Lady Hester Stanhope

Lady Hester Lucy Stanhope(12 March 1776 – 23 June 1839) was a British adventurer, writer, antiquarian, and one of the most famous travellers of her age. Her excavation ofAscalonin 1815 is considered the first to use modernarchaeologicalprinciples, and her use of a medieval Italian document is described as "one of the earliest uses of textual sources by field archaeologists".Her letters and memoirs made her famous as an explorer.

Lady Hester Stanhope
Born	(1776-03-12)12 March 1776 Chevening,Kent,England
Died	23 June 1839(1839-06-23)(aged 63) Marjeyoun Lebanon
Occupation(s)	adventurer, writer, antiquarian
Parent(s)	Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope Lady Hester Pitt
Relatives	Philip Henry Stanhope(half-brother) James Hamilton Stanhope(half-brother) William Pitt the younger(uncle)

Early life

Stanhope was the eldest child ofCharles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhopeby his first wife,Lady Hester Pitt.She was born at her father's seat ofCheveningand lived there until early in 1800, when she was sent to live with her grandmother,Hester Pitt, Countess of Chatham,atBurton Pynsent.

In August 1803, she moved into the home of her uncle,William Pitt the Younger,to manage his household and act as his hostess. In his position asBritish prime minister,Pitt, who was unmarried, needed help with political social life. Lady Hester sat at the head of his table and assisted in welcoming his guests; she became known for her beauty and conversational skills. When Pitt was out of the office she served as his private secretary.She was also the prime initiator of the gardens atWalmer Castleduring his tenure asLord Warden of the Cinque Ports.Britain awarded her an annual pension of £1200 after Pitt's death in January 1806.

After living for some time atMontagu SquareinLondon,she moved toWalesand then leftGreat Britainfor good in February 1810 after the death of her brother. A series of romantic disappointments may have prompted her decision to go on a long sea voyage. Her former loverGranville Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Granvillemarried another woman in 1809, and Stanhope's niece (Wilhelmina Powlett, Duchess of Cleveland) suspected she andLieutenant-General Sir John Moore- with whom Stanhope enjoyed a warm correspondence while he was fighting in thePeninsular War- might have been considering marriage before his death in battle the same year.

Life abroad

In February 1810, Stanhope left Portsmouth with her brotherJames Hamilton Stanhope,who accompanied her as far as Rhodes. Among her entourage were her physician and later biographerCharles Lewis Meryonand her maids Elizabeth Williams and Ann Fry. In Rhodes she metMichael Bruce,an adventurer and later MP, who became her lover and travelling companion. It is claimed that when the party arrived inAthens,the poet,Lord Byron,a university friend of Bruce's, dived into the sea to greet them. Byron later described Stanhope as "that dangerous thing, a female wit", and remarked that she had "a great disregard of received notion in her conversation as well as conduct".He later claimed that he chose not to engage in a debate on women's rights with Stanhope (a formidable conversationalist), because "I despise the sex too much to squabble with them."From Athens, Stanhope's party travelled on toIstanbul,capital of theOttoman Empire.They intended to proceed toCairo,only recently emerged from the chaos followingNapoleon'sinvasion of Egyptand the international conflicts that followed.

Journey to the Near and Middle East

En route to Cairo, the ship encountered a storm and was shipwrecked onRhodes.With all their possessions gone, the party borrowedTurkish clothing.Stanhope refused towear a veil,choosing the garb of aTurkish male:robe, turban and slippers. When a Britishfrigatetook them to Cairo, she continued to wear clothing which was extremely unorthodox for an English woman: she bought a purple velvet robe, embroidered trousers, waistcoat, jacket, saddle and sabre. In this costume she went to greet thePasha.From Cairo she continued her travels, and over a period of two years she visited Gibraltar, Malta, theIonian Islands,thePeloponnese,Athens, Constantinople, Rhodes, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon and Syria.She refused to wear a veil even inDamascus.InJerusalem,theChurch of the Holy Sepulchrewas cleared of visitors and reopened in her honour.

Learning from fortune-tellers that her destiny was to become the bride of a newmessiah,she made matrimonial overtures toIbn Saud,chief of theWahhabiArabs and leader of theFirst Saudi State.She decided to visit the city ofPalmyra,even though the route went through a desert with potentially hostileBedouins.She dressed as a Bedouin and took with her acaravanof 22 camels to carry her baggage. Emir Mahannahel Fadelreceived her and she became known as "Queen Hester."

Archaeological expedition

According to Charles Meryon, she came into possession of a medieval Italian manuscript copied from the records of a monastery somewhere in Syria. According to this document, a great treasure was hidden under the ruins of a mosque at the port city ofTel Ashkelonwhich had been lying in ruins for 600 years.In 1815, on the strength of this map, she travelled to theruins of Ashkelonon theMediterraneancoast north ofGaza,and persuaded theOttomanauthorities to allow her to excavate the site. The governor ofJaffa,Muhammad Abu Nabbutwas ordered to accompany her. This resulted in the firstarchaeological excavationinPalestine.

