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Linga Purana

TheLinga Purana(लिङ्गपुराण,IAST:Liṅga-purāṇa) is one of the eighteenMahapuranas,and aShaivismtext ofHinduism.[1][2]The text's titleLingarefers to the iconographical symbol forShiva.[1][3]

A page from aLinga Puranamanuscript (Sanskrit, Devanagari)

The author(s) and date of theLinga Puranaare unknown, and estimates place the original text to have been composed between the 5th-10th century CE. The text exists in many versions and was likely revised over time and expanded.[2][4]The extant text is structured into two parts, with a cumulative total of 163 chapters.[5]

The text presentscosmology,mythology, seasons, festivals, geography, a tour guide for pilgrimage (Tirtha), a manual for the design and consecration of theLingaandNandi,stotras,the importance of these icons, a description ofYogawith claims of its various benefits.[1][2][6]

Date and structure

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The estimated composition dates for the oldest core ofLinga Puranavary among scholars, ranging from the 5th-century CE to the 10th-century.[2][7]

Like all thePuranas,theLinga Puranahas a complicated chronology. Cornelia Dimmitt andJ. A. B. van Buitenenstate that each of thePuranasis encyclopedic in style, and it is difficult to ascertain when, where, why, and by whom these were written:[4]

"As they exist today, the Puranas are a stratified literature. Each titled work consists of material that has grown by numerous accretions in successive historical eras. Thus no Purana has a single date of composition. (...) It is as if they were libraries to which new volumes have been continuously added, not necessarily at the end of the shelf, but randomly.

— Cornelia Dimmitt and J. A. B. van Buitenen,Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas[4]

TheLinga Puranasurvives in many versions, consisting of two parts – thePurva-bhaga(older part, sometimes calledPurvardha) with 108 chapters andUttara-bhaga(later part, sometimes calledUttarardha) with 55 chapters.[1][5]However, the manuscripts of the text assert in verse 2.55.37 that theUttara-bhagaonly has 46 chapters, suggesting that the text was expanded over time.[5]Some scholars suggest that the entireUttara-bhagamay be a later insertion or attachment to the older part.[5]

The text is titled after its theme, which is the worship of Linga, and the text is primarily focused on Shiva as Supreme.[1][8]However, along with Shiva-related themes, theLinga Puranaincludes chapters dedicated toVedicthemes, as well as includes reverence forVishnuandBrahma.[5][9]

Contents

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TheLinga Puranadiscusses the idea ofArdhanarishvara(above), asserting that the goddess is the mother of the universe and she is the avatar of the god. God and goddess,lingaandyoni,are co-creators of the universe, both centers of power and divine splendor, states the text.[10]

Linga, statesAlain Daniélou,means sign.[11]It is an important concept in Hindu texts, wherein Linga is a manifested sign and nature of someone or something. It accompanies the concept ofBrahman,which as invisible signless and existent Principle, is formless or linga-less.[11]TheLinga Puranastates, "Shiva is signless, without color, taste, smell, that is beyond word or touch, without quality, motionless and changeless".[11]The source of the universe is signless, and all of the universe is the manifested Linga, a union of unchanging Principles and the ever-changing nature.[11]TheLinga Puranatext builds on this foundation.[12]

TheLinga Puranaconsists of two parts – the longerPurva-bhagaand the shorterUttara-bhaga.[1][5]They discuss diverse range of topics, and illustrative sections include:

  • Cosmology: the text presents cosmology in several places. For example, in early chapters it refers to theShvetashvatara Upanishad,and in chapter 1.70 it presents aSamkhya-type cosmology.[13]
  • Astronomy: the Purana presents its theory of sun, moon, planets and stars in the night sky in chapters 1.55 to 1.61, with the mythology associated with each.[14]
  • Geography: the earth has seven continents asserts the text, and it then names and describes the mountains and rivers, what grows in various regions, the text is woven in with mythology.[15]
  • Tirtha (pilgrimage): the holy cities ofVaranasi,Kedarnath,PrayagandKurukshetraare extolled in chapters 1.77 and 1.92, for example.[16]
  • Yoga and ethics: theLinga Puranadiscusses Pashupata Yoga and ethics in many sections, such as chapters 1.8, 1.88-1.89, 2.13, 2.55 and others.[17][18]

Ethics in Linga Purana

Giving help to everyone,
showing kindness to all,
is called the highest worship
of the Lord of eight forms.

