Legnica(Polish:[lɛɡˈɲit͡sa];German:Liegnitz,pronounced[ˈliːɡnɪts];Silesian:Ligńica;Czech:Lehnice;Latin:Lignitium) is a city in southwestern Poland, in the central part ofLower Silesia,on theKaczawa Riverand theCzarna Woda.As well as being the seat of the county, since 1992 the city has been the seat of theDiocese of Legnica.As of 2023,[update]Legnica had a population of 97,300 inhabitants.[1]
Legnica | |
|---|---|
    
| |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Legnica | |
| Coordinates:51°12′30″N16°9′37″E/ 51.20833°N 16.16028°E | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship |  Lower Silesian |
| County | city county |
| First mentioned | 1004 |
| City rights | 1264 |
| Government | |
| • City mayor | Maciej Kupaj (KO) |
| Area | |
• Total | 56.29 km2(21.73 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 113 m (371 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2021) | |
• Total | 97,300 [1](39th) |
| • Density | 1,765/km2(4,570/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1(CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2(CEST) |
| Postal code | 59-200 to 59-220 |
| Area code | +48 76 |
| Car plates | DL |
| Highways |   |
| National road |  |
| Website | legnica.um.gov.pl |
The city was first referenced in chronicles dating from the year 1004,[2]although previous settlements could be traced back to the 7th century. The name "Legnica" was mentioned in 1149 underHigh Duke of PolandBolesław IV the Curly.Legnica was most likely the seat of Bolesław and it became the residence of thedukes of Legnicafrom 1248 until 1675.[3][4]Legnica is a city over which thePiast dynastyreigned the longest, for about 700 years, from the time of rulerMieszko I of Polandafter the creation of the Polish state in the 10th century, until 1675 and the death of the last Piast dukeGeorge William.Legnica is one of the historical burial sites ofPolish monarchsandconsorts.
Legnica became renowned for the fiercebattlethat took place atLegnickie Polenear the city on 9 April 1241 during thefirst Mongol invasion of Poland,which ended in the defeat of the Polish-led Christian coalition by theMongols.
Legnica is an economic, cultural and academic centre inLower Silesia,together withWrocław.The city is renowned for itsvaried architecture,spanning from earlymedievalto modern period, and its preserved Old Town with thePiast Castle,one of the largest in Poland.[5]According to theForeign direct investment ranking(FDI) from 2016, Legnica is one of the most progressive high-income cities in theSilesianregion.[6][7]
Population
editAs of 31 December 2012[update]Legnica has 102,708 inhabitants and is the third largest city in the voivodeship (afterWrocławandWałbrzych) and 38th in Poland. It also constitutes the southernmost and the largest urban center of a copper deposit (Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy) with agglomeration of 448,617 inhabitants. Legnica is the largest city of the conurbation and is a member of the Association of Polish Cities.
History
editPre-history
editArchaeological research conducted in eastern Legnica in the late 1970s, showed the existence of abronzefoundryand the graves of three metallurgists. The find indicates a time interval about year 1000 BC.[8]
A settlement of theLusatian culturepeople existed in the 8th century B.C.After invasions of Celts beyond upper Danubebasin, the area of Legnica and north foothills ofSudeteswas infiltrated by Celtic settlers and traders.
TacitusandPtolemyrecorded the ancient nation ofLugii(Lygii) in the area, and mentioned their town of Lugidunum, which has been attributed to both Legnica[9]andGłogów.[10]
Early Poland
edit
SlavicLechitictribes moved into the area in the 8th century.
The city was first officially mentioned inchroniclesfrom 1004,[11]although settlement dates to the 7th century.Dendrochronologicalresearch proves that during the reign ofMieszko I of Poland,a new fortified settlement was built here in a style typical of the earlyPiast dynasty.[12]It is mentioned in 1149 when High DukeBolesław IV the Curlyfunded a chapel at the St. Benedict monastery.[13]Legnica was the most likely place of residence for Bolesław[14]and it became the residence of thehigh dukes of Polandin 1163[2]and was the seat of aprincipalityruled from 1248 until 1675.
