Wikipedia

List of largest fish

See also:List of longest fish

Fishvary greatly in size. Thewhale sharkandbasking sharkexceed all other fish by a considerable margin in weight and length. Fish are aparaphyleticgroup that describes aquatic vertebrates while excludingtetrapods,and thebony fishthat often represent the group are more closely related tocetaceanssuch as whales, than to thecartilaginous fishsuch as sharks and rays.[citation needed]As such, cross group comparisons on this page only serve a colloquial purpose.

Life restoration of the extinctLeedsichthys,one of the largest bony fish to have ever lived

Largest extant fish

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Rank Name Binomial name Taxonomic class Known maximum mass
[tonnes] 		Maximum length
[m (ft)] 		Images Size comparison to human
1 Whale shark Rhincodon typus Chondrichthyes

(Cartilaginous fish)

21.5[1] 18.8 metres (61.7 ft)[2]
2 Basking shark Cetorhinus maximus Chondrichthyes

(Cartilaginous fish)

5.2 (16 unconfirmed)[1] 14 metres (46 ft)[1][3][4]
3 Great white shark Carcharodon carcharias Chondrichthyes

(Cartilaginous fish)

3.324[5] 7 metres (23 ft)[6]
4 Tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier Chondrichthyes

(Cartilaginous fish)

3.11 (unconfirmed)[7][8] 7.5 metres (25 ft)[9](unconfirmed)
5 Giant oceanic manta ray Mobula birostris Chondrichthyes

(Cartilaginous fish)

3.0[10] 5 metres (16 ft)[10]
6 Giant sunfish Mola alexandrini Osteichthyes

(Bony fish)

2.744[11] 3.3 metres (11 ft)[12]
7 Ocean sunfish Mola mola Osteichthyes

(Bony fish)

2.3[1] 3.1 metres (10 ft)[1]
8 Beluga sturgeon Huso huso Osteichthyes

(Bony fish)

2.072[13] 7.2 metres (24 ft)[14]
9 Sharptail mola Masturus lanceolatus Osteichthyes

(Bony fish)

2[15] 3.0 metres (9.8 ft)[15]
10 Hoodwinker sunfish Mola tecta Osteichthyes

(Bony fish)

1.87[citation needed] 2.4 metres (7.9 ft)[citation needed]
11 Reef manta ray Manta alfredi Chondrichthyes

(Cartilaginous fish)

1.4[16] 5.5 metres (18 ft)[16]
12 Greenland shark Somniosus microcephalus Chondrichthyes

(Cartilaginous fish)

1.397[1] 7.3 metres (24 ft)[17]
13 Megamouth shark Megachasma pelagios Chondrichthyes

(Cartilaginous fish)

1.215[18] 5.2 metres (17 ft)[18]
14 Kaluga Huso dauricus Osteichthyes

(Bony fish)

1.140[1] 5.6 metres (18 ft)[1]

Jawless fish (Agnatha)

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Thehagfish,which are not taxonomically true fish, are among the most primitive extant vertebrates. There is only one order and family in this animal class. All of the 77 known species have elongated, eel-like bodies but can be distinguished by their downward-facing mouths. The largest form is the Goliath hagfish (Eptatretus goliath). This species can range up to 1.28 m (4.2 ft) in length and weigh to 6.2 kg (14 lb).[19]
Sea lampreyfeeding on a lake trout
As with the hagfish, lampreys appear eel-like in shape. They have cartilaginous skeletons and have been evolving separately from any other group for over 400 million years. They are predatory and often attach themselves to a fish or other small animal and gradually drain blood and organs. The largest species is thesea lamprey(Petromyzon marinus), which can grow to 1.2 m (3.9 ft) and weigh 2.5 kg (5.5 lb).[20]

Armored fish (Placodermi)

