Wikipedia

Lalon

Lalon(Bengali:লালন;died 17 October 1890),[1]also known asLalon Shah,Lalon Fakir,Shahji,was aBengalispiritual leader, philosopher, mystic poet and social reformer. Regarded as an icon ofBengali culture,he inspired and influenced many philosophers, poets and social thinkers includingRabindranath Tagore,[2][3][4]Kazi Nazrul Islam[5]andAllen Ginsberg.[6]Lalon's philosophy of humanity rejects all distinctions ofcaste,class, and creed and takes stand against theological conflicts and racism. It denies all worldly affairs in search of the soul and embodied the socially transformative role of sub-continentalBhaktiandSufism.[7]

Fakir
Lalon
Shah
ফকির লালন শাহ
Portrait byJyotirindranath Tagore(1884)
Died17 October 1890(1890-10-17)(aged 117–118)
Kushtia,Bengal Presidency,British India
Resting placeMausoleum of Lalon Shah,
Kumarkhali,Kushtia District,Khulna,Bangladesh
Occupations
  • Spiritual leader
  • Philosopher
  • Mystic poet
  • Social reformer
SpouseBishōkha

Lalon founded the institute known as Lalon Akhra in Cheuriya, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) fromKushtiarailway station in southwestern Bangladesh. His disciples dwell mostly inBangladeshandIndian statesofWest Bengal,TripuraandAssam’sBarak valley.Every year on the occasion of his death anniversary, thousands of his disciples and followers assemble at Lalon Akhra and pay homage to him through celebration and discussion of his songs and philosophy for three days.[7]

In 2004, Lalon was ranked 12 inBBC's poll of theGreatest Bengali of all time.[8][9][10]

Biography

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Everyone wonders, "What religion does Lalon belong to in this world?"
Lalon says, "What does religion look like?
I've never seen the true color of religion. "
Some wear beads as necklace (Hindu rosaries),
others count beads as Tasbih (Muslim rosaries),
and so people say
they belong to a different religion.
But do you bear the sign of your religion
when you come (to this world) or when you leave (this world)?

— Lalon[11]
Lalon's name as written, in a late 19th-century manuscript, by his disciple and scribe Bholai Shah, in unconventionalBengali orthography

There are few reliable sources for the details of Lalon's early life as he was reticent in revealing his past.[2]It is not known exactly when, where and how Lalon was born. Lalon had no formal education.[12]Uwe Skoda places his birth toJhenaidah,Bengal Subah.[13]

Sunil Gangopadhyayrelated in his book "Moner Manush" that Lalon, during a pilgrimage to the temple ofJagannathwith others of his native village, contractedsmallpoxand was abandoned by his companions on the banks of theKaliganga River.[14]Malam Shah and his wife Matijan, members of the weaver community in a Muslim-populated village, Cheuriya, found him faint and took him to their home to convalesce. While he was growing up, he found his mentor Siraj Sain, aBaul saintof that village.

Lalon lived within thezamindariof theTagoresinKushtiaand had visited the Tagore family.[15]It is said that zamindarJyotirindranath Tagoresketched the only portrait of Lalon in 1889 in his houseboat on theriver Padma.[16][17]Lalon died at Chheuriya on 17 October 1890 aged 118. The news of his death was first published in the newspaperGram Barta Prokashika,run by Kangal Harinath.[18]Lalon was buried at the middle of his dwelling place known as his Akhra.[19]Researchers note that Lalon was a close friend ofKangal Harinath,one of the contemporary social reformers and a disciple of Lalon.[20]

Philosophy

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How does the Unknown bird go,
into the cage and out again,
Could I but seize it,
I would put the fetters of my heart,
around its feet.
The cage has eight rooms and nine closed doors;
From time to time fire flares out;.
Above there is a main room,
The mirror-chamber

— Lalon's song translated by Brother James
Disciples practicing Lalon's song at his Akhra

Lalon was against religious conflict and many of his songs mock identity politics that divide communities and generate violence.[21]He even rejected nationalism at the apex of the anti-colonial nationalist movements in theIndian subcontinent.[22]He did not believe in classes orcastes,the fragmented, hierarchical society and took a stand against racism.[23]Lalon does not fit the "mystical"or" spiritual "type who denies all worldly affairs in search of the soul: he embodies the socially transformative role of sub-continentalbhaktiandsufism.He believed in the power of music to alter the intellectual and emotional state in order to be able to understand and appreciate life itself.