Legnica became famous for thebattlethat took place atLegnickie Polenear the city on 9 April 1241 during theFirst Mongol invasion of Poland.The Christian army of the Polish dukeHenry II the Piousof Silesia, supported by feudal nobility, which included in addition to Poles, Bavarian miners andmilitary ordersand Czech troops, was decisively defeated by theMongols.The Mongols killed Henry and destroyed his forces, then turned south to rejoin the rest of the Mongol armies, which were massing at the Plain ofMohiinHungaryviaMoraviaagainst a coalition of King Bela IV and his armies, and Bela's Kipchak allies.[15]
After the war, nonetheless, the city was developing rapidly. In 1258 at the church of St. Peter, a parish school was established, probably the first of its kind in Poland.[16]Around 1278 a Dominican monastery was founded byBolesław II the Horned,[16]who was buried there as the onlymonarch of Polandto be buried in Legnica. Already by 1300 there was a city council in Legnica.[16]DukeBolesław III the Generousgranted new tradeprivilegesin 1314 and 1318 and allowed the construction of a town hall, and in 1337 the first waterworks were built.[16]In the years 1327–1380 a newGothicchurch of Saint Peter (today's Cathedral) was erected in place of the old one,[16]and is one of Legnica's landmarks since. Also by the 14th century the city walls were erected.[16]In 1345 the first coins were produced in the local mint.[16]In 1374, the potters' guild was founded, as one of the oldest in Silesia.[16]Queen consort of PolandHedwig of Sagandied in Legnica in 1390 and was buried in the local collegiate church, which has not survived to this day.[17]
Duchy of Legnica
edit
As the capital of the Duchy of Legnica at the beginning of the 14th century, Legnica was one of the most important cities of Central Europe, having a population of nearly 16,000 residents. The city began to expand quickly after the discovery ofgoldin theKaczawaRiver between Legnica andZłotoryja (Goldberg).Unfortunately, such a growth rate can not be maintained long. Shortly after the city reached its maximum population increase, wooden buildings which had been erected during this period of rapid growth were devastated by a huge fire. The fire decreased the number of inhabitants in the city and halted any significant further development for many decades.
Legnica, along with other Silesian duchies, became avassalof theKingdom of Bohemiaduring the 14th century and was included within the multi-ethnicHoly Roman Empire,however remained ruled by local dukes of the PolishPiast dynasty.In 1454, a local rebellion prevented Legnica from falling under direct rule of the Bohemian kings.[18]In 1505, DukeFrederick II of Legnicamet in Legnica with the duke of nearbyGłogów,Sigismund I the Old,the future king of Poland.[16]
TheProtestant Reformationwas introduced in the duchy as early as 1522 and the population becameLutheran.In 1526, a Protestant university was established in Legnica, which, however, was closed in 1529.[16]In 1528 the first printing house in Legnica was established.[16]After the death of KingLouis II of Hungary and BohemiaatMohácsin 1526, Legnica became a fief of theHabsburg monarchyof Austria. The first map of Silesia was made by native sonMartin Helwig.The city suffered during theThirty Years' War.In 1633 aplagueepidemic broke out, and in 1634 the Austrian army destroyed the suburbs.[16]
In 1668 Duke of LegnicaChristianpresented his candidacy to the Polish throne, however, in the1669 Polish–Lithuanian royal electionhe wasn't chosen as King. In 1676, Legnica passed to directHabsburgrule after the death of the last Silesian Piast duke and the last Piast duke overall,George William(son of Duke Christian), despite the earlier inheritance pact by Brandenburg and Silesia, by which it was to go to Brandenburg. The last Piast duke was buried in the St. John's church in Legnica in 1676.[16]
18th and 19th centuries
editSilesian aristocracy was trained at theLiegnitz Ritter-Akademie,established in the early 18th century. One of two main routes connectingWarsawandDresdenran through the city in the 18th century and KingsAugustus II the StrongandAugustus III of Polandtraveled that route many times.[19]The postal milestone of King Augustus II comes from that period.[20]
In 1742 most of Silesia, including Liegnitz, became part of theKingdom of Prussiaafter KingFrederick the Great'sdefeat of Austria in theWar of the Austrian Succession.In 1760 during theSeven Years' War,Liegnitz was the site of theBattle of Liegnitzwhen Frederick's army defeated an Austrian army led byLaudon.
