Kirill Semyonovich Moskalenko(Russian:Кирилл Семёнович Москаленко,Ukrainian:Кирило Семенович Москаленко,romanized:Kyrylo Semenovych Moskalenko;11 May 1902 – 17 June 1985) was aMarshal of the Soviet Union.A member of theSoviet Armywho fought in both theRussian Civil Warand World War II, he later served as Commander in Chief ofStrategic Missile Forces.
Kirill Semyonovich Moskalenko | |
|---|---|
 Moskalenkoc.1950s | |
| Born | 11 May 1902 Hryshyne,Bakhmutsky Uyezd,Yekaterinoslav Governorate,Russian Empire(nowUkraine) |
| Died | 17 June 1985(aged 83) Moscow,Russian SFSR,Soviet Union |
| Buried | |
| Allegiance |  Soviet Union |
| Years of service | 1920–1985 |
| Rank |  Marshal of the Soviet Union |
| Commands | 38th Army 40th Army Moscow Military District Strategic Missile Troops |
| Battles / wars | |
| Awards | Hero of the Soviet Union(twice) |
| Other work | Commander of Strategic Rocket Forces |
Early life
editMoskalenko was born in the village of Hryshyne,Bakhmutsky Uyezd,Yekaterinoslav Governorate,Russian Empire(present-dayPokrovsk Raion,Donetsk Oblast,Ukraine), in a family ofUkrainianpeasants. He graduated from a four-year primary rural school and two classes of the school of the ministerial school. From 1917 to 1919 he studied at an agricultural school inBakhmut,where poetVolodymyr Sosiurastudied at the same time according to his recollections. He was forced to interrupt his studies due to the outbreak of theRussian Civil War.[1]
Military career
editRussian Civil War
editHe returned to his native village, where he worked in the rural revolutionary committee. When the province of his village was seized by the troops of theVolunteer Armyof GeneralAnton Denikin,he hid because of the threat of execution. After the occupation of the village by the troops of theRed Armyin August 1920, he joined their ranks.[2]
Moskalenko fought in the civil war while serving as the member of theFirst Cavalry Army.He fought against the troops of GeneralPyotr Wrangeland AtamanNestor Makhno.[2]
Post civil war
editHe studied at theLuhanskArtillery School and at the 2ndKharkovArtillery School. In May 1921, he was transferred to the artillery department of the Kharkov School of Red Officers, from which he graduated in 1922. Later, he graduated from the advanced training courses for the command personnel at the Red Army Artillery Academy inLeningradand the faculty of advanced training for the higher command personnel of theFelix Dzerzhinsky Military AcademyinMoscow Oblast.During his studies in Kharkov, as part of the school, he participated in battles against gangs in the Don andDonbasregions.[3]
From 1922 to 1932 he served in the6th Cavalry Divisionand First Cavalry Army, and platoon commander of the Cavalry Artillery Division. During his service inArmavir,he participated in battles against political banditry in theNorth Caucasus.[2]
In September 1923, together with a military unit, he was transferred toBryansk.From 1924, he served as a battery commander. He later served as commander of a training battery, artillery battalion, and chief of staff of an artillery regiment from 1928.[2]
From 1932, he served as chief of staff and commander of a special cavalry division of theSpecial Red Banner Far Eastern ArmynearChita.From 1934, he served commander of a cavalry regiment. Moskalenko commanded the 23rd Tank Brigade inPrimorsky Kraifrom 1935. From 1936 he served in the 45th Mechanized Corps within theKiev Military District.[2]
World War II
edit
During theSoviet-Finnish War,he was the commander of artillery for the51st Rifle Divisionand was awarded theOrder of the Red Banner.He successively chief of artillery of the 35th Rifle Corps and the 2nd Mechanized Corps inChișinăuandTiraspolrespectively.[4]
WhenOperation Barbarossabegan in June 1941, Moskalenko was the commander of an anti-tank brigade which was stationed inLutsk.Between June 1941, and March 1942, Moskalenko first held command of the 1st Anti-Tank Brigade, 15th Rifle Corps,6th Army,and later of the 6th Cavalry Corps. During this time, he took part in the defensive battles in Lutsk,Volodymyr-Volynskyi,Rovno,Torchyn,Novohrad-VolynskyiandMalyn.Moskalenko participated in theKiev Strategic Defensive Operationand fought in battles nearTeterev,Pripyat,DnieperandDesna.During a month of continuous fighting, being in the direction of the main attack of the enemyArmy Group South,the brigade destroyed more than 300 enemy tanks. For military successes, courage and bravery, he was awarded theOrder of Leninon 23 July 1941.[5]
In December 1941, he was appointed deputy commander of the 6th Army of theSouthwestern Frontand acting commander of the army. The 6th Army under the command Moskalenko took part in theBarvenkovo-Lozovaya offensiveand the liberation of the cities ofIziumandLozova.On 12 February 1942, he was appointed as commander of the 6th Cavalry Corps and from March to July 1942, he served as commander of the38th Army.He was the commander of the newly reformed 38th Army from March to July 1942.[5]
