Wikipedia

Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan

(Redirected fromKrasnovodsk)
For other uses, seeTürkmenbaşy.

Türkmenbaşy(Turkmen Cyrillic:Түркменбашы,Turkmen Arabic;توركمنباشی, also spelledTurkmenbashyandTurkmenbashi,the latter a back-formation of the Cyrillic Түркменбаши), formerly known asKrasnovodsk(Russian:Красноводск),Kyzyl-Su,andShagadam(Turkmen:Şagadam), is a city inBalkan Provincein westernTurkmenistan,on theTürkmenbaşy Gulfof theCaspian Sea.It sits at an elevation of 27 metres (89 feet).[citation needed]The population (est 2004) was 86,800, mostly ethnicTurkmensbut alsoRussian,ArmenianandAzeriminorities. As the terminus of theTrans-Caspian Railwayand site of a major seaport on the Caspian, it is an important transportation center. The city is also the site of Turkmenistan's largest oil refining complex.

Türkmenbaşy
Krasnovodsk (1869–1993)
Kyzyl Su (?-1869)
Shagadam (antiquity)
Türkmenbaşy is located in Turkmenistan
Türkmenbaşy
Türkmenbaşy
Location in Turkmenistan
Coordinates:40°01′00″N52°58′00″E/ 40.01667°N 52.96667°E/40.01667; 52.96667
CountryTurkmenistan
RegionBalkan
Founded1869[1][2]
Named forSaparmurat Niyazov
Government
• TypePresidential[3]
•MayorAmangeldi Isaýew[4]
Elevation
27 m (89 ft)
Population
(2010)
• Total
73,000
Time zoneUTC+05:00(UTC+5)
• Summer (DST)not observed
Postal code
745000[5]
Area code+993-243
Vehicle registrationBN

This city should not be confused with the similarly namedtownofTürkmenbaşy(Turkmen:Türkmenbaşy şäherçesi), formerly called Janga (Russian:Джанга,CyrillicTurkmen:Җанга), also in Balkan Province, or the city ofSaparmyrat Türkmenbaşy adyndakyinDaşoguz Province.

History

edit

In 1717, Russian PrinceAlexander Bekovich-Cherkasskylanded and established a secret fortified settlement on this location, where the dry bed ofa former mouthof theAmu-DaryaRiver once emptied into the Caspian Sea. His intent was to march an army up this dry riverbed and conquer theKhanate of Khiva.The expedition failed, and the Russians abandoned the settlement for over 150 years.

Krasnovodsk

edit
Railway station in Krasnovodsk,1902

In 1869, the Russians invaded a second time. Having captured the settlement, they named their fortKrasnovodsk(Красноводск), which is a Russian translation of the original name,Kyzyl-Su(Red Water). The fort, Krasnovodsk, served asImperial Russia's base of operations against Khiva andBukhara,as well as the semi-nomadicTurkmentribes.

The railway had originally begun from Uzun-Ada on theCaspian Sea,but the terminus was shifted north to the harbour at Krasnovodsk.[6]

It fell to theRed Armyin February 1920.

On November 21, 1939,Krasnovodsk Oblast[ru]was formed with its administrative center in Krasnovodsk. The oblast was repeatedly liquidated and restored (January 23, 1947, liquidated; April 4, 1952, restored; December 9, 1955, liquidated; December 27, 1973, restored; August 25, 1988, eliminated).

In 1942, a large part of the PolishAnders' Armyalong with many civilians was evacuated from the USSR via the local port toIran.[7]

In 1985, the airbase here wasattackedbyAfghan Mujahideen.

Türkmenbaşy

edit

January 10, 1991,Balkan provincewas created, and on May 18, 1992, was designated a velayat (Turkmen:welaýat) with its capital inBalkanabat.On 8 October 1993, Krasnovodsk was renamed byPresident for LifeSaparmurat Niyazovafter his self-proclaimed titleTürkmenbaşy( "Head of [all] Turkmens" ) by Resolution No. 904-XII of Turkmenistan Parliament.[8]

The second President of Turkmenistan,Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow,pledged in July 2007 to invest $1 billion in a project slated to turn Türkmenbaşy into a major tourist resort. He ordered development of theAwazatourist zone with 60 modern hotels to be built along a 16 km (10 mi) stretch of the Caspian Sea shoreline.[9][10]Aside from Awaza, Türkmenbaşy city has three modern hotels: Türkmenbaşy Hotel, Charlak Hotel, and the new Silk Road Hotel at the seaport, in addition to the oldSoviet-eraHazar Hotel.