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The largest fish of the now-extinct classPlacodermiwas the giant predatoryDunkleosteus.The largest and most well known species wasD. terrelli,which grew almost 4.1 m (13.5 ft) in length[21]Engelman (2023), using anellipsoid volumetricmethod, estimated weights of 950–1,200 kilograms (2,090–2,650 lb) for typical (3.41 metres (11.2 ft) long) adult Dunkleosteus, and weights of 1,494–1,764 kilograms (3,294–3,889 lb) for the largest (4.1 metres (13.5 ft)) individual.[22][23][24]Its filter feeding relative,Titanichthys,may have rivaled it in size.[25]Titanichthysreached a length of 7 m (23 ft)[26][27]though in older paper it was estimated at 7.5 m (25 ft).[28]However, according to a 2023 paper, it would have been the same size as Dukleosteus.[24][22][23]

Cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes)

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A size comparison of awhale sharkand a human

The cartilaginous fish are not directly related to the "bony fish," but are sometimes lumped together for simplicity in description. The largest livingcartilaginous fish,of the orderOrectolobiformes,is thewhale shark(Rhincodon typus), of the world's tropical oceans. It is also the largest living animal that is not acetaceanand, like the largest whales, it is a docile creature that filter-feeds on tinyplankton.An average adult of this species measures 9.7 m (32 ft) long and weighs an average of 9 tonnes. The largest verified specimen was caught in 1949 offKarachi, Pakistanand was 12.7 m (42 ft) long and weighed 21.5 tonnes (21.2 long tons; 23.7 short tons). Although many are dubious, there are several reports of larger whale sharks, with reliable sources citing unverified specimens of up to 37 tonnes (36 long tons; 41 short tons) and 17 m (56 ft)[1][29]or possibly up to 21.9 metres (72 ft).[30]