During theNapoleonic WarsandPolish national liberation fights,in 1807 Polishuhlanswere stationed in the city,[21]and in 1813, the Prussians, under Field MarshalBlücher,defeated theFrenchforces ofMacDonaldin theBattle of Katzbach(Kaczawa) nearby. After the administrative reorganization of thePrussianstate following theCongress of Vienna,Liegnitz and the surrounding territory (Landkreis Liegnitz) were incorporated into theRegierungsbezirk(administrative district) of Liegnitz, within theProvince of Silesiaon 1 May 1816. Along with the rest of Prussia, the town became part of theGerman Empirein 1871 during theunification of Germany.On 1 January 1874 Liegnitz became the third city in Lower Silesia (afterBreslauandGörlitz) to be raised to anurban district,although the district administrator of the surroundingLandkreisof Liegnitz continued to have his seat in the city. Its military garrison was home to Königsgrenadier-Regiment Nr. 7 a military unit formed almost exclusively out of Polish soldiers.[22]
The 20th century
edit
The census of 1910 gave Liegnitz's population as 95.86%German,0.15% German and Polish, 1.27%Polish,2.26%Wendish,and 0.19%Czech.On 1 April 1937 parts of theLandkreisof Liegnitz communities of Alt Beckern (Piekary), Groß Beckern (Piekary Wielkie), Hummel, Liegnitzer Vorwerke, Pfaffendorf (Piątnica) und Prinkendorf (Przybków) were incorporated into the city limits. After theTreaty of VersaillesfollowingWorld War I,Liegnitz was part of the newly createdProvince of Lower Silesiafrom 1919 to 1938, then of theProvince of Silesiafrom 1938 to 1941, and again of the Province of Lower Silesia from 1941 to 1945. After theNazi Partycame to power in Germany, as early as 1933, a boycott of localJewishpremises was ordered, during theKristallnachtin 1938 the synagogue was burned down,[23]and in 1939 the local Polish population was terrorized and persecuted.[24]A Nazi court prison was operated in the city with aforced laboursubcamp.[25]DuringWorld War II,several members of thePolish resistance movementwere imprisoned and sentenced to death there.[26]The Germans also established two forced labour camps in the city, as well as two prisoner of war labor subcamps of thePOW camplocated inŻagań(thenSagan), and one labor subcamp of theStalag VIII-APOW camp inZgorzelec(thenGörlitz).[27]
After the defeat ofNazi GermanyduringWorld War II,Liegnitz and all of Silesia east of theNeissewas preliminarily transferred to Poland following thePotsdam Conferencein 1945. The majority of the German population was eitherexpelledin accordance with thePotsdam Agreementor fled from the city.
The city was repopulated with Poles, including expellees from pre-wareastern Polandafter its annexation by theSoviet Union.AlsoGreeks,refugees of theGreek Civil War,settled in Legnica in 1950.[28]As the medieval Polish nameLignicawas consideredarchaic,the town was renamed Legnica. The transfer to Poland decided at Potsdam in 1945 wasofficially recognizedbyEast Germanyin 1950, byWest Germanyunder ChancellorWilly Brandtin the 1970Treaty of Warsaw,and finally by the reunited Germany by theTwo Plus Four Agreementin 1990. By 1990 only a handful ofPolonizedGermans, prewar citizens of Liegnitz, remained of the pre-1945 German population. In 2010 the city celebrated the 65th anniversary of the return of Legnica to Poland and its liberation from Nazi Germany.[29]
The city was only partly damaged in World War II. In June 1945 Legnica was briefly the capital of the Lower Silesian (Wrocław) Voivodship, after the administration was moved there fromTrzebnicaand before it was finally moved toWrocław.[30]In 1947, the Municipal Library was opened, in 1948 a piano factory was founded, and in the years 1951-1959 Poland's first copper smelter was built in Legnica.[30]After 1965 most parts of the preserved old town with its town houses were demolished, the historical layout was abolished, and the city was rebuilt in modern form.[31]
From 1945 to 1990, during theCold War,the headquarters of theSoviet forcesin Poland, the so-calledNorthern Group of Forces,was located in the city. This fact had a strong influence on the life of the city. For much of the period, the city was divided into Polish and Soviet areas, with the latter closed to the public. These were first established in July 1945, when the Soviets forcibly ejected newly arrived Polish inhabitants from the parts of the city they wanted for their own use. The ejection was perceived by some as a particularly brutal action, and rumours circulated exaggerating its severity, though no evidence of anyone being killed in the course of it has come to light. In April 1946 city officials estimated that there were 16,700 Poles, 12,800 Germans, and 60,000Sovietsin Legnica.[32]In October 1956, the largest anti-Soviet demonstrations in Lower Silesia took place in Legnica.[30]The last Soviet units left the city in 1993.
