Wikipedia

KBR, Inc.

(Redirected fromKellogg, Brown and Root)

Not to be confused withKBR (news agency).

KBR, Inc.(formerlyKellogg Brown & Root) is a U.S. based company operating in fields of science, technology and engineering.[2]

KBR, Inc.
FormerlyKellogg Brown & Root
Company typePublic
Industry
Founded
  • 1901: M.W. Kellogg
  • 1940s: Brown & Root
  • 1962:Halliburton
  • 2006: KBR, Inc.
Headquarters
Key people
RevenueDecreaseUS$6.564 billion (2022)
IncreaseUS$343 million (2022)
IncreaseUS$192 million (2022)
Total assetsDecreaseUS$5.566 billion (2022)
Total equityDecreaseUS$1.632 billion (2022)
Number of employees
Increasec. 30,000(2022)
WebsiteKBR
Footnotes / references
[1]

KBR works in various markets including aerospace, defense, industrial and intelligence.[3]AfterHalliburtonacquiredDresser Industries,KBR was created in 1998 when M.W. Kellogg merged with Halliburton's construction subsidiary, Brown & Root, to form Kellogg Brown & Root. In 2006, the company separated from Halliburton and completed aninitial public offeringon the New York Stock Exchange.[4]

The company's corporate offices are in theKBR Towerindowntown Houston.[5][6]

History

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KBR Tower,the headquarters of KBR and a part ofCullen Center,with theDowntown HoustonYMCAahead

M. W. Kellogg

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In 1901, Morris Woodruff Kellogg founded The M. W. Kellogg Company in New York City. The company was incorporated in 1905 and its headquarters was moved toJersey City, New Jersey.Initially Kellogg's main business was power plant construction and fabrication of power plant components, but the development of hammerforge weldingtechniques helped ready the company to move into refining as the petroleum industry developed. Kellogg was announced the number one construction company for years 1993 to 1995. This is mainly due to their work in theDulles Greenway.

Kellogg's entry into process engineering initially focused on the Fleming cracking process, but in the 1920s Kellogg partnered with The Texas Company (Texaco) andStandard Oil of Indianato purchase the Crossthermal crackingprocess. Kellogg set up one of the first petroleum laboratories in the country in 1926 to commercialize and then license the technology. This led to Kellogg building some 130 units in the United States and abroad.

In the 1930s and 1940s, Kellogg worked with leading refiners on various technologies. For the war effort, these developments led to the construction of six hydroreformer units, twentyfluid catalytic crackingunits, and the only completerefinerybuilt during World War II. Even bigger than the refining work wasK-25,thegaseous diffusionplant atOak Ridge, Tennessee,developed by Kellogg subsidiary theKellex Corporation,built as part of theManhattan Project.This period also included the development of theBenedict–Webb–Rubin (BWR) equation of statewhich has since become an industry mainstay and provided the basis for Kellogg's lead incryogenics.

The 1950s Kellogg technology expanded into steampyrolysis,Orthoflowfluid catalytic cracking,phenol-from-cumeneandcoal-to-synthetic fuels technologies and the 1960s saw the growth inheliumrecovery,ethylene,and the development of Kellogg'sammoniaprocess. Kellogg maintained New York offices at 225 Broadway in theTransportation Buildinguntil 1956 when it moved to 711 Third Avenue in Midtown.[7]

In 1970, Kellogg moved from New York City toHouston, Texas,and in 1975, they completed the move by relocating the research and development lab. The 1970s saw Kellogg become the first American contractor to receive contracts from China. Kellogg's international work expanded with the major ammonia complexes in China, Indonesia, and Mexico as well asLNGliquefaction plant inAlgeriaand two receiving terminals in the United States, the world's largestLPGplant in Kuwait and fourfluid catalytic crackingunits in Mexico. The 1980s saw continuation of global activity in LNG andethylenewithmillisecond furnacesstarting up in the United States.