In recent years, the city has undergone large-scale reconstruction: historic district, entrance roads, and vital infrastructure.[11]A new Turkish Park and the cascade of fountains were added.[12]By the end of 2012 Magtymguly Avenue had been completely renovated. The new route merged with the city's waterfront, Bahry Hazar, and from the west motorway junction at Balykçy Traffic Circle a dual carriageway leads westward out of the city along a dike across Soymonov Bay toTurkmenbashy Airportand toAwaza.[13]In 2014, the Oilworkers Palace of Culture, which was built in 1951, was renovated.[14]

The city is home of theTürkmendeňizderýaýollary Agency,part of theGovernment of Turkmenistan.[15]

Administrative divisions

edit

As of July 2013 the city was divided into twoboroughs(Turkmen:etrap): Awaza etraby (Avaza Borough) and Kenar etraby (Kenar Borough).[16]However, on 9 November 2022, the borough of Kenar was formally abolished, leaving Turkmenbashy officially with only one borough (uly etrap), Awaza etraby.[17][18][19]

Boroughs differ from ordinary municipal "districts" in that boroughs are led by a presidentialy appointed mayor (Turkmen:häkim), whereas ordinary municipal districts are subordinate to municipal authorities. Awaza etraby, an area of 9660 hectares, includes theAwazanational tourist zone,Turkmenbashy International Airportand a small residential area.[20][21]

The abolished Kenar etraby, an area of 7262 hectares, included the main part of the city of Turkmenbashy and the territory of the former town of Kenar. It encompassed theTurkmenbashy International Seaport,including the Kenar Oil Loading Terminal as well as the Kenar Oil Storage and Loading Enterprise (Russian:Кенарское предприятие хранения и отгрузки нефтепродуктов,Turkmen:Kenar nebit önümlerini saklamak we iberiş kärhanasy).

Geography

edit

Climate

edit

Türkmenbaşy has a colddesert climate(BWk,according to theKöppen climate classification), with hot summers and somewhat chilly winters. The average temperatures are 3 °C in January and 28 °C in July. With the40°Ntraversing the city, summers are extremely warm for the latitude considering its maritime position. The average annual precipitation is 125 mm (5 in).

Climate data for Türkmenbaşy (1991–2020, extremes 1883-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.7
(69.3) 		23.3
(73.9) 		29.0
(84.2) 		36.0
(96.8) 		40.7
(105.3) 		43.5
(110.3) 		45.6
(114.1) 		44.5
(112.1) 		43.5
(110.3) 		33.4
(92.1) 		28.1
(82.6) 		24.6
(76.3) 		45.6
(114.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.8
(46.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		13.6
(56.5) 		19.6
(67.3) 		26.5
(79.7) 		32.2
(90.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		35.1
(95.2) 		29.5
(85.1) 		21.8
(71.2) 		14.0
(57.2) 		9.2
(48.6) 		21.1
(70.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5) 		4.2
(39.6) 		8.3
(46.9) 		13.7
(56.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		25.8
(78.4) 		28.7
(83.7) 		28.7
(83.7) 		23.0
(73.4) 		15.7
(60.3) 		9.0
(48.2) 		4.9
(40.8) 		15.5
(59.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		0.0
(32.0) 		3.6
(38.5) 		8.5
(47.3) 		14.3
(57.7) 		19.5
(67.1) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.5
(72.5) 		17.0
(62.6) 		10.1
(50.2) 		4.6
(40.3) 		1.3
(34.3) 		10.4
(50.7)
Record low °C (°F) −21.5
(−6.7) 		−21.9
(−7.4) 		−12.6
(9.3) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		0.9
(33.6) 		6.6
(43.9) 		14.1
(57.4) 		11.0
(51.8) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		−13.6
(7.5) 		−16.3
(2.7) 		−21.9
(−7.4)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 12
(0.5) 		13
(0.5) 		21
(0.8) 		18
(0.7) 		7
(0.3) 		2
(0.1) 		2
(0.1) 		2
(0.1) 		4
(0.2) 		12
(0.5) 		19
(0.7) 		11
(0.4) 		123
(4.9)
Average rainy days 8 7 8 8 6 3 2 3 3 6 8 8 70
Average snowy days 4 4 1 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 11
Averagerelative humidity(%) 76 72 68 63 56 50 49 44 46 58 72 75 61
Mean monthlysunshine hours 136.6 139.0 172.6 227.0 303.2 347.0 344.0 330.2 294.1 228.8 161.9 124.0 2,808.4
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[22]
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[23]

