Wikipedia

Justice League

This article is about the superhero team. For the comic book, seeJustice League (comic book).
For other uses, seeJustice League (disambiguation).

TheJustice League,orJustice League of America(JLA), is a group ofsuperheroesappearing inAmerican comic bookspublished byDC Comics.The team first appeared inThe Brave and the Bold#28 (March 1960). WriterGardner Foxconceived the team as a revival of theJustice Society of America,a similar team from DC Comics from the 1940s which had been pulled out of print due to a decline in sales. The Justice League is an all-star ensemble cast of established superhero characters from DC Comics' portfolio. Diegetically, these superheroes usually operate independently but occasionally assemble as a team to tackle especially formidable villains. This is in contrast to certain other superhero teams such as theX-Men,whose characters were created specifically to be part of the team, with the team being central to their identity. The cast of the Justice League usually features a few highly popular characters who have their own solo books, such asSuperman,Batman,andWonder Woman,alongside several lesser-known characters who benefit from exposure.[1]

Justice League
The original members of the Justice League, from left to right:Green Lantern,theFlash,Superman,Batman,Wonder Woman,Aquamanand theMartian Manhunter.
Art byAlex Ross.
Publication information
PublisherDC Comics
First appearanceThe Brave and the Bold#28 (January 31, 1960)
Created byGardner Fox
In-story information
Base(s)The Hall
Watchtower
Satellite
Secret Sanctuary
Detroit Bunker
The Refuge
JLI Embassies
Roster
See:List of Justice League members

The Justice League was created to boost the profiles and sales of said characters through cross-promotion and helped develop the DC Universe as a shared universe, as it is through teams like the Justice League that the setting's characters regularly interact with each other.[2]

Beyond comic books, the Justice League has been adapted to television shows, films, and video games.

Publication history

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See also:List of Justice League titles

Since 1960, the Justice League has appeared in comic books published byDC Comics(periodicals and graphic novels). These comic books constitute the bulk of Justice League fiction.

Silver Age and Bronze Age (1960–1984)

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The Brave and the Bold#28 (March 1960), their first appearance. Superman and Batman do not appear on the cover, but do appear in the story within.

In its inception, the Justice League was a revival of theJustice Society of America,created by editorSheldon Mayerand writerGardner Foxin 1940. After World War II, superheroes fell out of popularity, which led to the cancellation of many characters, including the Justice Society, which last appeared inAll-Star Comics#57 (March 1951). A few years later, sales rose again, and DC Comics revived some of these retired characters, reinventing a few of them in the process. EditorJulius Schwartzasked writerGardner Foxto reintroduce the Justice Society of America. Schwartz decided to rename it the "Justice League of America" because he felt "League" would appeal better to young readers, evoking sports organizations such as theNational League.[3]The Justice League of America debuted inThe Brave and the Bold#28 (March 1960), and after two further appearances in that title, got its own series, which quickly became one of the company's best-selling titles.[4]This led DC Comics to create a bunch of other superhero teams, such as theTeen Titans.Marvel Comics,a rival comic book publisher, noticed the Justice League's success and created theAvengersand theFantastic Four.

The initial Justice League lineup included seven of DC Comics'superheroeswho were regularly published at that time:Superman,Batman,Aquaman,theFlash,Green Lantern,theMartian Manhunter,andWonder Woman.Fox also created a new, non-superhero character calledSnapper Carrthat was intended to represent DC's teenage readership and joined the League as an Honorary member in their debut story.[5]While Superman and Batman were included in the Justice League's initial lineup, they were largely absent from the League's early stories, playing only minor roles as the pair were already starring together in DC'sWorld's Finest Comicsand Fox was worried the two more famous heroes would detract attention from their less popular teammates. As the series went on however, Superman and Batman became more and more present as readers increasingly demanded to see more of them in the League's stories. The team roster would quickly expand with theGreen Arrow,theAtomandHawkmanbeing added to the team over the next four years.

