a smallunclassified languagespoken by theHodïpeople ofVenezuela.Very little is known of it; its several hundred speakers are monolingual hunter-gatherers. The people call themselvesJojodö('the people') orWįlǫ̈,and their languageJojodö tjįwęnę.[2]The two communities with the most speakers are San José de Kayamá and Caño Iguana, with several hundred speakers total.[3]: 550 

Hodï
Jojodö tjįwęnę
RegioncentralVenezuela
Native speakers
640 (2007)[1]
Duho?
  • Hodï
Language codes
ISO 639-3yau
Glottologyuwa1244
ELPJotí
This article containsIPAphonetic symbols.Without properrendering support,you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbolsinstead ofUnicodecharacters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Sources are inconsistent with nasals, varying between e.g.nVandlṼ.[4]

Classification

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No classification of Hodï has yet been established to the satisfaction of linguists.

Attempts have been made to link Hodï with the nearbyPiaroa–Saliban languages.A recent proposal classifies Hodï and (Piaroa–)Saliban as the branches of a single Jodï–Salibanmacrofamily.[5]However, similarities in vocabulary with the Piaroa–Saliban languages may in fact be due tosprachbunding:Henley, Mattéi-Müller and Reid (1996) argue that the apparentcognatesbetween Hodï and Piaroa–Saliban are ratherloanwords.

Henley et al., based on limited data, said that Hodï may be related to theNadahup languages.[6]The only linguist to speak Hodï andPiaroa,Stanford Zent, has collected more reliable data and said that it is "probably" related to the Piaroa–Saliban languages.[7]

Since 1985 a relationship to theYanomaman languageshas also been suggested, in part on the grounds that Hodï shares 20% of its vocabulary with this family.[8]

Phonology

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The first phonological analysis is Vilera Díaz (1985). She largely retains the vocalic description of earlier researchers, apart from finding vowel length is a product of emphasis, but does not state whether vowel nasalization is phonemic, and does not provide a minimal pair for /o/ vs /u/.[9]

The mid central vowel is written⟨ö⟩.

Vowels
Vowels (Vilera Díaz 1985)
oral nasal
front central back front central back
close i[i] ɨ[ɨ] u[u] ĩ ɨ̃ ũ
mid e[e,ɛ] ɘ[ɘ,ʌ] o[o,ɔ] ẽ ɘ̃ õ
open a[æ,a,ɑ] ã

Quatra (2008) maintains that [ɛ] and [ɑ] are distinct phonemes, but does not provide any minimal pairs to demonstrate that. He also maintains that [ɘ] and [ɑ] are only nasalized following nasal consonants.

Consonants
Consonants (Vilera Díaz 1985)
Bil. Dent. Alv. Alv-pal Pal. Post-pal. Vel. Lab-vel Glot.
Obstruent voiceless p t tʃ tʃʲ ~ kʲ k kʷ
voiced b (ɓ?) ɗ dʒ ~ ɲ
fricative β? h hʷ
Nasal m n
Continuant w l hʲ j

There is no minimal pair for /β/, so it is not clear that it's a separate phoneme.

/n/ is [ŋ] before a velar. /k/ and /kʲ/ are [ɡ, ɡʲ] after a nasal and occasionally intervocalicly. Intervocalic /l/ is [ɺ]. /b/ (perhaps ɓ) is [ɓʷ] before /i e o/. /ɗ/ was written 'd' due to lack of typewriter support. It's not clear why /w/ is placed in the labial rather than the labio-velar column, nor why it isn't paired with /hʷ/.

[kʲ] varies as [tʃʲ], and [dʒ] varies as [ɲ] in all contexts, not just adjacent to nasal vowels.

Phonetic aspiration occurs at boundaries, often before voiceless consonants and always before /l/.

Consonants (Quatra 2008)
Bilabial Alveolar Alv-pal Velar Glottal
plain preasp. plain preasp. plain preasp. plain preasp.
Obstruent voiceless jt ky jky k jk
voiced b d
Nasal m n jn ñ jñ
Continuant w jw l jl y [j] jy j [h]

The voiced stops are realized as nasals [m n] between nasal vowels. From the orthography, it is assumed that the 'aspirated' consonants are pre-aspirated, but there are no minimal pairs to establish them as phonemic.

Bibliography

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  • Guarisma P., V.; Coppens, W. (1978). Vocabulario Hoti. Antropológica, 49:3-27. GUDSCHINSKY, S. C. (1974). Fragmentos de Ofaié: a descrição de uma língua extinta. Série Lingüística, 3:177-249. Brasília: SIL.
  • Krisólogo B., P. J. (1976). Manual glotológico del idioma wo'tiheh. (Lenguas indígenas de Venezuela, 16.) Caracas: Centro de lenguas Indigenas, Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas, Universidad Católica "Andrés Bello".
  • Mattei-Müller, M. (1981). Vocabulario Hodï (Hoti). (Manuscript).
  • Quatra, M. M. (2008). Bajkewa jkwïkïdëwa-jya jodï ine - Dodo ine. Diccionario básico Castellano - Jodï. Caracas: Ediciones IVIC.

References

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  1. ^HodïatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
  2. ^Jorge Emilio Rosés Labrada (2013)Reciprocal constructions in Mako.6th Oklahoma Workshop in Native American Languages.
  3. ^Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023).Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra.Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.ISBN978-3-11-041940-5.
  4. ^Jorge Emilio Rosés Labrada (2019) 'Jodï-Sáliban: A linguistic family of the northwest Amazon.IJAL85.3.
  5. ^Labrada, Rosés; Emilio, Jorge (2015)."Jodi-Saliban".Glottolog 2.7.Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  6. ^Henley, Paul; Marie-Claude Mattéi-Müller y Howard Reid 1996. "Cultural and linguistic affinities of the foraging people of North Amazonia: a new perspective";Antropológica83: 3-37. Caracas.
  7. ^Zent, Stanford; Zent, Egleé L. (2007). "Los Jodï". In Freire, Germán; Tillett, Aimé (eds.).El estado de la salud indígena en Venezuela(in Spanish). Caracas: Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. pp. 77–130.Retrieved12 July2022.
  8. ^Migliazzi, Ernesto C. 1985. "Languages of the Orinoco-Amazon region"; H.M.Klein & L. Stark (eds.):South American Indian Languages:17-139. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  9. ^Vilera Díaz, Diana C. 1985. "Introducción morfológica de la lengua Hoti". Thesis in Anthropology. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela.
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