Economy

edit

Western Turkmenistan has majorpetroleumandnatural gasreserves, and Turkmenistan's largestoil refineryis in Türkmenbaşy. The Turkmenbashy oil refinery had a refining capacity of more than 10 million tons of oil per year as of May 2016. The refinery produces a range of products, including unleaded gasoline, petroleum coke, asphalt, laundry detergent, hydro-treated diesel, and lubricating oil.[24]The Turkmenbashy oil refinery is Turkmenistan's largest producer of liquid petroleum gas, accounting for two-thirds of total production with annual output of about 300 thousand tonnes.[25]

Turkmen ship at Turkmenbashy Port

Since May 2018, the Balkan Shipbuilding and Repair Yard[26]has been operating at the Turkmenbashy International Seaport.[27][28]The plant, the capacity of which allows to process 10,000 tons of steel per year, is calculated for the construction of 4–6shipsper year.[29]The production facility is capable of performing maintenance and repair work on 20–30 ships, by processing 2000 tons of steel per year.[30]

Sights

edit
  • Museum of Regional History
  • Gate to former Krasnovodsk fort
  • Beaches
  • Khazar Nature Reserve
  • Natural History Museum

The central office of the State Archives of theBalkan Regionis located in Turkmenbashy.[31]

Religion

edit

The majority of city's population, Turkmens, areSunni Muslim.

Russian Orthodox Church

edit

The Church of St. Michael the Archangel is a gift of theAstrakhan dioceseof theRussian Orthodox Church.[32]In 1895 it was moved to Krasnovodsk from a flooded peninsulaUzun Ada[ru]by Russian soldiers.[33]

Armenian Apostolic Church

edit

The church was built in 1903. Currently it does not function and needs a major renovation.[34]

Sports

edit

The city hasŞagadam Stadium,at which is based the professional football clubŞagadam FK.[35]

Futsalclubs Deňizçi and TNGIZT from Türkmenbaşy play in theTurkmenistan Futsal League.[36]

International sporting events

edit

In 2014, first time in history Turkmenistan hostedPWAWorld Tour Windsurfing.[37][38]

Cellular

edit

The city has one mobile operator:Altyn Asyr,which was implemented in 2007, and which has a4Gtechnology network withLTEsince 2010. The 4G network covers all areas of the city and theTurkmenbashi International Airport.

Internet access services and cable TV are provided by the operatorTurkmentelecom.[39]There is 1 internet cafe in the city.[39]

Education

edit

Turkmenbashi Marine Secondary Vocational School[40]ofTürkmendeňizderýaýollary Agencyprepares specialists for the needs of the sea and river transport of Turkmenistan.[41]The term of study in accordance with the specialty is 2 or 2.5 years, on a paid basis.[42]

Culture

edit

In the vicinity of the city of Turkmenbashi, the shooting of Soviet feature filmsDays of EclipsebyAlexander Sokurov,The Forty-FirstbyGrigory ChukhrayandBarkhanby Sanzhar Babayev (in the city itself) took place.

Amusement park

edit

Salkyn kenaris an amusement park located on the coast of Caspian Sea.[43]The park covers an area of 2.7 hectares. This amusement park has over 30 attractions and many restaurants. It is a popular tourist attraction and visited by thousands of people every day. Park also serves as a concert venue.[44]

Transport

edit

The public transport system and the relevant infrastructure in Turkmenbashy is primarily managed by the Turkmenawtoulaglary Agency.[45]Today, the city is served by an international airport and national rail services, municipal buses, minibuses, cabs, bike lanes.

Caspian Sea at the Port of Türkmenbaşy

The city is important as transport junction, formed by seaport with ferry terminal, airport and railway station.[46]TheM37 highwaylinks the seaport to points east. The P-18 highway runs west from the seaport to Awaza, then north to the border withKazakhstan.

Seaport

edit

Turkmenbashy International Seaportis Turkmenistan's major seaport and sea link to the West. Ferry service connects Türkmenbaşy toBaku,Azerbaijan, which is about 260 kilometers across the Caspian Sea. It is the western terminus of theTrans-Caspian railway,which connects the city to Turkmenistan's capitalAshgabatand points further east.

Vessel Alcyone in Port of Turkmenbashy

In 1998, as part of its three-month expedition to the Caspian Sea, the Turkmenbashy International Seaport was visited by theCousteau Societyon theAlcyone ship).[47]

Passenger lines as of 2021 connected Turkmenbashy with thePort of Baku,Azerbaijan, and thePort of Olya,Russia.[48]

In 2014, a sea passenger terminal for domestic routes was opened in the port.[49]On the internal lines, the city is connected withHazarandGyzylsuw.