In the Justice Society stories from the 1940s (inAll-Star Comics), the Justice Society was used more as a framing device for its members' solo adventures. The stories tended to have the following structure: the Justice Society meets to discuss some new menace, they split up to undertake individual missions that somehow connect to said menace, and finally regroup for the showdown with the main villain. In the 1940s, most comic books were anthologies, andAll-Star Comicswas in practice not a major deviation from that. By contrast, the Justice League worked together more closely in their stories, thereby having a stronger identity as a team.

In another change from the Justice Society stories of the 1940s, Batman and Superman were regular members of the cast, not mere "honorary members" who made occasional cameos.

Justice League of America(vol. 1) #21 (August 1963) featured the first crossover story in which the Justice League meets and teams up with the Justice Society of America. In doing so, DC Comics brought back a number of legacy characters such as Doctor Fate and the Black Canary. The issue was a hit with readers and such crossovers became a recurring event.

Justice League of America(vol. 1) was published from 1960 to 1987.

Detroit era (1984–1986)

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From the Justice League's inception in 1960 up until 1984, the team's roster always included a number of A-list characters to draw in readers, such asWonder WomanandSuperman.But inJustice League of America Annual#2 (October 1984), the Justice League was revised to entirely comprise more obscure characters such asVixen,Vibe,and theMartian Manhunter.The original A-list members would not be brought back into the cast until 1996. The motives behind this change were to dispense with the convolutedcontinuitiesof the classic characters by using lesser-known and new characters, thus giving the writers more flexibility to write character-driven stories; and to give the team a more youthful, hipper feel similar to that of theTeen Titansand theX-Men,which were selling better.[6]The cast was multicultural:GypsywasRomani,[a]Vibewas Latino,Vixenwas Black. However, the writing ofVibeandGypsywas criticized for using clichés of their ethnic groups, symptomatic of writers who were well-meaning but out of touch, something for which said writers (Gerry ConwayandChuck Patton) later expressed regret.[7][8][9]This era of the Justice League, which lasted about two years, is popularly known as "Justice League Detroit" because they were headquartered inDetroit.

Justice League Internationaland its spin-offs (1986–1996)

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Main article:Justice League International

The 1986 company-wide crossover "Legends"concluded with the formation of a new Justice League. The new team was dubbed the" Justice League, "then" Justice League International "(JLI) and was given a mandate with less of an American focus. The Justice League International was recognized by the United Nations as a political entity and established" embassies "all over the world. The new series was character-driven and had a quirky, humorous tone which proved popular with readers. Numerous spin-off teams such asJustice League Europe,Extreme Justice,andJustice League Task Forcewere created. In 1996, these series were cancelled due to low sales.

The Justice League International featured characters that had previously not been part of theDC Universe,which had been absorbed from the portfolios of other publishers that DC Comics had purchased. These includedCaptain Atomand theBlue Beetle,which were created forCharlton Comicsin the 1960s. In 1983, DC Comics purchased Charlton Comics and, a few years later, integrated the Blue Beetle and Captain Atom into the DC Universe.Captain Marvel,originally from theFawcett Comicsuniverse, was similarly integrated.

JLA(1996–2006)

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The cancellation of the aforementioned spin-off books prompted DC to revamp the League as a single team in a single title. A new Justice League of America was launched in a September 1996miniseriesJustice League: A Midsummer's NightmarebyMark WaidandFabian Nicieza,which returned to the classic cast. In 1997, DC Comics launched a new book titledJLA.Grant MorrisonwroteJLAfor the first four years, and they gave the book an epic feel by making the Justice League an allegory for a pantheon of gods, and in their stories they regularly fought villains who threatened the entire world or even the entire cosmos.[10]The ongoing series began its monthly run in January 1997, and concluded in April 2006 after 126 issues.