Between 1 June 1975 and31 December1998 Legnica was the capital of theLegnica Voivodeship.In 1992 theRoman Catholic Diocese of Legnicawas established,Tadeusz Rybakbecame the first bishop of Legnica.[33]New local newspapers and a radio station were founded in the 1990s.[33]In 1997, Legnica was visited byPope John Paul II.[33]The city suffered in the1997 Central European flood.[33]
Climate
editLegnica has anoceanic climate(Köppen climate classification:Cfb).[34][35]
| Climate data for Legnica (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
24.8 (76.6) |
29.5 (85.1) |
31.4 (88.5) |
36.9 (98.4) |
37.3 (99.1) |
38.4 (101.1) |
35.1 (95.2) |
29.3 (84.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
38.4 (101.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.1 (37.6) |
4.6 (40.3) |
8.9 (48.0) |
15.1 (59.2) |
19.6 (67.3) |
23.0 (73.4) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.5 (77.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
14.2 (57.6) |
8.1 (46.6) |
4.2 (39.6) |
14.3 (57.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.2 (32.4) |
1.2 (34.2) |
4.4 (39.9) |
9.5 (49.1) |
13.9 (57.0) |
17.3 (63.1) |
19.5 (67.1) |
19.2 (66.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
9.7 (49.5) |
4.8 (40.6) |
1.4 (34.5) |
9.6 (49.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.8 (27.0) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
0.5 (32.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
8.1 (46.6) |
11.6 (52.9) |
13.5 (56.3) |
13.2 (55.8) |
9.6 (49.3) |
5.6 (42.1) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
5.1 (41.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.8 (−18.0) |
−29.7 (−21.5) |
−21.4 (−6.5) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
0.5 (32.9) |
3.4 (38.1) |
3.4 (38.1) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−16.8 (1.8) |
−24.7 (−12.5) |
−29.7 (−21.5) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 25.0 (0.98) |
22.3 (0.88) |
33.3 (1.31) |
25.9 (1.02) |
57.8 (2.28) |
65.9 (2.59) |
89.6 (3.53) |
64.4 (2.54) |
48.4 (1.91) |
35.7 (1.41) |
28.9 (1.14) |
24.5 (0.96) |
521.6 (20.54) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 4.4 (1.7) |
4.3 (1.7) |
3.2 (1.3) |
0.4 (0.2) |
0.1 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.4 (0.2) |
1.8 (0.7) |
3.1 (1.2) |
4.4 (1.7) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 15.47 | 13.10 | 14.03 | 10.80 | 13.00 | 13.90 | 13.50 | 11.97 | 11.37 | 12.97 | 13.70 | 14.63 | 158.43 |
| Average snowy days(≥ 0 cm) | 11.6 | 9.2 | 4.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 6.6 | 35.1 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 83.6 | 80.6 | 76.9 | 70.5 | 72.3 | 72.6 | 70.4 | 70.5 | 77.2 | 81.5 | 86.1 | 84.9 | 77.3 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 58.2 | 81.7 | 126.0 | 196.7 | 238.3 | 237.6 | 249.2 | 242.6 | 162.5 | 119.1 | 66.3 | 53.3 | 1,831.4 |
| Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[44][45][46] | |||||||||||||
Sights
edit
Legnica is a city with rich historical architecture, ranging fromRomanesqueandGothicthrough theRenaissanceandBaroqueto Historicist styles. Among the landmarks of Legnica are:
- the Piast Castle, former seat of the local dukes of thePiast dynasty
- Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul
- Market Square (Rynek) with:
- BaroqueOld Town Hall (Stary Ratusz)
- Helena ModrzejewskaTheatre
- Kamienice Śledziowe( "HerringHouses ")
- Dom Pod Przepiórczym Koszem( "Under the Quail Basket House" )
- former Dominican and later Benedictine monastery, founded byBolesław II the Horned,who was buried there as the onlymonarch of Polandto be buried in Legnica; nowadays housing theI Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Tadeusza Kościuszki(high school)