Kellogg underwent numerous acquisitions and name changes through until 1987, when it was acquired by Dresser Industries, a provider of integrated services and project management for the oil and gas industry.[8]Ten years later, Halliburton acquired Dresser, and combined Kellogg with Brown & Root to create a new, larger subsidiary – Kellogg Brown & Root (KBR).[9]

Brown & Root

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Brown & Root was founded inTexasin 1919 by Herman Brown and Daniel Root, with money provided by Root (Brown's brother in law).[10]Root soon died and Herman Brown's younger brother,George R. Brown,joined the company in 1922 (according to Robert A. Caro'sThe Path to Power). The company began its operations by building roads in Texas.

One of its first large-scale projects, according to the bookCadillac Desert,was building a dam on theTexasColorado RivernearAustinduringthe Depressionyears. For assistance in federal payments, the company turned to the localCongressman,Lyndon Johnson.Brown & Root was the principal source of campaign funds after Johnson's initial run for Congress in 1937, in return for persuading the Bureau of Reclamation to change its rules against paying for a dam on land the federal government did not own, a decision that had to go all the way to PresidentFranklin Delano Roosevelt.After other very profitable construction projects for the federal government, Brown & Root gave massive sums of cash for Johnson's first run for the U.S. Senate in 1941.[11]

DuringWorld War II,Brown & Root built theNaval Air Station Corpus Christiand its subsidiaryBrown Shipbuildingproduced a series ofwarshipsfor theU.S. government.In 1947 Brown & Root built one of the world's first offshoreoil platforms.[10]

According toTracy Kidder's bookMountains Beyond Mountains,Brown & Root was a contractor in thePéligre Dam project.The project was designed by theU.S. Army Corps of Engineersand financed by theExport-Import Bank of the United States.[12]

Halliburton years

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Following the death of Herman Brown,Halliburton Energy Servicesacquired Brown & Root in December 1962.[10]According toDan Briody,who wrote a book on the subject, the company became part of a consortium calledRMK-BRJthat built about 85 percent of theinfrastructureneeded by theU.S. Armed Forcesduring the Vietnam War. In 1967, theGovernment Accounting Officealleged that Brown & Root had been unaccountable with public funds and allowed materials to be stolen.[13][14]Donald Rumsfeldexpressed concern that their contracts were not adequately audited.[13][14]At this time,protestersderided Brown & Root as a symbol ofwar profiteering,[15]dubbing the company "Burn & Loot".[15][16][14]

In 1989, Halliburton acquired another major engineering and construction contractor, C. F. Braun Inc., of Alhambra California, and merged it into Brown & Root.[17]From 1995 to 2002, Halliburton KBR was awarded at least $2.5 billion to construct and run military bases, some in secret locations, as part of the U.S. Army's Logistics Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP).[18]

In September 2005, under a competitive bid contract it won in July 2005 to provide debris removal and other emergency work associated with natural disasters, KBR started assessment of the cleanup and reconstruction ofGulf CoastMarineandNavyfacilities damaged in the aftermath ofHurricane Katrina.The facilities include:Naval Station Pascagoula,Naval Station Gulfport,theJohn C. Stennis Space CenterinMississippi,two smaller U.S. Navy facilities inNew Orleans, Louisiana,and others in the Gulf Coast region.[19]

Formation of KBR, Inc.

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Halliburton announced on April 5, 2007, that it had separated from KBR, which had been its contracting, engineering, and construction unit as a part of the company for 44 years.[20]The move was prefaced by a statement registered with theUnited States Securities and Exchange Commissionon April 15, 2006, stating that Halliburton planned to sell up to 20 percent of its KBR stock on theNew York Stock Exchange(NYSE). On November 16, 2006, KBR shares were offered for the public in aninitial public offeringwith shares priced at $17. The shares closed up more than 22 percent to $20.75 a share on the first trading day.[21]

On May 7, 2008, the company announced that it would acquireBirmingham, Alabama-based engineering and construction firmBE&Kfor $550 million.[22]

The company announced on November 7, 2017, that KBR secured a contract to provide astronaut medical support services for theEuropean Space Agency'sEuropean Astronaut Center Space Medicine OfficeinCologne,Germany.[23]