This series utilized a "back-to-basics" approach by shifting the focus back on the team's original and most famous seven members (or their successors): Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Aquaman, the Flash (Wally West), Green Lantern (Kyle Rayner), and the Martian Manhunter.[11]Additionally, the team received a new headquarters, the "Watchtower",based on theMoon.JLAquickly became DC's best-selling title,[12]a position it enjoyed on and off for several years.[13]

Volume 2 (2006–2011)

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The Justice League books more or less continued the trend set by theJLAera: world-shaking threats with epic stakes, with a focus on plot over character development, and strong tie-ins to all the company's crossover events. In 2006, DC began an ongoing comic series titledJustice League of America(vol. 2).

New 52(2011–2016)

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InThe New 52era, further changes to theretroactive continuityof theDC Universewere made, such asCyborg,one of DC's premier African American heroes, becoming a founding member of the team. In 2011, DC Comics also released a spin-off title calledJustice League Dark,which is an ensemble team of prominent magic users of the DC Universe, such asJohn Constantine,Zatanna,Madame Xanadu,andSwamp Thing.

DC Rebirth(2016–2017)

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New Justice(2018–2021)

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In theNew Justiceera, the fourth volume of the Justice League begins its run, and continues into the followingInfinite Frontierera.[14]

A connected new titleJustice League: No Justiceemerged and ran for 4 issues, taking place shortly afterDark Nights: Metal.Furthering focus on the aftermath is a following title calledJustice League Odysseythat established its 25-issue run from 2018 to 2020. Continuing to deal with the concerns of theSource Wallbeing broken, Cyborg,Starfire,Green Lantern Jessica Cruz,and Azrael find themselves being lured by Darkseid into a newly inhabited area in outer space named the Ghost Sector. The title was created byScott Snyder,Joshua Williamson,James Tynion IVandFrancis Manapul.[15]

A second volume ofJustice League Darkwas announced, and ran regularly for 29 issues from July 2018 to February 2021.[16][17]Being led byWonder Woman,the team members includeJohn Constantine,Zatanna,Swamp Thing,Man-Bat,Detective Chimp,Doctor Fate,and brieflyAnimal Man.

Infinite Frontier(2021–2023)

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The fourth volume of the definitiveJustice Leaguetitle continues well into theInfinite Frontierera and reaches a conclusion with a total of 75 issues in June 2022. Despite not having a title run during theInfinite Frontierera, the team fromJustice League Darkwould continue to appear as a backup feature in the mainlineJustice Leagueseries during theDark Crisisstory arc, from issue #59 in May 2021 to issue #71 in March 2022, with guest appearances throughout issues #72 to 74.[18][19][20][21]

Also sharing a tie toDark CrisesisJustice League Incarnate.Consisting of a different team, the 5-issue title shortly ran from January 2022 to May 2022[22]Some pivotal members areSuperman of Earth 23,Flashpoint Batman,Mary Marvel of Earth 5, Captain Carrot of Earth 26, among others, including their own Flash, Green Lantern and Wonder Woman, plus a new character by the name of Doctor Multiverse.

Dawn of DC(2023–2024)

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With the end ofDark Crisis on Infinite Earths,the Justice League was brought back from the dead. This has now inspiredAmanda Waller,now working underThe Light,to take action against allmetahumans,as she believes that they have become too powerful. Waller taskedPeacemaker,her new right hand, in the goal of getting the Helmet of Hate. While Peacemaker was off on his mission, Waller met up with a group of villains giving them a new task, which is to kill superheroes.

With theJustice Leaguegoing on hiatus as a team, theTitansstep forward to become the DC universe's premier superhero team, withNightwingbeing the leader.[23]The Titans are now located inBlüdhavenwith their new Titans Tower being rebuilt over an old prison, which was destroyed following a prison breakout, led by the villain Heartless.[24]

DC All In(2024-Present)

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Following the end of "Absolute Power" and the start of DC's initiative DC All-In, a new Justice League seriesJustice League Unlimitedwill debut, written by Mark Waid and illustrated by Dan Mora. Headquartered in a new Watchtower, this team will comprise Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Flash, Atom (Ryan Choi), Black Lightning, Captain Atom, Star Sapphire, and many others.