- Saint John the Baptist Churchwith a mausoleum of the last Piast dukes
- New Town Hall (Nowy Ratusz), seat of city authorities
- Saint Mary church
- Copper Museum(Muzeum Miedzi)
- Medieval Chojnów and Głogów Gates, remnants of the medieval city walls
- FormerKnight Academy,now housing municipal offices and a branch of the Copper Museum
- Public Library and archive
- Park Miejski ( "City Park" ), the oldest and largest park of Legnica
There is also a monument ofPope John Paul IIand a postal milestone of KingAugustus II the Strongfrom 1725 in Legnica.[20]
-
Piast Castle courtyard -
Saint Mary church -
Cathedral of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul -
Kamienice Śledzioweat the Market Square -
Under the Quail Basket House -
-
Helena Modrzejewska Theatre -
Copper Museum -
-
Church of St. John the Baptist -
Nicolaus Copernicus mosaic on Market Square (1973)
Economy
editIn the 1950s and 1960s, the localcopperandnickelindustries became a major factor in the economic development of the area. Legnica houses industrial plants belonging toKGHM Polska Miedź,one of the largest producers of copper andsilverin the world. The company owns a large copper mill on the western outskirts of town.Legnica Special Economic Zonewas established in 1997.[47]
Education
edit
Legnica is a regional academic center with seven universities enrolling approximately 16,000 students.
- State-run colleges and universities
- Witelon University of Applied Sciences (Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. Witelona)[1]
- Wrocław University of Technology[2]
- Foreign Language Teacher Training College in Legnica[3]
- Other
- Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania / The Polish Open University[4]
- Legnica University of Management[5]
- Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne / Seminary[6]
Environment
editLegnica is noted for its parks and gardens, and has seven hundred hectares of green space, mostly along the banks of theKaczawa;the Tarninow district is particularly attractive.[48]
Roads
editTo the south of Legnica is theA4 motorway.Legnica has also a district, which is a part ofnational road no 3.Theexpress road S3building has been planned nearby.
Public transport
edit
In the city there are 20 regular bus lines, 1belt-line,2 night lines and 3 suburban.
The town has anairport(airport code EPLE) with a 1600-metre runway, the remains of a former Soviet air base, but it is (as of 2007[update]) in a poor state and not used for commercial flights.
Sports
edit- Miedź Legnica– men'sfootballteam (Polish Cupwinner 1992; played in theEkstraklasain season 2018–19)
- White Eagle Municipal Stadium
Films produced in Legnica
editIn recent years Legnica has been frequently used as a film set for the following films as a result of its well preserved Old Town, proximity to Germany and low costs:
- Przebacz(dir. M. Stacharski) – 2005
- A Woman in Berlin(dir.M. Färberböck) – 2007
- Wilki(dir. F. Fromm) – 2007
- Little Moscow(dir. W. Krzystek) – 2008
- The Author of Himself: The Life of Marcel Reich-Ranicki(dir.D. Zahavi) – 2008
- Die Wölfe(dir. F. Fromm) – 2009
- Jack Strong(dir. W. Pasikowski) – 2014
Politics
editMunicipal politics
editLegnica tends to be aleft-of-centertown with a considerable influence of workers'unions.The Municipal Council of Legnica (Rada miejska miasta Legnica) is thelegislative branchof the local government and is composed of 25 members elected in local elections every five years. The mayor or town president (Prezydent miasta) is theexecutive branchof the local government and is directly elected in the same municipal elections.