In May 2019, the company introduced new branding.[24]

In October 2021, KBR purchased UK and Australian systems, engineering and technology companyFrazer-Nash ConsultancyfromBabcock International Groupfor a reported £293 million.[25]

Operations

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The company is heavily involved in mission support for several government agencies, includingNASA,providing training and care for American astronauts.[26]

GICS Code Reclassification

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In April 2019, KBR'sGICScode was reclassified as an IT consulting company by stock traders.MSCI,a New York firm that manages how companies are classified on various stock exchanges, reclassified KBR as a company specializing in "IT Consulting & Other Services." KBR has made shift away from engineering and construction projects to government contracts that include information technology and other support services. KBR's government services sector accounted for more than 70 percent of the company's $4.9 billion revenue in 2018.[27]

Expansion

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In February 2018, KBR announced that it would acquire Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies, a provider of technological solutions as well as mission operations in the aerospace sector, for $355 million. The acquisition was completed April 25, 2018.[28]

In October 2020, KBR announced it had completed the acquisition of Centauri, LLC, a leading independent provider of space, directed energy, and other advanced technology solutions to the United States intelligence community and Department of Defense, from Arlington Capital Partners.[29]

Office facilities

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In 2008, the firm announced that a new office facility would appear at the intersection of theGrand ParkwayandInterstate 10inunincorporatedwesternHarris County, Texas,between Houston andKaty.[30]The new complex would have been in close proximity to theEnergy Corridorarea of Houston.[31]KBR planned to continue to have a corporate presence inDowntown Houston.[32]In December KBR said that it would not continue with the plans due to a weakened economy.[33]

In January 2010 KBR announced plans to extend its lease and expand its presence in Downtown Houston. The downtown expansion replaced the Harris County plans. The new total of KBR leased space in downtown will be just over 1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m2) at completion.[34]

Kosovo

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In 1996, Brown & Root was awarded a contract to support U.S. andNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO) troops as part of theSFORoperation in theBalkanregion. This contract was extended to also includeKFORoperations inKosovostarting in 1999.Camp BondsteelinFerizaj,Kosovo,was constructed by the 94th Engineer Construction Battalion together with the private Kellogg Brown & Root (KBR) under the direction of the Army Corps of Engineers.[35]

Afghanistan

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KBR was awarded a $100 million contract in 2002 to build a new U.S. embassy inKabul,Afghanistan,from the U.S. State Department. KBR has also been awarded 15 Logistics Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP) task orders worth more than $216 million for work underOperation Enduring Freedom,the military name for operations inAfghanistan.These include establishing base camps atKandaharandBagram Air Baseand training foreign troops from theRepublic of Georgia.[36]

Cuba

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KBR has also been actively involved in the development of works in Cuba. Most notably sections of theU.S. Naval base in Guantanamo,completed in 2006. Camp 6, the newest facility built for detainees at Naval StationGuantanamo Bay,is designed after amaximum-securitypenitentiaryin the U.S.[37]

Iraq

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In the 2000s, KBR employed more American private contractors and had a larger contract with theU.S. governmentthan any other firm inIraq.The company's roughly 14,000 U.S. employees in Iraq providelogistical supportto theU.S. military.[38]SomeU.S. Marinesrevived the Vietnam-era nickname 'Burn & Loot' as a name for the company during theIraq War.[39]

In November 2012, a dozenOregon National Guardsoldiers sued KBR for knowingly exposing them tohexavalent chromium,and were awarded more than $85 million; the soldiers were providing security to civilian workers at theQarmat Aliwater facility in 2003.[40]

In January 2019, a case brought against KBR by hundreds of veterans, who claimed the company's practice of burning trash near barracks had sickened them, was refused by the Supreme Court, which let stand a lower court's ruling against the veterans.[41]