During theBattle of Stalingrad,he commanded the 1st Tank Army during which he participated in battles on the distant approaches toStalingradfrom July to August 1942. In August 1942, he was appointed commander of the 1st Guards Army until October 1942. At the very beginning of the defensive period of the Battle of Stalingrad, the 1st Tank Army attacked the enemy almost continuously for twelve days in a row and held back their advance. According to Moskalenko, atKalach-on-Don,his army stopped the advance of German GeneralFriedrich Paulus's6th Armyto Stalingrad and almost won a month to organize defense in depth and pull up reserves. He was then appointed commander of the1st Tank Armyfrom July to August 1942 and the1st Guards Armyfrom August to October 1942 before finally receiving command of the40th Army,which was separate from theVoronezh Front,a position he held until October 1943.[6]
Moskalenko led his troops during the winter counteroffensive and during theBattle of Kursk.He participated in theOstrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive,third battle of Kharkovand thebattle of the Dnieper.Moskalenko was awarded the titleHero of the Soviet Unionfor heroism and courage when crossing the Dnieper and securing a bridgehead on its western bank.[6]
From October 1943 until the end of the war, Moskalenko was the commander of the38th Army.He led his troops as they helped drive theGermansfromUkraine,Poland,andCzechoslovakia.[6]
Post-World War II
edit
After the war, Moskalenko commanded the 38th Army, which was transferred to theCarpathian Military District.From August 1948, he served as commander of the Air Defense Forces of the Moscow Region. He served in various capacities in theMoscow Military District,before being appointed its Commanding General in 1953.[5]
On 26 June 1953 the CPSU SecretaryKhrushchevalong with Marshals Georgy Zhukov and Kirill Moskalenko secretly arrested First Deputy Prime Minister of the USSRBeriaduring a joint CPSU Presidium and Cabinet meeting. While Zhukov could not carry a gun into theKremlin,Moskalenko sneaked into the Kremlin with a gun to arrest Beria. During the next six months, he and Rudenko investigated the "Beria Case". In December 1953 the Soviet Supreme Court found Beria guilty after a five-day proceeding. On December 23, Beria was shot. Another version states that Beria was shot by machine gun during the military assault on his residential compound in Moscow.[7]
As a result of this operation, on 11 March 1955, Moskalenko, along with five other commanders, was given the rank ofMarshal of the Soviet Union.Moskalenko remained in theMoscow Military Districtuntil 1960, when he was made Commander-in-Chief of theStrategic Rocket Forces.Moskalenko owed his very rapid promotion to having served with Khrushchev during the war. In his memoirs, Khrushchev said:
Moskalenko could be the best and the worst of men. During the war, I'd given a high recommendation of him to Stalin because Moskalenko was a devoted to the defence of our country, and he wasn't a bad soldier. On the bad side, he had a violent temper. He was more than just rude - he was mentally unbalanced. He was notorious for abusing his subordinates. His favourite phrases were "You traitor, scoundrel, enemy of the people! You ought to be court-martialled! You ought to be shot!" His uncontrollable temper made him a deeply moody man who could easily be used by others.[8]
Khrushchev also claimed to have been shocked by the virulence with which Moskalenko denounced Marshal Zhukov in 1957, when Khrushchev had decided to sack Zhukov, but even so, he remained in office until April 1962, when he was dismissed without any reason being given, and was made an Inspector General of the Ministry of Defense. an honorary post of no significance. The French journalistMichel Tatu,who was based in Moscow at the time, surmised that his fall was related to theCuban Missile Crisis:
The decision (to install soviet missiles on Cuba) affected him directly as commander in chief of strategic rockets. It is a safe bet that a man anxious to preserve his equipment intact could not have been happy at the prospect of having his most secret weapons shipped with nuclear warheads to a highly exposed site such as Cuba.[9]
For his services in the development and strengthening of the Armed Forces of the USSR, he was awarded the titleHero of the Soviet Unionfor the second time on 1978.[10][5]From December 1983, he was part of theGroup of Inspectors General of the USSR Ministry of Defense.