—Linga Purana 2.13.35-36
Transl: Stella Kramrisch[19][20]

The Linga Purana is notable for its aggressiveness in retaliating against those who censure Shiva, suggesting in chapter 1.107 that Shiva devotee should be willing to give his life to end the censorship of Shiva, if necessary with violence against those who censure Shiva.[5]In Chapter 1.78, the text also emphasizes the virtues of non-violence, stating, "violence should be avoided always, and at all places."[21]

The Linga Purana's ideas incorporate, states Stella Kramrisch, those of theSamkhyaschool ofHindu philosophy.[12]The chapter 1.17 of theLinga PuranaintroducesLingaasPradhanaorPrakriti(cosmic substance), while Shiva is described asLingin,or one with this "subtle body".[12]Lingam is presented by the text as an abstract concept, theformless reality,contrasted withAlinga(Vyakta), along with its phallic significance with the sexual truth in nature's process of life creation in the universe. The verses of the text, states Kramrisch, presentLingaas ananiconicsymbol of both the matter and the spirit, thePrakritiand thePurusha,whereby the "powers of creation, liberation, and annihilation" are symbolized by the icon.[12]

References

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  1. ^abcdefDalal 2014,p. 223.
  2. ^abcdRocher 1986,pp. 187–188.
  3. ^K P Gietz 1992,p. 435 with note 2389.
  4. ^abcDimmitt & van Buitenen 2012,p. 5.
  5. ^abcdefgRocher 1986,p. 187.
  6. ^K P Gietz 1992,p. 435 with note 2390.
  7. ^Fred W. Clothey (1978).The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God.Walter de Gruyter. p. 224.
  8. ^K P Gietz 1992,p. 435 with note 2388.
  9. ^Linga Purana, Chapters: The greatness of Narayana, The glory of Vishnu, etcJL Shastri (Translator, 1951), Part 2 of 2, Motilal Banarsidass, pages 589-628
  10. ^Kramrisch 1994,pp. 246–247, 205–206.
  11. ^abcdAlain Daniélou (1991).The Myths and Gods of India.Princeton Bollingen Series. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp.222–224.ISBN978-0-89281-354-4.
  12. ^abcdKramrisch 1994,pp. 171–185.
  13. ^Tracy Pintchman (2015).The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition.State University of New York Press. p. 242 with footnote 150.ISBN978-1-4384-1618-2.
  14. ^Linga Purana, Chapter 1.55-1.61JL Shastri (Translator, 1951), Part 1 of 2, Motilal Banarsidass, pages 215-238
  15. ^Linga Purana, Chapter 1.46JL Shastri (Translator, 1951), Part 1 of 2, Motilal Banarsidass, pages 181-209
  16. ^Linga Purana, Chapter 1.92JL Shastri (Translator, 1951), Part 1 of 2, Motilal Banarsidass, pages 486-501, 378-382
  17. ^Linga Purana, Chapter 1.88-1.89JL Shastri (Translator, 1951), Part 1 of 2, Motilal Banarsidass, pages 27-37, 458-477
  18. ^Linga Purana, Chapter 13: The eight bodies of ShivaJL Shastri (Translator, 1951), Part 2 of 2, Motilal Banarsidass, pages 650, 789-791
  19. ^Kramrisch 1994,p. 111.
  20. ^Linga Purana, Chapter 13: The eight bodies of ShivaJL Shastri (Translator, 1951), Part 2 of 2, Motilal Banarsidass, page 650
  21. ^Linga Purana, Chapter 1.78JL Shastri (Translator, 1951), Part 2 of 2, Motilal Banarsidass, page 387

Bibliography

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