Space and work with NASA

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In 2021, NASA awarded KBR and Aerodyne Industries a $531 million contract for systems engineering at NASA's Goddard Space Flight center in Maryland.[42]KBR also houses the low pressure chamber designed to test the high altitude flying of the new X-59 research aircraft being designed by NASA.[43]

Scientists and engineers working for KBR also contributed to the development and deployment of theJames Webb Space Telescope,which launched in 2022, as part of various Mechanical Integration Services and Technology contracts.[44]

Lobbying

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KBR engages third party lobbyists to represent the company in jurisdiction where they have business interests. For example, in South Australia, KBR is represented by lobbying firm MCM Strategic Communications.[45]

Controversy

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Questionable charges

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In June 2008, Charles M. Smith, the senior civilian Defense Department official overseeing the government's multibillion-dollar contract with KBR during the early stages of the war in Iraq said he was forced out of his job in 2004 for refusing to approve $1 billion in questionable charges by KBR. Smith refused to approve the payments because Army auditors determined that KBR lacked credible records to support more than $1 billion in spending. Smith stated, "They had a gigantic amount of costs they couldn't justify." He said that following this action he was suddenly dismissed and according to oneNew York Timessource "his successors — after taking the unusual step of hiring an outside contractor to consider KBR's claims — approved most of the payments he had tried to block."[46]

Shell companies in Cayman Islands

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In March 2008,The Boston Globereported that KBR had avoided paying hundreds of millions of dollars in federalMedicareandSocial Securitytaxes by hiring workers throughshell companiesbased in thetax havenof theCayman Islands.More than 21,000 people working for KBR in Iraq – including about 10,500 Americans – are listed as employees of two companies, Service Employees International Inc., and Overseas Administrative Services, which exist on the island only incomputer filesin an office. KBR admitted that the companies were set up "in order to allow us to reduce certain tax obligations of the company and its employees". But KBR does claim the workers as its own with regards to the legal immunity extended to employers working inIraq.[47]

Bribing Nigerian officials

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On February 6, 2009, the Justice Department announced KBR had been charged with paying "tens of millions of dollars" in bribes toNigerianofficials in order to win government contracts, in violation of theForeign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA). A 22-page document filed in a Houston federal court alleged massive bribes in connection with the construction of a natural gas plant on Bonny Island requiring $7.5bn USD. KBR officials had no comment.[48]KBR pleaded guilty and was ordered to pay $402m USD in criminal fines, nearly all of which was covered by Halliburton. KBR and Halliburton also paid $177m USD in disgorgement of profits to theSecurities and Exchange Commission(SEC) due a civil complaint filed by the SEC relating to the FCPA charges.[49]

Former CEO Albert Jackson Stanley, who ran KBR when it was a subsidiary toHalliburton,was sentenced to 30 months in prison via plea agreement.[50][51]

Waxman allegations

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The Army's actions came under fire fromCaliforniaCongressmanHenry Waxman,who, along withMichiganCongressmanJohn Dingell,asked theGeneral Accounting Officeto investigate whether theU.S. Agency for International DevelopmentandThe Pentagonwere circumventing government contracting procedures and favoring companies with ties to theBush administration.They also accused KBR of inflating prices for importing gasoline into Iraq.[52][53]In June 2003, the Army announced that it would replace KBR's oil-infrastructurecontract with two public-bid contracts worth a maximum total of $1 billion, to be awarded in October. However, the Army announced in October it would expand the contract ceiling to $2 billion and the solicitation period to December. As of October 16, 2003, KBR had performed nearly $1.6 billion worth of work. In the meantime, KBR has subcontracted with two companies to work on the project:Boots & Coots,an oil field emergency response firm that Halliburton works in partnership with (CEO Jerry L. Winchester was a former Halliburton manager) andWild Well Control.Both firms are based in Texas.[54]