Inter-company crossovers

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The Justice League has on a few occasions appeared in crossover stories with superhero characters from rival publishers such asMarvel ComicsandDark Horse Comics.In general, such inter-company crossovers are rare because a lot of resources must be spent in sorting out the legal issues and corporate politics of the two companies, and due to licensing issues, they cannot create spin-off merchandise and media, which all reduce the profitability of such projects.

The last crossover betweenDC ComicsandMarvel ComicswasJLA/Avengers,which they jointly published in 2003. Now that Marvel Comics and DC Comics are part of major multimedia corporations (Disney and Warner Brothers, respectively), those aforementioned hurdles are even more complicated, which makes another project likeJLA/Avengersmuch less likely.[25]In 2017,Dan Didioremarked that DC Comics and Marvel are very competitive toward each other and only did crossovers when their sales were low.[26]However, DC Comics did go on to feature the Justice League in crossovers with smaller companies such asDark Horse Comics,such as a crossover withBlack Hammerin 2019.

Fictional history

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Members

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Main article:List of Justice League members

The members of the Justice League are heroes who normally operate independently but who occasionally team up to tackle especially formidable villains. This is in contrast to teams such as the X-Men or theFantastic Four,who normally operate as a team and for whom the team is central to their identity.

Most versions of the Justice League feature a select cast of highly popular characters from the DC Comics portfolio, such as Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman, to attract readers with their star power; and they often co-feature a few lesser-known characters who benefit from exposure, such as Cyborg or Black Canary. DC Comics has in several periods deviated from this formula, most notably in the late 1980s and early 1990s with books such asJustice League International,which deliberately featured a cast of lesser-known characters. The advantage of this was that lesser-known characters are not burdened by convoluted continuities, which gave writers more creative flexibility to write character-driven stories. This was done to emulate the model of Marvel Comics'X-Mencomic books, whose stories were more character-driven and which favored more obscure or new characters.

The Justice League is an independent group, although it usually accepts some constraints from the U.S. government or the United Nations so as to receive their sanction. Particularly in the early decades of publication, DC Comics was keen for its superheroes to be perceived as law-abiding because children were the main audience. The cast is rarely more than a dozen people in size so as to give a reasonable and equal time for each character. While sometimes the League is shown to have a designated chairperson or leader, there is otherwise no hierarchy; they are a small band of equals who make major decisions, such as inducting new members, by vote.

Headquarters

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The Justice League operates out of aheadquarters.In the 1960s, their headquarters was secretly in a hollowed-out mountain outside the fictional town of Happy Harbor inRhode Island.InJustice League of America#78 (1970), they moved to a satellite. In theSuper Friendscartoons which ran from 1973 to 1985, they operated out of theHall of Justicelocated in Washington, D.C. During the brief "Justice League Detroit" era, they were headquartered in a repurposed bomb shelter in Detroit. In theJLAcomic book which ran from 1997 to 2006, their headquarters was on the Moon and called "the Watchtower". The centerpiece of the headquarters is a conference table around which the Justice League discusses menaces to deal with. The satellite and Moon base headquarters are equipped with teleporters for those members who cannot fly to it.

Villains

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TheLegion of Doomwas created for theChallenge of the Superfriendsanimated TV series as a villainous counterpart to the Justice League. In that original incarnation, it consisted of established villains associated with each of the Justice League's members; e.g.,Lex Luthorfor Superman,Jokerfor Batman,Gorilla Groddfor the Flash, and theCheetahfor Wonder Woman. The Legion of Doom, or some variant of it, has since appeared in other TV shows and comic books.