In 2018, a new modernized seaport was opened, the largest on theCaspian Sea.The area of the new port is over 1.3 km2,and the total berth length is 3.6 km. The throughput capacity of the cargo terminal is up to 18 million tons per year.[50]

Railway station

edit
Turkmenbashy Railway Station

TheTurkmenbashy railway stationwas built in 1895 by the architectAlexeï Leontievitch Benois[fr].Railway station square is adjacent to the memorial to the soldiers who died during theGreat Patriotic War.From Turkmenbashy daily runs train No. 605/606 toAshgabat.[51]

Airport

edit

Initially in 1940 the airport was located at the bottom of the plateau, near Krasnovodsk Hospital. DuringWorld War IIit was transferred to the top of the plateau and the airfield was collocated with aSoviet Air Forcebase. In 2010 the airport was reconstructed and gained international status. It has two runways.[52]Turkmenistan Airlinesprovides direct flights fromTürkmenbaşy International AirporttoAshgabat,Daşoguz,Mary,IstanbulandTürkmenabat.The airport can be reached by bus or car from the city, taking approximately 10–15 minutes by car.

Buses

edit

Turkmenbashi 's bus network forms a crucial backbone of the city's transit system. For almost a decade,Hyundai Aero Citybuses of various modifications were serving the city.

The city is also connected toAshgabat,Balkanabat and Garabogaz by bus.[53]

International relations

edit

Consulates

edit

Two consular offices are found in Türkmenbaşy.