Professional negligence

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KBR's maintenance work in Iraq has been criticized after reports of soldiers electrocuted from faulty wiring.[55]Specifically, KBR has been charged by the Army for improper installation of electrical units in bathrooms throughout U.S. bases. CNN reported that an Army Special Forces soldier, Staff Sergeant Ryan Maseth, died by electrocution in his shower stall on January 2, 2008. Army documents showed that KBR inspected the building and found serious electrical problems a full 11 months before his death. KBR noted "several safety issues concerning the improper grounding of electrical devices". But KBR's contract did not cover "fi xing potential hazards;" It covered repairing items only after they broke down.[56]Maseth's family has sued KBR.[57]In January 2009, theU.S. Army Criminal Investigation Commandinvestigator assigned to the case recommended that Maseth's official cause of death should be changed from "accidental" to "negligent homicide". KBR supervisors were blamed for failing to ensure electrical and plumbing work were performed by qualified employees, and for failure to inspect the work.[58]In late January 2009, the Defense Contract Management Agency handed down a "Level III Corrective Action Request" to KBR. This is disseminated after a contractor is found being in a state of "serious noncompliance", and is one step from suspending or terminating a contract.[58]In 2011, KBR defended the lawsuit by claiming that Iraqi, not American, law should apply in determining a verdict.[59]Despite these issues, KBR was awarded a $35 million contract for major electrical work in 2009.[60]

Employee safety in warzones

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As of June 9, 2008, 81 American and foreign KBR employees and subcontractors have been killed, and more than 380 have been wounded by hostile action while performing services under the company's government contracts inIraq,AfghanistanandKuwait.Family members of injured or killed employees have sued the company in relation to the2004 Iraq KBR convoy ambush.[61]

Sexual assault and abuse allegations

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See also:Jamie Leigh Jones

Jamie Leigh Jonestestified at a Congressional hearing that she had beengang-rapedby as many as seven coworkers in Iraq in 2005 when she was an employee of KBR (a subsidiary of Halliburton at the time), and then falsely imprisoned in a shipping container for 24 hours without food or drink.[62][63]

Under questioning, Jones denied ever having claimed to have been gang-raped, even though her extensive media appearances say otherwise.[64]

Jones and her lawyers said that 38 women have contacted her reporting similar experiences while working as contractors in Iraq, Kuwait, and other countries. On September 15, 2009, the5th Circuit Court of Appealsruled in favor of Jones, in a 2–1 ruling, and found that her alleged injuries were not, in fact, in any way related to her employment and thus, not covered by the contract.[63]On July 8, 2011, a jury in the Southern District of Texas federal court in Houston found against Jones and cleared KBR of any wrongdoing.[65]

Jamie Leigh Jones's case led SenatorAl Frankento propose an amendment to the defense appropriations bill, which was passed in October 2009, to allow employees of firms with government contracts access to the courts.[66]Jones's case received an unfavorable verdict and her alleged fabrication caused a subsequent media scandal.[67]

Mary Beth Kineston, an Ohio truck driver, alleged she wassexually harassedand groped by several KBR employees, and was later fired after reporting to the company the threats and harassment endured by female employees.[68]

Jo Frederiksen, another female employee, filed a lawsuit against the company for allegedly being "inappropriately touched, stalked, intimidated and verbally harassed" during her time with the firm in 2003. According to Frederiksen, after she complained to the firm she was moved to an even more hostile location while some of her abusers were promoted. The lawsuit claimed "women are second-rate citizens provided for the pleasure of men" at the firm. Frederiksen also alleged a lack of oversight to "rampant illicit criminal behavior" related to prostitution and human trafficking by other KBR employees.[69]

Human trafficking lawsuit

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On August 28, 2008, defense contractor KBR, Inc. and a Jordanian subcontractor were accused of human trafficking in a federal lawsuit filed in Los Angeles.[70]The suit alleged that 13 Nepali men were recruited by Daoud & Partners to work in hotels and restaurants in Jordan, but upon arrival all 13 men had their passports seized by the contractor and were sent to Iraq to work on theAl Asad Airbase.Twelve of the employees were abducted when their unprotected convoy was attacked by a group calling itself the Army of Ansar al-Sunna, while en route to the base. Shortly thereafter, a video was released of one of the men being beheaded and the other 11 shot. The remaining employee, Buddi Prasad Gurung, claims to have been held against his will for 15 months, during which time he was forced to work at the base.[71][72]Reuters quoted attorney Matthew Handley as saying, "It doesn't appear that any of them knew they were going to Iraq." KBR made no public comment on the lawsuit, but released a statement which stated in part that it, "in no way condones or tolerates unethical or illegal behavior".[73]