[Lady Stanhope] and Meryon correctly analyzed the history of the structure in Ashkelon before methods of modern archaeological analyses were known or used.

— ArchyFantasies, Lady Hester Lucy Stanhope: The First Modern Excavator of the Holy Land

In what might be rightfully called the first stratigraphical analysis of an archaeological site, [Meryon] reported that "there was every reason to believe that, in the changes of masters which Ascalon had undergone, the place in which we were now digging had originally been a heathen temple, afterwards a church, and then a mosque". It must be remembered that at the same time in Greece, excavators blissfully ignorant of stratigraphy boasted only of the quantity and artistic quality of their finds.

— Silberman, Restoring the Reputation of Lady Hester Lucy Stanhope,Neil Asher Silberman,BAR 10:04, July-August 1984.

While she did not find the hoard of three million gold coins reportedly buried there, the excavators unearthed a 2.1-metre (7 ft) headless marble statue. In an action which might seem at odds with her meticulous excavations, Stanhope ordered the statue to be smashed into "a thousand pieces" and thrown into the sea.She did this as a gesture of goodwill to the Ottoman government, in order to show that her excavation was intended to recover valuable treasures for them, and not to loot cultural relics for shipment back to Europe, as so many of her countrymen were doing at this time.

The statue dug up by Lady Hester at Ashkelon was therefore a dangerously tempting prize. Though headless and fragmentary, it was the first Greco-Roman artifact ever excavated in the Holy Land, a distinction that even Dr. Meryon recognized. Meryon was overjoyed with this discovery, and he supposed it to be the statue of a "deified king", perhaps one of the successors of Alexander the Great or evenHerodhimself. But Lady Hester did not share her physician’s antiquarian enthusiasm, for she had a great deal personally at stake. She feared that if she paid too much attention to it, "malicious people might say I came to look for statues for my countrymen, and not for treasures for the [Sublime] Porte", the customary phrase to describe the palace of the Sultan himself.

— Neil Asher Silberman,Restoring the Reputation of Lady Hester Lucy Stanhope

Stanhope was not digging the ruins in Ashkelon for her own personal greed and gain. She appeared to be doing so in order to elevate the region of the world she had come to call home, looking to return the gold to the Ottoman Sultan. Also, the destruction of the statue was done in order to prove her devotion and disprove the idea that she was just trying to pillage Palestine for Britain. Likewise, her excavations were quite methodical, well recorded for the time, and the statue was documented before its destruction. All of these things were unusual techniques for the time, and thus makes Stanhope’s excavation unique and valuable to history. I quite agree with Silberman’s conclusion that Stanhope’s excavation "might be rightfully called the first modern excavation in the history of archaeological exploration of the Holy Land".

— ArchyFantasies, Lady Hester Lucy Stanhope: The First Modern Excavator of the Holy Land

Her expedition paved the way for future excavations and tourism to the site.

Life among the Lebanese

1844 map of Druze Lebanon, showing Lady Hester's residence on the bottom left corner.

Lady Hester settled nearSidon,a town on theMediterraneancoast in what is nowLebanon,about halfway betweenTyreandBeirut.She lived first in the disused Mar Elias monastery at the village of Abra, and then in another monastery, Deir Mashmousheh, southwest of the Casa ofJezzine.Hercompanion,Miss Williams, and medical attendant, Dr Charles Meryon, remained with her for some time; but Miss Williams died in 1828, and Meryon left in 1831, only returning for a final visit from July 1837 to August 1838.When Meryon left for England, Lady Hester moved to a remote abandoned monastery atJoun,a village eight miles from Sidon, where she lived until her death. Her residence, known by the villagers as Dahr El Sitt, was at the top of a hill.Meryon implied that Hester liked the house because of its strategic location, "the house on the summit of a conical hill, whence comers and goers might be seen on every side."

Lady Stanhope's résidence in Joun.

At first she was greeted byemirBashir Shihab II,but over the years she gave sanctuary to hundreds of refugees ofDruzeinter-clan and inter-religious squabbles and earned his enmity.In her new setting, she wielded almost absolute authority over the surrounding districts and became thede factoruler of the region.Her control over the local population was enough to causeIbrahim Pasha,when about to invadeSyriain 1832, to seek her neutrality. Her supremacy was maintained by her commanding character, and by the belief that she possessed the gift of divination.She kept up a correspondence with important people and received curious visitors who went out of their way to visit her.

Finding herself deeply in debt, she used her pension from England in order to pay off her creditors in Syria. From the mid-1830s she withdrew ever more from the world, and her servants began to steal her possessions, because she was less and less able to manage her household in her reclusive state. Stanhope may have suffered from severe depression; it has been suggested that, alternatively, she had become prematurely senile. At any rate, in her last years she would not receive visitors until dark, and even then, she would let them see only her hands and face. She wore a turban over her shaven head.