A largetiger sharkranks as the biggest of ground sharks.
The largest species of this order is the widely distributedtiger shark(Galeocerdo cuvier). Specimens have been verified to at least 5.5 m (18 ft) but even larger ones have been reported. One specimen, a gravid female caught off Australia and measuring only 5.5 m (18 ft) long, weighed an exceptional 1,524 kg (3,360 lb).[1]A female caught in 1957 reportedly measured 7.4 m (24 ft) and weighing 3,110 kg (6,860 lb), although this very outsized shark is not known to have been confirmed.[31]The largest of the "requiem sharks" (in the genusCarcharhinus) seems to be thedusky shark(C. obscurus), at up to 4.2 m (14 ft) and a weight of 350 kg (770 lb).[32]However, the bulkierbull shark(C. leucas) has been estimated to weigh about 575 kg (1,268 lb) in recent specimens that measured over 4 m (13 ft) long.[33]Thesilky shark(C. falciformis) is another contender for the largest requiem shark at a maximum weight of 350 kg (770 lb) and a maximum length of around 3.5 m (11 ft). The largesthammerhead sharkis thegreat hammerhead(Sphyrna mokarran), which can reach 6.1 m (20 ft) and weigh at least 500 kg (1,100 lb).[34]The most species-rich shark family, thecatsharks,are fairly small-bodied. The largest, thenursehound(Scyliorhinus stellaris), can grow up to 1.7 m (5.6 ft) and a weight of at least 10.8 kg (24 lb).[35][36]
These odd, often translucent cartilaginous fish are typically quite small. The largest species is thecarpenter's chimaera(Chimaera lignaria) of the oceans near Australia and New Zealand. It can reach up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length and weigh 15.4 kg (34 lb).[37]
The largest frill sharks and cow shark is theBluntnose sixgill shark(Hexanchus griseus). This large species typically inhabits depths greater than 90 m (300 ft), and has been recorded as deep as 1,875 m (6,152 ft). The largest specimen known (caught off Cuba) reportedly weighed 763 kg (1,682 lb) and measured 4.82 m (15.8 ft) long.[1]
These tropical, small sharks are noted for their broad head shape. The largest species is thePort Jackson shark(Heterodontus portusjacksoni) of Australasian waters, at up to 1.65 m (5.4 ft) long and weighing up to 20 kg (44 lb).[38]
The dramatically large mouth of thebasking shark,the second largest living fish
Most species in this order grow quite large. The largest living species is thebasking shark(Cetorhinus maximus) of the world's northern temperate oceans, also the second largest fish. The largest specimen, which was examined in 1851, measured 12.3 m (40 ft) long and weighed 16 tonnes.[1]Perhaps the most famous "big fish" is thegreat white shark(Carcharodon carcharias). Specimens have been measured up to 6.4 m (21 ft) and weighing 3,312 kg (7,302 lb), with great whites of at least 7 m (23 ft) long generally accepted.[1][39]Thecommon thresher(Alopias vulpinus), can grow to 7.6 m (25 ft) and weigh over 510 kg (1,120 lb), but much of its length is comprised by its extreme tail.[40][41]Odd and recently discovered giants also live in this order: the slender, sword-snoutedgoblin shark(Mitsukurina owstoni), with unweighed specimens of up to approximately 6.17 m (20.2 ft), and the massivemegamouth shark(Megachasma pelagios), up to 5.6 m (18 ft) long and a weight of 1,215 kg (2,679 lb).[42][43]
The largest shark in the fossil record is themegalodon(Otodus megalodon), a colossalNeogenelamniform. The range of estimates of the maximum length for megalodon are from 17 to 20.3 m (56 to 67 ft), with a mass ranging from 65 to 114 short tons (59 to 103 t).[44][45][46]It is also regarded as the largest macro-predatory fish ever.
Themanta ray,here seen at Hin Daeng,Thailand,is the largest ray.
Both the largest species of this order and the largest of all rays is thegiant oceanic manta ray(Manta birostris). This peaceful leviathan can reach a size of 3,000 kg (6,600 lb), a "disk" width of 9.1 m (30 ft) and a total length of 5 m (16 ft).[47]A related species reaches barely smaller sizes, thedevil fish(Mobula mobular). It can grow up to a 5.2 m (17 ft) disk width, a total length of 6.5 m (21 ft) and a weight of at least 1,000 kg (2,200 lb).[48][49]The largeststingrayis generally accepted to be theshort-tail stingray(Dasyatis brevicaudata), found off the southern tip of Africa and Australasia, at up to 4.3 m (14 ft) across the disk and weighing more than 350 kg (770 lb).[50]Although there are several large stingrays that at least approach this species' size. One, thegiant freshwater stingray(Himantura polylepis), of the large rivers of South Asia, can weigh up to 600 kg (1,300 lb), measure up to 5 m (16 ft) in total length and have a disc span of 2.4 m (7.9 ft).[51][52]
The whale shark is the largest species in this order, reaching up to 20 meters long when fully mature.[53]No other species in the order even approaches this size. The next largest species is thenurse shark(Ginglymostoma cirratum), which can grow up to 4.3 m (14 ft) across the disk and weighing more than 350 kg (770 lb).[54]
Distinguished by a long snout decorated with sharp teeth on the sides, these little-known cartilaginous fish are often reported to attain huge sizes. The definitive largest species is not known, although thesmalltooth sawfish(Pristis pectinata) and thegreen sawfish(P. zijsron), at up to reportedly 7.6 and 7.3 m (25 and 24 ft), respectively, may be the largest.[55][56]Weights of up to 1,955 kg (4,310 lb) have been reported, possibly for the smalltooth species, but are not verified.[57]Thelarge-tooth sawfish(P. pristis) andfreshwater sawfish(P. microdon) can both exceed 6.5 m (21 ft).[58][59]
Despite sharing a similar appearing snout adapted in both to shred fish prey, the sawsharks are typically much smaller thansawfish.The largest sawshark is theSixgill sawshark(Pliotrema warreni) of the South Indian ocean, which can grow up to 1.7 m (5.6 ft) and weigh 15 kg (33 lb).[60]
Thegiant guitarfishis largest species in the skate order
The largest and most diverse order ofrays' largest species is thegiant guitarfish(Rhynchobatus djiddensis) of the Red Sea and the eastern Indian ocean. The top size of the species is 227 kg (500 lb) and 3.1 m (10 ft).[61]The largest of the skates is thecommon skate(Dipturus batis). This species can grow up to 2.85 m (9.4 ft) in length and weigh 97.1 kg (214 lb).[62]
The largest known member of this order is theGreenland shark(Somniosus microcephalus), a giant predator of sub-Arctic waters. This species has been confirmed to as much as 6.4 m (21 ft) in length and a weight of 1,397 kg (3,080 lb), although specimens of up to 7.3 m (24 ft) have been reportedly caught.[1][63]ThePacific sleeper shark(Somniosus pacificus) has been measured only to 4.4 m (14 ft) and 888 kg (1,958 lb) in a gravid female, although specimens up to an estimated 7 m (23 ft) have been scientifically observed.[1][64]A single unconfirmed account exists of an enormous Pacific sleeper shark that potentially measured up to 9.2 m (30 ft) long.[65]Thespiny dogfish(Squalus acanthias), a very common species, reaches the largest sizes of the "true dogfish"family. Specimens have been measured at up to 1.6 m (5.2 ft) and 9.1 kg (20 lb).[66]
The largest of the bottom-dwelling angelsharks (named for their shape rather than disposition) is thecommon angelshark(Squatina squatina) of the northeast Atlantic Ocean. This species can grow up to 2.4 m (7.9 ft) long and weigh up to 80 kg (180 lb).[67]
The largest of the electric rays isAtlantic torpedo(Torpedo nobiliana). This fish can measure 1.8 m (5.9 ft) long and weigh 90 kg (200 lb).[68]However, a length of 0.6–1.5 m (2.0–4.9 ft) and weight of 30 pounds (14 kg) is more typical.[69][70]Females attain a larger size than males.[71]