Collected issues

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See also:List of Justice League titles

In other media

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Main article:Justice League in other media

Animated movies

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Animated TV shows

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Live-action TV

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Live-action movies

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Cultural impact

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Most of the characters that appear in DC Comics' books are set in the same fictional universe, known as theDC Universe.They occasionally make guest appearances in each other's solo books, and more regularly in team books such asJustice League.Such crossovers encouraged readers to buy other books in the DC Comics catalogue, and readers became engrossed not just in the individual characters but in their web of relationships across the broader setting, thereby building brand loyalty.Marvel Comicscopied this idea by creating a number of superhero teams of its own, the closest analogue being theAvengers,so as to promote and develop theMarvel Universe.Some readers focused their attention on just one of these two comic book universes, as they were both large and did not overlap. Thus, the superhero fandom developed sub-communities of DC devotees and Marvel devotees.[2]

Awards

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The originalJustice League of Americaseries won two1961 Alley Awardsin the categories "Best Comic Book" and "Best Adventure-Hero Group."[28]In 1963, the series won "Favorite Novel" ( "Crisis on Earth-One/Crisis on Earth-Two" inJustice League of America#21–22 byGardner FoxandMike Sekowsky) and "Strip that Should Be Improved." There also an award specific to the series, "Artist Preferred onJustice League of America,"that was won byMurphy Anderson.[29]

Theme park attractions

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Justice League: Alien Invasion 3D

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Main article:Justice League: Alien Invasion

Justice League: Alien Invasionis an interactive dark ride atWarner Bros. Movie Worldon theGold Coast,Australia.In the ride, guests board vehicles equipped with blasters as they join the Justice League in the fight againstStarro,who has mind-controlled the citizens of Metropolis.

Justice League: Battle for Metropolis

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Main article:Justice League: Battle for Metropolis

Justice League: Battle for Metropolisis an interactive dark ride at sevenSix Flagsparks across the United States and Mexico. In the ride, Lex Luthor and the Joker have captured Supergirl, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, and Flash, and it is up to the combined forces of the remaining members of the Justice League and the Justice League Reserve Team to save them from their capture at LexCorp. Guests board motion-enhanced and stun blaster-equipped vehicles designed byA.R.G.U.S.as they ride through Metropolis and join the fight against the henchmen of Lex Luthor and the Joker.

See also

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Affiliations and spin-off groups

Notes

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  1. ^This was later retconned in 2013