Lady Hester died in her sleep in 1839. She died destitute;Andrew BonarandRobert Murray M'Cheyne,who visited the region a few weeks' later, reported that after her death, "not aparaof money was found in the house. "

Memoirs

In 1846, some years after her death, Dr Meryon published three volumes ofMemoirs of the Lady Hester Stanhope as related by herself in Conversations with her Physician,and these were followed in the succeeding year by three volumes ofTravels of Lady Hester Stanhope, forming the Completion of her Memoirs narrated by her Physician.

In the media

• 1837:Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poetical illustration"Djouni: the Residence of Lady Hester Stanhope".to an engraving of a painting byWilliam Henry Bartlettwas published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838.
• 1844: InEothenbyAlexander Kinglake,chapter VIII is devoted to Lady Hester Stanhope
• 1866: John Greenleaf Whittier's best-known poem, “Snow-Bound”, includes a description of a visit to Stanhope by the American preacher Harriet Livermore, "startling on her desert throne | The crazy Queen of Lebanon."
• 1872:The Land and the Bookgives an account of her funeral, whichWilliam McClure Thomsonpresided over, and a description of her palace and her last years.
• 1876:George Eliot's novelDaniel Derondamentions Lady Hester Stanhope, book one, chapter seven, speaking of her as "Queen of the East".
• 1876:Louisa May Alcott's novelRose in Bloommentions Lady Hester Stanhope, chapter 2.
• 1882:William Henry Davenport Adams's non-fiction bookCelebrated Women Travellers of the Nineteenth Centurydevotes a chapter to Lady Hester Stanhope.
• 1913:Lady Hester Lucy Stanhopeby Frank Hamel published byCassell.
• 1922: Hester Stanhope's travels are recalled by Molly Bloom inUlyssesbyJames Joyce.
• 1924: Hester Stanhope's story is told byPierre Benoitin "Lebanon's Lady of the Manor"
• 1934:H. V. Mortonbriefly tells Hester Stanhope's story and describes his visit to the remains of her house in Joun, and her grave, in "In the Steps of the Master", Chapter 8.
• 1958: Lady Hester Stanhope is referred to in the English authorGeorgette Heyer's historical romance novel of the Regency period entitledVenetia,Chapter 4.
• 1951:The Nun of Lebanon. The Love Affair of Lady Hester Stanhope and Michael Bruce. Their Newly Discovered Letters edited by Ian Bruce,a collection of letters from Hester Stanhope and Ian Bruce, 1810-1816, discovered by the Bruce family in 1944.
• 1961: In the novelHerzogbySaul Bellow,Herzog compares his wife's writing style to that of Lady Hester Stanhope.
• 1962: In the filmLawrence of Arabia,Prince Faisal suggests Lawrence is "another of these desert-loving Englishmen" and mentions Stanhope as an example.
• 1967: Lady Hester Stanhope was the basis for the character of Great-Aunt Harriet inMary Stewart's novelThe Gabriel Hounds.
• 1986: In the 1986 TV movieHarem,the character Lady Ashley was very loosely based on Lady Hester Stanhope. SeeHarem (1986 TV Movie)
• 1995:Queen of the East,television movie about Stanhope, starring Jennifer SaundersISBN0-7733-2303-1
• 2014:Brett Josef Grubisic's comic novel,This Location of Unknown Possibilities,describes an abandoned Canada-set attempt to produce a television biopic about Lady Hester Stanhope's travels.
• 2023:De sable et de feu(Sand and Fire) shows some of her life.It includes a close relationship between her andAli Bey el Abbassi;but there is no evidence she ever knew him.
• 2024:The Diamond of Londonby Andrea Penrose is a biographical novel based on the life of Lady Hester Stanhope as she fights convention in pursuit of freedom and adventure.

See also

• Archaeology of Israel
• List of women explorers and travelers
• Timeline of women in science

References

• Cleveland, Wilhelmina Powlett, Duchess of(1914).The Life and Letters of Lady Hester Stanhope.Murray.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Attribution

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Stanhope, Lady Hester Lucy".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 775.

Further reading

• Kirsten Ellis -Star of the Morning, The Extraordinary Life of Lady Hester Stanhope(2008)
• Lorna Gibb -Lady Hester: Queen of the East(2005)
• Virginia Childs -Lady Hester Stanhope(1990)
• Doris Leslie-The Desert Queen(1972)
• Joan Haslip-Lady Hester Stanhope(1934)
• A. W. Kinglake-Eothen: Traces of Travel Brought Home from the East(esp. Chap. VIII) (1844)
• Paule Henry-Bordeaux - The Circe of the Deserts London (1925)

External links

• "Archival material relating to Lady Hester Stanhope".UK National Archives.
• Works by Lady Hester StanhopeatLibriVox(public domain audiobooks)