Spiny sharks (Acanthodii)

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The largest of the now-extinctAcanthodiiwasXylacanthus grandis,anischnacanthiformbased on a ~35 cm (14 in) long jaw bone. Based on the proportions of its relativeIschnacanthus,X. grandishad an estimated total length of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in).[72]

Bony fish (Osteichthyes)

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Ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii)

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TheBumphead sunfishis the heaviest of thebony fish.
TheOcean sunfishwas mistakenly described as the same asMola alexandrinithe heaviest bony fish.
The extremely rareoarfish,the longest of all bony fish

The largest livingbony fish(superclassOsteichthyes,which includes bothray-finnedand lobe-finned fish) are the lesser knownsouthern sunfish(Mola alexandrini) followed by widely distributed and better knownocean sunfish(Mola mola) and, both being members of the orderTetraodontiformes.The largest verified specimen belongs to the southern sunfish discovered dead near theAzoresin the Atlantic has set the record for being the largest extant bony fish with the weight of 2,744 kg (6,049 lb). The record size ocean sunfish crashed into a boat offBird Island, Australiain 1910 and measured 4.3 m (14 ft) from fin-to-fin, 3.1 m (10 ft) in length and weighed about 2,300 kg (5,100 lb),[1]while the other record for the biggest bony fish is yet held by aMola alexandriniwhich was also coincidentally 2,300 kg (5,100 lb) in mass and 3 m (9.8 ft) in length, caught off in 1996 and misidentified as aMola mola.

As for length, the longestextantbony fish on earth is thegiant oarfish(Regalecus glesne). Slender and compressed, it averages over 6 m (20 ft) long at maturity. A specimen caught in 1885 of 7.6 m (25 ft) in length weighed 275 kg (606 lb). The longest known example, which was hit by a steamship, was measured as 13.7 m (45 ft) long.[1]

Much larger bony fish existed prehistorically, the largest ever known having beenLeedsichthysof theJurassicperiod. This species is certainly the largest bony fish ever and one of the largest non-cetaceanmarine animals to have ever existed. Estimates of the size of this fish range from 21 to 27 m (69 to 89 ft) and mass from 20 to 50 tons. A maximum size of 22 m (72 ft) and 25–30 tons had been deemed to be most realistic.[73]However, a 2013 study which estimated the maximum size of the animal based on the largest specimens it is estimated that Leedsichthys would have a maximum length of 16.5 metres (54 ft) and a maximum weight of 49 tonnes (108,000 lb).[74]