The texts of his songs engage in philosophical discourses of Bengal, continuing Tantric traditions of the Indian subcontinent, particularlyNepal,Bengal and theGangetic plains.He appropriated various philosophical positions emanating fromHindu,Jainist,BuddhistandIslamictraditions, developing them into a coherent discourse without falling into eclecticism or syncretism. He explicitly identified himself with the Nadiya school, withAdvaita Acharya,NityanandaandChaitanya.He was greatly influenced by the social movement initiated by Chaitanya against differences of caste, creed and religion. His songs reject any absolute standard of right and wrong and show the triviality of any attempt to divide people whether materially or spiritually.

Works

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Lalon composed numerous songs and poems, which describe his philosophy. It is estimated that Lalon composed about 2,000–10,000 songs, of which only about 800 songs are generally considered authentic.[24]Lalon left no written copies of his songs, which were transmitted orally and only later transcribed by his followers. Also, most of his followers could not read or write either, so few of his songs are found in written form.[25]Rabindranath Tagorepublished some of the Lalon song in the monthlyPrabasimagazine of Kolkata.[26]

Among his most popular songs are:

  • Shob Loke Koy Lalon Ki Jat Shongshare,
  • Khachar Bhitor Ochin Pakhi kyamne ashe jaay,
  • Jat Gelo Jat Gelo Bole,
  • Dekhna Mon Jhokmariay Duniyadari,
  • Pare Loye Jao Amai,
  • Milon Hobe Koto Dine,
  • Ar Amare Marishne Ma,
  • Tin Pagoler Holo Mela
  • Dhonno Dhonno Boli Tare
  • Emon Manob Jonom Aar Ki Hobe

The songs of Lalon aim at an indescribable reality beyondrealism.He was observant of social conditions and his songs spoke of day-to-day problems in simple yet moving language. His philosophy was expressed orally, as well as through songs and musical compositions using folk instruments that could be made from materials available at home; theektara(one-string musical instrument) and theduggi (drum).

Songs of Lalon were mainly confined to the baul sects. After the independence of Bangladesh, they reached the urban people through established singers. Many of them started using instruments other than theektaraandbaya.Some started using classical bases for a polished presentation to appeal to the senses of the urban masses.

According toFarida Parveen,a renowned Lalon singer, the pronunciation of the words were also refined in order to make their meanings clearer, whereas the bauls' pronunciations are likely to have local influence.[12]

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Tomb of Lalon

In 1963, amausoleumand research centre were built at the site of his shrine inKushtia,Bangladesh. Thousands of people come to the shrine (known in Bengali as anAkhra) twice a year, atDol Purnimain the month ofFalgun(February to March) and in October, on the occasion of the anniversary of his death. During these three-day songmelas,people, particularly Muslimfakirsand Bauls pay tribute. Among the modern singers of Baul musicFarida ParveenandAnusheh Anadilare internationally known for singing Lalon songs. M Shahinoor Rahman's thesisBengali poet Fakir Lalon Shah: Oral poetry and tradition in the social context of contemporary Bangladeshon his life philosophy is one of the basic work.[27]

TheLalon Shah Bridgecrossing thePadma Riverwas named after him in 2004.[28]

A male student's dormitory inIslamic University, Bangladeshat Kushtia is named after him as Lalon Shah Hall.[29]

Film and literature

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Lalon has been portrayed in literature, film, television drama and in the theatre. The firstbiopicof Lalon titledLalon Fakir(1973) was directed by Syed Hasan Imam.[30]Lalan Fakir,an IndianBengali-languagebiographical drama filmdirected by Shakti Chatterjee released in 1978 and starred Ashim Kumar as Lalon.[31]Allen Ginsbergwrote a poem in 1992 named "After Lalon",where he warned people against the dangers of fame and the attachments to the worldly things.[32]

In 2004,Tanvir Mokammeldirected the filmLalonin whichRaisul Islam Asadportrayed Lalon.[33]

Prosenjit Chatterjeeportrayed Lalan in theMoner Manush,a 2010 Bengali film based on the life and philosophy of Lalon.[34]The film was an adaptation ofSunil Gangopadhyay'sbiographical novelof the same name. This film directed byGoutam Ghose,won award for the "best feature film on national integration" at the 58thIndian National Film Awards.[35]It also won Best Film prize at the 41stInternational Film Festival of Indiaheld at Goa from 22 Nov to 2 December 2010.[36]