References

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  1. ^Hickey (2011),An Incomprehensible Condition,p. 19
  2. ^abKaveney (2008),Superheroes!,p. 28:"One of the major driving forces of the creation of these universes was the commercial imperative to create brand loyalty to more titles within a single publishing house's products. Crossovers, in which a character from one comic produced by a house visited the story of another, meant that there was a chance that readers who were not buying the first comic would start to buy it in addition to the second. Team-up comics like theJustice League of Americawere even more likely to interest readers in characters they had not previously bothered with. "
  3. ^Rhoades (2008),A Complete History of American Comic Books,p. 70
  4. ^Daniels, Les(1995). "The Justice League of America A Team of Good Sports".DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes.New York, New York:Bulfinch Press.p. 127.ISBN0821220764.Justice Leaguewas a hit. It solidified once and for all the importance of superhero groups, and in the process provided a playground where DC's characters could attract new fans while entertaining established admirers.
  5. ^Eury (2005),The Justice League Companion: A Historical and Speculative Overview of the Silver Age Justice League of America,p. 14
  6. ^"Chuck Patton talks Justice League Detroit".DC in the 80s.December 4, 2018.:"I think it was Len Wein who ultimately decided that it was time for a change in the JLA, especially when all of the other major DC books started to crack under the weight of each other's differing storylines and changes in continuity. [...] Gerry [Conway] strongly felt that a new 'JLA' needed a younger, hipper roster to reflect the times, but most important, have little to no connection with the then-current DC roster and more freedom. I enthusiastically agreed with him, wanting to capture the same youthful spirit that made hits of X-Men and Teen Titans."
  7. ^Bug Norman (May 27, 2021)."Where The X-Men Thrived, The Justice League Died".ScreenRant.
  8. ^"Chuck Patton talks Justice League Detroit".DC in the 80s.December 4, 2018.:"However I really really wished we had avoided a lot of the gimmickry or played them a lot less clichéd from the jump. I do share responsibility in my part of that, but I always felt uncomfortable with Vibe's accent. It was meant to be a blind, something he hid behind to keep people from knowing he wasn't that" streetwise ", but it was handled clumsily and we took our lumps for it."
  9. ^"JLI Podcast – Meanwhile… Gerry Conway Interview on Justice League Detroit".The Fire and Water Podcast Network.April 25, 2021.
  10. ^Rosie Knight (October 8, 2020)."How Grant Morrison's JLA Saved DC's Biggest Heroes".
  11. ^Kirk, Jason. "(1997)"Yahoo!GeoCities,December 2000[dead link‍]
  12. ^Miller, John Jackson(2007)."North American Comics Market Estimates for January 1997".Comics Buyer's Guide.Archived fromthe originalon May 1, 2009.RetrievedApril 8,2012.
  13. ^Manning "1990s" in Dolan, p. 278: "Renewed as one of DC's most popular titles,JLAran for 125 issues before its next relaunch. Earning countless spin-off miniseries and specials, the Justice League reclaimed its place atop DC's hit titles list ".
  14. ^Justice League (2018-2022) #1-75
  15. ^Justice League: No Justice (2018) #1-75
  16. ^James Tynion IV (w), Raúl Fernández, Alvaro Martinez (a). "The Last Age of Magic"Justice League Dark,vol. 1, no. 1 (July, 2018). DC Comics.
  17. ^And Lanning, Ron Marz (w), Amancay Nahuelpan, Marco Santucci (a). "Endless Winter"Justice League Dark,no. 29 (February, 2021). DC Comics.
  18. ^Justice League(vol. 4) #59 (2021). DC Comics.
  19. ^Justice League(vol. 4) #71 (2022). DC Comics.
  20. ^Justice League(vol. 4) #72 (2022). DC Comics.
  21. ^Justice League(vol. 4) #74 (2022). DC Comics.
  22. ^Justice League Incarnate #1-5
  23. ^Schedeen, Jesse (January 25, 2023)."Dawn of DC: Why the Titans Are Replacing the Justice League in 2023".IGN.RetrievedApril 3,2023.
  24. ^"NIGHTWING #100".DC Comics.RetrievedApril 28,2023.
  25. ^Jermaine McLaughlin (June 15, 2015)."Marvel and DC team-up: An oral history of JLA/Avengers, the most ambitious crossover event ever".SyFy Wire.Archived fromthe originalon October 2, 2021.RetrievedOctober 2,2021.

    Tom Brevoort: "Those were really the final days of both companies being" Mom & Pop "shops. Now, with both Marvel and DC being integrated multi-platform companies, the inter-mingling of competing IP is a much more complicated and complex situation, along with the fact that you wind up spending considerable resources on a project for which you only recoup half of the eventual profits (and that you cannot utilize across other lines of business beyond the publishing) make it a lot more difficult to justify. It's hard to justify both the allocation of resources and also the difficulties of navigating the politics between two competing corporate giants. So it's not impossible that it could never happen again, but the factors against it happening are considerable."
  26. ^Brendan Hughes (March 19, 2018)."Could We Get A New Marvel/DC Crossover In The Near Future?".
    "Dan Didio, DC's Co-Publisher, squashed the idea of any crossover with Marvel during the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con stating that the best way for DC to succeed is to compete with Marvel. He linked that the past Marvel/DC crossovers were a temporary measure due to the comic market reaching all-time lows."
  27. ^Crisis on Infinite Earths: Paragons Rising – The Deluxe Edition (Collected)(July 2020)
  28. ^"1961 Alley Awards".Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac.Archivedfrom the original on September 5, 2015.
  29. ^"1963 Alley Awards".Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac.Archivedfrom the original on September 6, 2015.

Sources

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  • Andrew Hickey (2011).An Incomprehensible Condition: An Unauthorised Guide To Grant Morrison's Seven Soldiers.Lulu.ISBN9781447780021.
  • Roz Kaveney (2008).Superheroes!: Capes and Crusaders in Comics and Films.Bloomsbury Academic.ISBN9781845115692.
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