Twin towns – Sister cities

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^Daĭnes, V. O. (2004).История России и мирового сообщества.ОЛМА Медиа Групп.ISBN9785224040643.
  2. ^Александр III и его время.Терра. 2007.ISBN9785275015072.
  3. ^"Türkmenistanyň Halk Maslahatynyň Çözgüdi HM-6 14 December 1992"(PDF).Retrieved29 May2023.
  4. ^"2015-10-10 ● УКАЗ Президента Туркменистана Об Исаеве А".Parahat.info.Retrieved14 April2022.
  5. ^"ПОЧТОВЫЕ ИНДЕКСЫ ТУРКМЕНИСТАНА | Postal Codes of Turkmenistan".August 2023.
  6. ^"The United Service Magazine".1900.
  7. ^Ocaleni z "nieludzkiej ziemi"(in Polish). Łódź:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej.2012. pp. 52, 54.ISBN978-83-63695-00-2.
  8. ^Name change documentopenstreetmap.org
  9. ^"Turkmenistan starts tourist drive".BBC News.23 July 2007.Retrieved23 July2007.
  10. ^Avaza Tourist Zone around TurkmenbashiArchived2011-06-06 at theWayback Machine
  11. ^"Золотой век".turkmenistan.gov.tm.
  12. ^inform /ru/news/20121018/06589.html "В Туркменбаши появится новая достопримечательность | Общество | ИП" ТУРКМЕНинформ "".turkmeninform.{{cite web}}:Check|url=value (help)
  13. ^"Золотой век".turkmenistan.gov.tm.
  14. ^"Золотой век".
  15. ^"Archived copy".Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2015.Retrieved11 December2015.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^"Города с таким названием скоро не будет. Красноводск-Туркменбаши-Этрап Аваза города Туркменбаши+Этрап Кенар города Туркменбаши".[dead link‍]
  17. ^"Рассмотрены вопросы совершенствования административно-территориального устройства велаятов"(in Russian). Государственное информационное агентство Туркменистана (TDH) - Туркменистан сегодня. 22 October 2022.
  18. ^"Постановление Меджлиса Милли Генгеша Туркменистана"(in Russian). Туркменистан сегодня. 10 November 2022.
  19. ^"Türkmenistanyň Milli Geňeşiniň Mejlisiniň Karary"(in Turkmen). «Turkmenistan: Golden age». 10 November 2022.
  20. ^"Расширенное совещание по дальнейшему развитию Национальной туристической зоны" Аваза ""(in Russian). «Туркменистан: золотой век». 31 July 2013.
  21. ^"Türkmenistanyň Prezidenti" Awaza "milli syýahatçylyk zolagyny mundan beýläk-de ösdürmek boýunça giňişleýin maslahat geçirdi"(in Turkmen). "Türkmenistan: Altyn asyr". 31 July 2013.
  22. ^"Weather and Climate- The Climate of Turkmenbashi"(in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived fromthe originalon 6 December 2016.Retrieved6 December2016.
  23. ^"Turkmenbashy Climate Normals 1961–1990".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Retrieved1 April2015.
  24. ^"Turkmenistan – Country Commercial Guide / Oil and Natural Gas Refining".U.S. Department of Commerce. 30 November 2023.
  25. ^"В Туркменистане перевыполнен план по экспорту СПГ"(in Russian). Turkmenportal. 26 June 2020.
  26. ^"Balkan shipyard and ship repair plant".Balkanshipyard.tm.Retrieved14 April2022.
  27. ^"Судостроительный завод" Балкан "— первый шаг в судостроительной системе Туркменистана »" СНГ СЕГОДНЯ "– последние новости стран СНГ читайте на".Sng.today. 18 October 2016.Retrieved14 April2022.
  28. ^"О нас | Балканский завод судостроения и ремонта".Balkanshipyard.tm. 29 January 2019.Retrieved14 April2022.
  29. ^"До 2025 года судостроительно-ремонтный завод «Балкан» построит 12 судов | Экономика".August 2023.
  30. ^"На судзаводе" Балкан "за 2 года отремонтировано более 80 судов | Технологии".Туркменистан, интернет портал о культурной, деловой и развлекательной жизни в Туркменистане.4 May 2023.Retrieved29 May2023.
  31. ^"Главная | Главное архивное управление при Кабинете Министров Туркменистана".Archive.gov.tm.Retrieved14 April2022.
  32. ^"Приходы".
  33. ^"ТУРКМЕНБАШИНСКИЙ МИХАИЛО-АРХАНГЕЛЬСКИЙ ХРАМ – Древо".
  34. ^"Президент Туркменистана поручил восстановить единственную уцелевшую в стране армянскую церковь - yerkramas.org".yerkramas.org.
  35. ^""Шагадам" cделал весомую заявку на "бронзу" | Спорт ".14 July 2023.
  36. ^Стартовала Суперлига Туркменистана по футзалу-2023
  37. ^"PWA WORLD WINDSURFING TOUR: Turkmenistan 2014".
  38. ^"Итоги Кубка мира PWA по слалому в Туркменистане".Synd.ru. 23 September 2011.Retrieved14 April2022.
  39. ^ab"Контакты | КЭ" Туркментелеком "".Telecom.tm.Retrieved14 April2022.
  40. ^"Türkmenbaşy şäherindäki Deňizçilik orta hünär mekdebi".Dohom.edu.tm.Retrieved14 April2022.
  41. ^"Туркменбашинская морская средняя профессиональная школа Государственной службы морского и речного транспорта Туркменистана | План приёма в высшие и средние профессиональные учебные заведения – 2017/2018 года".14 July 2023.
  42. ^"Türkmenbaşy şäherindäki Deňizçilik orta hünär mekdebi".Dohom.edu.tm.Retrieved14 April2022.
  43. ^[1]
  44. ^"В Туркменбаши открылся обновленный парк развлечений".6 January 2024.
  45. ^"About agency | Turkmenawtoulaglary agency".Awtoulag.gov.tm.Retrieved14 April2022.
  46. ^"Турецкая Polimeks построит в Туркмении аэропорт стоимостью 125 млн. евро (АвиаПорт)".
  47. ^"12_12".greensalvation.org.Archived fromthe originalon 31 July 2013.Retrieved17 January2022.
  48. ^Первый туркменский паром запущен между Туркменбаши и Астраханью
  49. ^"В городе Туркменбаши открыт новый пассажирский морской вокзал | Деловой портал" Туркменбизнес "".turkmenbusiness.org.Retrieved29 May2023.
  50. ^Turkmen Petroleum websiteturkmenpetroleum 3 May 2018
  51. ^"Расписание движения поездов".railway.gov.tm.Archived fromthe originalon 15 February 2015.Retrieved17 January2022.
  52. ^"Лента событий | Интернет-газета Turkmenistan.Ru".
  53. ^"В Туркменистан поступила новая партия комфортабельных автобусов | Авто".14 July 2023.
  54. ^"Посольство Республики Казахстан в Туркменистане".Archived fromthe originalon 31 January 2016.Retrieved11 December2015.
  55. ^"Sadraudzības pilsētas".jurmala.lv.Retrieved26 April2014.(in Latvian and English)
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related toTürkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forTurkmenbashi.

40°01′N52°58′E/ 40.017°N 52.967°E/40.017; 52.967

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Türkmenbaşy,_Turkmenistan&oldid=1252359580"