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  • Tomb of Lalon,Kushtia District
  • Lalon's disciples' grave
  • Gate of the shrine of Lalon
  • "Shainjir Ektara" a sculpture depicting Saint Lalon Shah
  • A sculpture of Lalon Shah atKushtia


See also

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References

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  1. ^Basantakumar Pal, Sri (2012). Chowdhury, Abul Ahasan (ed.).Mahātmā Lālana Phakira(1. Bhāratīẏa saṃskaraṇa. ed.). Kalakātā: Gāṅacila.ISBN9789381346280.Retrieved30 June2015.
  2. ^abCaudhurī, Ābadula Āhasāna (1992).Lālana Śāha, 1774 - 1890(1. punarmudraṇa. ed.). Ḍhākā: Bāṃlā Ekāḍemī.ISBN978-9840725977.OCLC246442470.
  3. ^Urban, Hugh B. (2001).Songs of ecstasy tantric and devotional songs from colonial Bengal.New York: Oxford University Press. p. 18.ISBN978-0-19-513901-3.Retrieved30 June2015.
  4. ^Tagore, Rabindranath; K. Stewart, Tony (Translation); Twichell, Chase (Translation) (2003).The lover of God.Port Townsend, Wash.: Consortium Book Sales & Dist. p. 94.ISBN978-1556591969.
  5. ^Hossain, Abu Ishahaq (2009).Lalon Shah, the great poet.Dhaka: Palal Prokashoni. p. 148.ISBN978-9846030679.Retrieved30 June2015.
  6. ^Ginsberg, Allen; Foley, Jack (Winter–Spring 1998). "Same Multiple Identity: An Interview with Allen Ginsberg".Discourse.20(1/2, The Silent Beat):158–181.ISSN1522-5321.JSTOR41389881.
  7. ^abAhmed, Wakil; Karim, Anwarul (2012)."Lalon Shah".InIslam, Sirajul;Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh(Second ed.).Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  8. ^"Listeners name 'greatest Bengali'".14 April 2004.Retrieved11 January2018.
  9. ^"The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 4 Num 313".The Daily Star.Retrieved11 January2018.
  10. ^"International: Mujib, Tagore, Bose among 'greatest Bengalis of all time'".The Hindu.17 April 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 25 December 2018.Retrieved11 January2018.
  11. ^Lopez, Donald (1995).Religions in India in Practice - "Baul Songs".Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp.187–208.ISBN978-0-691-04324-1.
  12. ^abTamanna Khan (29 October 2010)."Lalon Purity vs Popularity".The Daily Star.Retrieved1 July2015.
  13. ^Uwe Skoda; Birgit Lettmann (30 October 2017).India and Its Visual Cultures: Community, Class and Gender in a Symbolic Landscape.SAGE Publishing India. pp. 165–.ISBN978-93-86446-69-5.
  14. ^Capwell, Charles (May 1988). "The popular expression of religious syncretism: the Bauls of Bengal as Apostles of Brotherhood".Popular Music.7(2):123–132.doi:10.1017/S0261143000002701.S2CID162424600.
  15. ^Banerji, Debashish (2015). "Tagore Through Portraits: An Intersubjective Picture Gallery". In Banerji, Debashish (ed.).Rabindranath Tagore in the 21st Century.Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures. Vol. 7. Springer India. pp.243–264.doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2038-1_17.ISBN978-81-322-2037-4.
  16. ^"Fakir Lalon Shai... 120 years on".The Daily Star.Retrieved30 June2015.
  17. ^"Interview: Bengali Film Actor Priyangshu Chatterjee".Washington Bangla Radio USA.Archived from the original on 24 September 2011.Retrieved30 June2015.
  18. ^"Fakir Lalon Shai…123 years on".Retrieved30 June2015.
  19. ^"Lalon memorial festival begins in Kushtia today".The Financial Express.Dhaka.Retrieved30 June2015.
  20. ^Lorea, Carola Erika (2013). "'Playing the Football of Love on the Field of the Body': The Contemporary Repertoire of Baul Songs ".Religion and the Arts.17(4):416–451.doi:10.1163/15685292-12341286.ISSN1568-5292.
  21. ^L. Parshall, Philip (10 April 2007).Bridges to Islam A Christian Perspective on Folk Islam.InterVarsity Press. p. 89.ISBN978-0830856152.Retrieved30 June2015.
  22. ^Muthukumaraswamy, M.D.; Kaushal, Molly, eds. (1 January 2004).Folklore, public sphere, and civil society.New Delhi:Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.p. 161.ISBN978-8190148146.Retrieved30 June2015.
  23. ^Mazhar, Farhad;Buckles, Daniel (1 January 2007).Food sovereignty and uncultivated biodiversity in South Asia essays on the poverty and the wealth of the social landscape.New Delhi: Academic Foundation in association with International Development Research Centre. p. 69.ISBN978-8171886142.Retrieved30 June2015.
  24. ^Rahman, Syedur (27 April 2010).Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh.Scarecrow Press. p. 179.ISBN978-0810874534.
  25. ^Lalon (2002). Āhamada, Oẏākila (ed.).Lālana gīti samagra.Ḍhākā: Baipatra. p. 12.ISBN9789848116463.Retrieved30 June2015.
  26. ^Tofayell, Z. A. (1968).Lalon Shah and lyrics of the Padma.Dacca: Ziaunnahar. p. 144.OCLC569538154.Retrieved30 June2015.
  27. ^Amt, Chowdhury; Supratim (2 October 2021)."A Comparative Study to Identify the Impact of Fakir Lalon Shah's Ideology in Modern Vision Management Concept of the Organisation".Social Science Research Network.Rochester, NY: 21 page.ISSN2770-0003.SSRN3934797.
  28. ^"Lalon Shah Bridge".Structurae.22 July 2014.Retrieved16 September2021.
  29. ^"Islamic University Bangladesh Official Website".Retrieved16 September2021.
  30. ^"Feature Film".Banglapedia - the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh.Asiatic Society, Dhaka.Retrieved17 November2016.
  31. ^"Lalan Fakir",Eros Now,retrieved5 May2021
  32. ^Raskin, Jonah (7 April 2004).American Scream Allen Ginsberg's Howl and the Making of the Beat Generation.Berkeley: University of California Press. p.208.ISBN978-0520939349.Retrieved30 June2015.
  33. ^"Tanvir Mokammel films screened in Morocco".The Daily Star.Retrieved30 June2015.
  34. ^Acharya, Anindita (3 March 2015)."Prosenjit Chatterjee starts an Indo-Bangladesh production".Hindustan Times.Archived fromthe originalon 6 March 2015.Retrieved30 June2015.
  35. ^"Moner Manush receives Indian National Film Award".The Daily Star.9 September 2011.Retrieved30 June2015.
  36. ^Singh, Shalini (2 December 2010)."Moner Manushshines at IFFI ".The Hindustan Times.Retrieved30 June2015.