Legnica – Jelenia Góra constituency
editMembers of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Legnica-Jelenia Goraconstituency:
Notable people
edit
- Henry II the Pious(1196/1207–1241), High Duke of Poland
- Witelo(1230–died 1280–1314), philosopher and scientist
- Bolesław II the Bald(1220–1278), High Duke of Poland
- Hans Aßmann Freiherr von Abschatz(1646–1699), lyricist and translator
- Georg Rudolf Böhmer(1723–1803), physician and botanist
- Johann Wilhelm Ritter(1776–1810), scientist, philosopher, discoverer of ultraviolet radiation
- Heinrich Wilhelm Dove(1803–1879) physicist
- Benjamin Bilse(1816–1902), conductor and composer
- Karl von Vogelsang(1818–1890), Catholic journalist, politician and social reformer
- Leopold Kronecker(1823–1891), mathematician
- Hugo Rühle(1824–1888), physician
- Gustav Winkler(1867–1954), textile manufacturer
- Wilhelm Schubart(1873–1960) classical philologist, historian and papyrologist
- Paul Löbe(1875–1967), social democratic politician
- Erich von Manstein(1887–1973) field marshal
- Gert Jeschonnek(1912–1999), an officer of the Navy, Vice Admiral, Chief of Navy
- Hans-Heinrich Jescheck(1915–2009), jurist
- Günter Reich(1921–1989), opera singer (baritone)
- Claus-Wilhelm Canaris(1937–2021), jurist and legal philosopher
- Uta Zapf(born 1941), politician (SPD), member of the Bundestag from 1990 to 2013
- Anna Dymna(born 1951), TV, film and theatre actress
- Jacek Oleksyn(born 1953), biologist
- Włodzimierz Juszczak(born 1957), bishop of the Eparchy of Wroclaw–Gdansk of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
- Marzena Kipiel-Sztuka (born 1965), actress
- Beata Tadla(born 1975), journalist and TV presenter
- Tomasz Kot(born 1977), actor
- Marek Pająk(born 1977), musician
- Popek(born 1978), rapper and MMA fighter
- Mariusz Lewandowski(born 1979), football player
- Aleksandra Klejnowska(born 1982), weightlifter
- Marcin Robak(born 1982), football player
- Jagoda Szmytka(born 1982), composer
- Jakub Popiwczak(born 1996), volleyball player
- Joanna Jarmołowicz(born 1994), actress
- Łukasz Poręba(born 2000), football player
Twin towns – sister cities
edit
In fiction
editLegnica and its then ruler Count Conrad figure prominently in thealternate historyseriesThe Crosstime Engineer,set in the period of 1230 to 1270, byLeo Frankowski.[citation needed]
References
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- ^abChisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)..Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 594.
- ^Smahel, Frantisek (2022).Festivities, Ceremonies, and Rituals in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown in the Late Middle Ages.Martin Nodl, Václav Žůrek. Boston: BRILL. pp. 179, 199.ISBN978-90-04-51401-0.OCLC1336402730.
- ^Thum, Gregor (2011).Uprooted: how Breslau became Wrocław during the century of expulsions.Princeton:Princeton University Press.p. 225.ISBN978-1-4008-3996-4.OCLC744588454.
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- ^"Brzytwy sprzed 3 tysięcy lat w grobach kowali".26 December 2016.
- ^Pierre Deschamps.Dictionnaire de géographie ancienne et moderne.Straubling & Müller, 1922.
- ^James Cowles Prichard.Researches into the Physical History of Mankind.Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper. London, 1841.
- ^"Legnica".
- ^Korta, Wacław (2013).Historia Śląska do 1763 roku(in Polish). Warsaw: DiG. p. 63.
- ^Łaborewicz, Edyta (1997)."ŹRÓDŁA DO DZIEJÓW KOŚCIOŁA W LEGNICY"(PDF).Archeion(in Polish).97:149–153.ISSN0066-6041.
- ^Bar, Joachim Roman (1986). "Polscy święci".Akademia Teologii Katolickiej.9–10:36.
- ^SINOR, DENIS (1999)."The Mongols in the West".Journal of Asian History.33(1): 1–44.ISSN0021-910X.JSTOR41933117.
- ^abcdefghijklm"Od miasta lokacyjnego do końca czasów piastowskich".Legnica.eu(in Polish).Retrieved8 November2019.
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External links
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Mediafrom Commons
Travel informationfrom Wikivoyage
- Jewish Community in Legnicaon Virtual Shtetl0
- Legnica - Liegnitz, Lignicana portalu polska-org.pl(in Polish)
- Municipal website(in Polish)
- Lca.pl(in Polish)
- City hall(in Polish)
- Legnica(in Polish)