Moskalenko died on 17 June 1985 in Moscow, at the age of 83. He is buried inNovodevichy Cemetery.[5]
Honours and awards
edit
- Soviet Union
- Foreign
|
Hero of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic(Czechoslovakia) (1969) |
|
Order of Klement Gottwald(Czechoslovakia) |
|
Order of the White Lion,1st class (Czechoslovakia) |
|
Military Order of the White Lion"For Victory", 1st class (Czechoslovakia) |
|
War Cross 1939–1945(Czechoslovakia) |
|
Order of Friendship (Czechoslovakia) |
|
Military Commemorative Medal (Czechoslovakia) |
|
Medal “For Strengthening Friendship in Arms”, Golden class (Czechoslovakia) |
|
Gold Star of the Czechoslovak Military Order for Liberty (Czechoslovakia) |
|
Medal "In Commemoration of the Battle of Dukla Pass" (Czechoslovakia) |
|
Order of Sukhbaatar(Mongolia) |
|
Medal "50 Years of the Mongolian People's Army" (Mongolia) |
|
Medal "60 Years of the Mongolian People's Army" (Mongolia) |
|
Knight's Cross of theOrder of Polonia Restituta(Poland) |
|
Cross of Grunwald,2nd class (Poland) |
|
Brotherhood of Arms Medal (Poland) |
|
Medal of Victory and Freedom 1945(Poland) |
|
Medal "For Oder, Neisse and the Baltic"(Poland) |
|
Order of Tudor Vladimirescu, 1st class (Romania) |
|
Honorary Knight Grand Cross of theOrder of the British Empire(United Kingdom) |
Other honors
edit- The Poltava Military School of Communications was named in honor of him.
- Honorary Citizen of the city of Tiraspol
- Streets named after him inPokrovsk,HorlivkaandVinnytsia
- A bronze bust honoring him in Pokrovsk
Former honors
editTheKyiv City Councilstripped the title of "Honorary Citizen of the City ofKyiv"from Moskalenko on 26 May 2023.[12]It stated it did so in accordance withUkrainian decommunization laws.[12]
References
edit- ^Moskalenko 1972. Page 626.
- ^abcde"Москаленко Кирилл Семёнович".encyclopedia.mil.ru.Retrieved2021-12-11.
- ^"Москаленко Кирилл Семёнович (1902–1985 гг.)".Retrieved2021-12-11.
- ^КОЧУКОВ, Александр (2002-05-08)."11 мая - 100 лет со дня рождения дважды Героя Советского Союза Маршала Советского Союза К.С. Москаленко".old.redstar.ru.Retrieved2021-12-11.
- ^abcde"Кирилл Семёнович Москаленко".hrono.ru.Retrieved2021-12-11.
- ^abc"На Юго-Западном направлении. Книга I".militera.lib.ru.Retrieved2021-12-11.
- ^КОЧУКОВ, Александр (2003-06-28).""БЕРИЯ, ВСТАТЬ! ВЫ АРЕСТОВАНЫ!"".old.redstar.ru.Retrieved2021-12-11.
- ^Khrushchev, Nikita (1974).Khrushchev Remembers, The Last Testament.Little, Brown. p. 12.
- ^Tatu, Michel (1969).Power in the Kremlin.London: Collins. p. 236.
- ^"55 ЛЕТ БЕЗ СТАЛИНА".kommersant.ru.2008-12-22.Retrieved2021-12-11.
- ^abcdefghi"Кирилл Семёнович Москаленко".warheroes.ru.Retrieved11 December2021.
- ^ab"The Kyiv Council deprived Brezhnev and other communists of the title of" Honorary Citizen of the City of Kyiv "".Istorychna Pravda(in Ukrainian). 26 May 2023.Retrieved26 May2023.
Bibliography
edit- Marshal K.S. Moskalenko (Commander of the 38th Army),On South-Western direction,Moscow, Science, 1969
- Marshal K.S. Moskalenko (Commander of the 38th Army),On South-Western direction, 1943 -1945,Moscow, Science, 1972