The remains of a 1000 kgbeluga sturgeon,one of the largest bony fish
The largest species is thebeluga sturgeon(Huso huso) of the Caspian and Black seas, the only extant bony fish to rival the massiveness of the ocean sunfish. The largest specimen considered reliable (based on remains) was caught in theVolgaestuary in 1827 and measured 7.3 m (24 ft) and weighed 1,474 kg (3,250 lb).[1]The slightly smallerkaluga(Huso dauricus) or great Siberian sturgeon has been weighed reliably up to 1,140 kg (2,510 lb) (Berg, 1932) and a length of 5.6 m (18 ft).[1][75]The North Americanwhite sturgeon(Acipenser transmontanus), unverified to 907 kg (2,000 lb) and 6.1 m (20 ft),Chinese,European oceanic,and theRussian sturgeon(A. gueldenstaedtii), at as much as 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) and 5.5 m (18 ft) for a 75-year-old female, also can attain great sizes.[1]AtlanticsandBaikal sturgeonsare following as well. These fish are sometimes called the largest freshwater fish but sturgeons spend a great deal of time inbrackish waterand switch back and forth between saltwater and freshwater environments in their life cycle. Also included in this order are thepaddlefishand theChinese paddlefish(Psephurus gladius), which is now officially recognised as extinct by theIUCN(as of July 2022), is also a very large fish. Reportedly, fisherman as recently as the 1950s have caught paddlefish measuring up to 6.7 m (22 ft) in total length, although no specimen greater than 3.1 m (10 ft) has been scientifically measured. The weight of the Chinese paddlefish is reportedly 300 to 500 kg (660 to 1,100 lb).[76][77]
The largest Albuliformes is thebonefish(Albula vulpes), which weighs up to 19 lb (8.6 kg) and measures up to 90 cm (35 in) long. It is silvery in color with dusky fins. The bases of thepectoral finsare yellow.
Thebowfin(Amia calva) is the sole extant member of its order. The most distinctive characteristic of the bowfin is its very longdorsal finconsisting of 145 to 250 rays, and running from mid-back to the base of the tail. Thecaudal finis a single lobe, though heterocercal.[78]They can grow up to 109 centimetres (43 in) in length, and weigh 9.75 kilograms (21.5 lb).[79]
The head of aEuropean conger,the world's most massive eel
The largest species of "true eel," if measured in weight and overall bulk, is theEuropean conger(Conger conger). The maximum size of this species has been reported to 3 m (9.8 ft) and a mass of 110 kg (240 lb).[80]Severalmoray eelscan equal or exceed the previous eel in length but do not weigh as much. The longest fish in the order, at up to 4 m (13 ft), is theslender giant moray(Strophidon sathete) of the Indo-Pacific oceans.[81]
An order best known for its tiny representatives, the Argentinian Silverside (Odontesthes bonariensis) is found primary in the freshwater bodies and brackish estuaries of Argentina and Chile, but also along the Argentinian coast. It is known locally as "pejerrey," a combination of the Spanish words for "fish"pezand "king"rey.The confirmed record stands at 76 cm (30 in) and 3.6 kg (8 lb), yet there are unconfirmed reports of the fish reaching up to 82 cm (32 in) and 6.3 kg (14 lb).[82]The largest North American species of Silverside is the jacksmelt (Atherinopsis californiensis) of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. It often reaches a maximum size of 49 cm (19 in), but possibly up to 55 cm (22 in).[83]The largest recorded jacksmelt was 680 grams (1.5 lb).[84]
The largest species is the greater argentine (Argentina silus), that has 76 centimetres (30 in)TL.
The largest barreleyes arejavelin spookfish(Bathylychnops exilis) found in the northernPacificand in the easternAtlantic Oceannear theAzoreswhere it is found at depths of around 640 metres (2,100 ft). This species grows to a length of 50 centimetres (20 in)SL.[85]
NOAA picture of Ijimaia plicatellus (Ateleopodidae)
Jellynose fisharebenthicmarine fish typically found at depths around 200 to 600 m (660 to 1,970 ft). Size ranges from 35 centimetres (14 in) (Ateleopus japonicus) to 2 meters (Guentherus altivela[86]).
The largest member of this order is thelancetfish(Alepisaurus ferox), found in all the world's oceans. Slender, with a huge spine, these fish can reach 2.1 m (6.9 ft) long and can weigh up to 11 kg (24 lb).[87]