"Burn pits" lawsuits

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More than 20 federal lawsuits naming KBR and seekingclass-actionstatus were filed in late 2008 and 2009 over the practice of operating "burn pits"at U.S. bases in both Iraq and Afghanistan and thus exposing soldiers to smoke containingdioxin,asbestos,and other harmful substances. The pits are said to include "every type of waste imaginable", with items such as "tires,lithium batteries,Styrofoam,paper, wood, rubber, petroleum-oil-lubricating products, metals,hydraulic fluids,munitions boxes,medical waste,biohazardmaterials (including human corpses), medical supplies (including those used during smallpox inoculations), paints, solvents, asbestos insulation, items containingpesticides,polyvinyl chloridepipes, animal carcasses, dangerous chemicals, and hundreds of thousands of plastic water bottles ". A company statement responding to the allegations said that" at the sites where KBR provides burn pit services, the company does so... in accordance with the relevant provisions "of its contracts as well as" operational guidelines approved by the Army ".[74]

Late payment

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In the UK in April 2019, Kellogg Brown & Root was suspended from the UK Government'sPrompt Payment Codefor failing to pay suppliers on time.[75]

Workers stranded in Indian Ocean territory

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On September 16, 2022, theDepartment of Migrant WorkersSecretary,Susan Ople,confirmed aWashington Postreport that 800 Filipino workers were stranded at a remote US military base onDiego Garciain the Indian Ocean due to an employment dispute with KBR.[76]

See also

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References

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  63. ^abAmanda Terkel (September 16, 2009)."Court rules that KBR employee's gang rape wasn't a personal injury 'arising in the workplace'".ThinkProgress.
  64. ^Marcotte, Amanda."Crazy Story Reveals Former KBR Employee Jamie Leigh Jones Probably Did Lie About Her Rape".Business Insider.
  65. ^Richard Dunham (July 9, 2011)."Jamie Leigh Jones loses rape case against former Halliburton subsidiary KBR".Chron.
  66. ^Chris McGreal (October 15, 2009)."Rape case to force US defence firms into the open".The Guardian.
  67. ^Stephanie Mencimer (November 2013)."The War of Rape".Washington Monthly.
  68. ^Risen, James (February 13, 2008)."Limbo for U.S. Women Reporting Iraq Assaults".The New York Times.
  69. ^Chris Vogel (July 14, 2009)."Come For The Nation-Building, Stay For The Brothels".HoustonPress.
  70. ^"Nepalese man sues KBR on human trafficking charges".AFP. August 27, 2008. Archived fromthe originalon August 31, 2008.
  71. ^"Families of 12 Slain in Iraq File Lawsuit".The New York Times.Reuters. August 28, 2008.
  72. ^Simpson, Cam (2018).The Girl from Kathmandu, Twelve Dead Men and a Woman's Quest for Justice.Harper Collins Publishers.ISBN978-0062449719.
  73. ^"Nepalese Sue U.S. Company over Iraq".BBC.August 28, 2008.
  74. ^Wood, E. Thomas(November 8, 2009)."Soldiers claim war zone contractors exposed them to toxins".NashvillePost.
  75. ^Morby, Aaron (April 29, 2019)."Industry giants shamed over late payment".Construction Enquirer.RetrievedApril 29,2019.
  76. ^Canoy, Jeff (September 16, 2022)."800 Filipino workers stranded over dispute with US contractor: Ople".ABS-CBN News.RetrievedSeptember 16,2022.
edit
  • Official website
  • CalPERS urged to divest from KBR
  • Kellogg Brown & Root(Archive)
  • Brown & Root(Archive)
  • Business data for KBR, Inc.:
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