Further reading

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  • Salomon, Carol (2017)City of Mirrors: Songs of Lālan Sā̃i.Edited by Keith Cantú and Saymon Zakaria. Oxford University Press, South Asia Research Series, New York.
  • Muhammad Enamul Haq (1975),A History of Sufism in Bangla,Asiatic Society, Dhaka.
  • Qureshi, Mahmud Shah (1977),Poèmes Mystiques Bengalis.Chants Bauls Unesco. Paris.
  • Siddiqi, Ashraf (1977),Our Folklore Our Heritage,Dhaka.
  • Karim, Anwarul (1980),The Bauls of Bangladesh.Lalon Academy, Kushtia.
  • Capwell, Charles (1986),The Music of the Bauls of Bengal.Kent State University Press, USA 1986.
  • Bandyopadhyay, Pranab (1989),Bauls of Bengal.Firma KLM Pvt, Ltd., calcutta.
  • Mcdaniel, June (1989),The Madness of the Saints.Chicago.
  • Sarkar, R. M. (1990),Bauls of Bengal.New Delhi.
  • Brahma, Tripti (1990),Lalon: His Melodies.Calcutta.
  • Gupta, Samir Das (2000),Songs of Lalon.Sahitya Prakash, Dhaka.
  • Karim, Anwarul (2001),Rabindranath O Banglar Baul(in Bengali), Dhaka.
  • Choudhury, Abul Ahsan(editor) (2008),Lalon Samagra,Pathak Samabesh.
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