The largest toadfish, thePacuma toadfish
The largesttoadfishis thePacuma toadfish(Batrachoides surinamensis), reaching a size of up to 5 pounds (2.3 kg) and 23 inches (58 cm).[88]
The largest member of this order, best known for its members' ability tobreachthe water and glide through the sky, is the pelagicHoundfish(Tylosurus crocodilus), a slender fish at up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) and a weight of 6.35 kg (14.0 lb).[89]The largest true "flying fish"is the Japanese flying fish (Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus japonicus), which can range up to 0.5 m (1.6 ft) in length and weigh over 1 kg (2.2 lb).[77]
Best known for their highlypoisonousbarbs, thesquirrelfish's largest representative is the giant squirrelfish (Sargocentron spiniferum) of theIndo-Pacific,at up to 51 cm (20 in) and 2.6 kg (5.7 lb).[90]The slimmerHolocentrus adscensionisfrom warm parts of the Atlantic can reach even greater lengths of up to 61 cm (24 in).[91]
Known for flesh that feels flabby to the touch, this order reaches largest sizes in theflabby whalefish(Gyrinomimus grahami) of all southern oceans. This species, which can range up to 0.45 m (1.5 ft) in length and weigh 1.5 kg (3.3 lb), is sometimes commercially fished.[77][92]
The largest species is the African freshwater fish, thegiant tigerfish(Hydrocynus goliath). The top size of this fish is 1.5 m (4.9 ft) and 50 kg (110 lb).[93][94]Among the largest of thecharacinfamily is the popular sport-fish, thegolden dorado(Salminus brasiliensis), which can reach up to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length and weigh 31.4 kg (69 lb).[95]Among the characins are the infamous neotropicalpiranhas.Carnivorous species can grow up to 0.43 m (1.4 ft), although theTambaqui(Colossoma macropomum), at up to 1 m (3.3 ft) and 32.4 kg (71 lb), is often considered a giant, herbivorous form of piranha.[77]
The largestherringis probably the Dorab wolf herring (Chirocentrusdorab) of the Indo-Pacific oceans. The maximum size of this species has been reported as much as 1.8 m (5.9 ft), but these slender fish have never been recorded as exceeding 3.4 kg (7.5 lb) in weight.[77]The so-called "king of herrings" is not a herring, but anoarfish.
The minnow family (which includes carp),Cyprinidae,is the largest family of vertebrates, with over 2400 species known today.[96]The largest species is thegiant barb(Catlocarpio siamensis), which is endemic to three river basins in southeast Asia and reaches a size of as much as 3 m (9.8 ft) and a weight of as much as 300 kg (660 lb).[97]In centuries past,mahseer,specifically thegolden mahseer(Tor putitora) of Southern Asia was reported to reach similar lengths, but the species has been overfished and specimens nearly as large as the giant barb have not been reported in recent centuries.[77][98]
The largest species in this small but interesting order (formerly allied with thesalmonids) is themuskellunge(Esox masquinongy) of the rivers of North America. These predatory fish can grow up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) and 45.4 kg (100 lb).[99][100]
The largest species in this relatively small-bodied order is the Pacific four-eyed fish (Anableps dowei), reaching a size of 34 cm (13 in) and 588 g (1.296 lb).[101]
This small order is usually considered closely related to thetrue eelsalthough its members are very different in appearance and behavior from eels. The largest species is much-coveted-sport fish, theAtlantic tarpon(Megalops atlanticus). The maximum recorded size for this species is 161 kg (355 lb) and length is up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft).[102]
The largest cod, theAtlantic cod
TheAtlantic cod(Gadus morhua) grows to 2 m (6.6 ft) long and 96 kg (212 lb).[103]
The largest form of stickleback, a small, cylindric type of fish, is thesea sticklebackor fifteenspine stickleback (Spinachia spinachia). This species can range up to 22 cm (8.7 in) in length and weigh up to 8.5 g (0.30 oz).[77][104]
These bottom-dwelling fish reach their maximum size inSicyases sanguineus.This species can reach 30 cm (12 in) in length and weigh up to 1 kg (2.2 lb).[77]
The well-knownmilkfish(Chanos chanos) is the largest member of this order. The maximum size is 22.7 kg (50 lb) and 1.84 m (6.0 ft) long.[77]
The largest knifefish is theelectric eel(Electrophorus electricus) The electric eel has an elongated,cylindricalbody, typically growing to about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in length, and 20 kg (44 lb) in weight, making it the largest species of theGymnotiformes.[105]
Only two extant species are known to exist in this relatively new order. The larger of the two is thegoldeye(Hiodon alosoides) from the northern rivers of North America, which can reach up to 0.5 m (1.6 ft) in length and can weigh 1.8 kg (4.0 lb).[106][107]
The largest member of this small but fascinating order is the aforementionedking of herringsor oarfish (Regalecus glesne), the longest extantbony fishon earth. Another interesting big fish in this order is theopah(Lampris guttatus), which as opposed to the king of herrings, is massive and has a chunky, rounded shape. Opahs can range up to 2 m (6.6 ft) in length and weigh up to 270 kg (600 lb).[108]
A largealligator gar,the largest freshwater fish in North America
The largest of the gar, and the largest entirely freshwater fish in North America, is thealligator gar(Atractosteus spatula). The largest gar ever known, caught inLouisianain 1925, was 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and weighed 137 kg (302 lb).[1]
The largest of this diverse order is the common goosefish (Lophius piscatorius) found in the northeastern Atlantic off Europe and North Africa. This big-mouthed fish can attain a size of 58 kg (128 lb) and a length of 2 m (6.6 ft).[109]
The largest of the numerous but smalllanternfishis Bolin's lanternfish (Gymnoscopelusbolini) of the Indo-Pacific oceans, at up to 249 g (8.8 oz) and 35 cm (14 in).[77]
The largest of mulletsflathead mullet(Mugil cephalus) have dark centers which give the appearance of a series (6–7) of dark horizontal stripes. The fish grow to lengths up to 60.0 cm (23.6 in) with weights as high as 4.0 kg (8.8 lb).
The largest member of this order is the widely distributed giantcusk-eels(Lamprogrammusshcherbachevi). A cuskeel can be nearly 2 m (6.6 ft) long, but even large fish probably aren't much over 10 kg (22 lb) since they are quite slender.[77]
The largest smelt is therainbow smelt(Osmerus mordax). The body of the rainbow smelt is slender and cylindrical. When full grown, the rainbow smelt is between 7 and 9 inches (18 and 23 cm) long and weighs about 3 ounces (85 g). Individuals over 12 inches (30 cm) long are known.[110]
The largest species is the South American fish usually known as thearapaima(Arapaima gigas). The maximum size this species can attain is a matter of some controversy and some rank it among the world's largest freshwater fishes. No individual arapaima over 3 m (9.8 ft) has been verified and measured. The skeleton of a fish reported to have been measured by native hunters as 4.5 m (15 ft) and weighing 200 kg (440 lb) when caught, was later examined as a skeleton scientifically and was found to have been roughly within that outsized dimension.[1]
TheAtlantic blue marlinis one of the largest species of theperch-like fish.
The title of the largest member of this order, the most numerous order of all vertebrates, is a matter of some debate. A largemarlinis the biggest of these fishes: theblack marlin(Makaira indica) of the Indo-Pacific, theAtlantic blue marlin(Makaira nigricans) and theIndo-Pacific blue marlin(Makaira mazara). All of these similarly sized species can exceptionally reach up to 5 m (16 ft) in length and weight may be as much as 907 kg (2,000 lb) or even 1,106 kg (2,438 lb).[77][111][112]Another notable giant of the perch order is theAtlantic bluefin tuna(Thunnus thynnus) of the Northern Atlantic ocean, which has been verified at up to 4.4 m (14 ft) and 679 kg (1,497 lb), although can reportedly reach 910 kg (2,010 lb).[113][114]Theswordfish(Xiphias gladius) can reach a maximum weight of 650 kg (1,430 lb) and length of 4.5 m (15 ft).[115]Due to heavy fishing of both species, swordfish and tuna of great sizes are increasingly rare. One of the largest freshwater fishes is theNile perch(Lates niloticus), which grows up to 200 kg (440 lb) and 2 m (6.6 ft).[116]The biggest ofsnappersis theCubera snapper(Lutjanus cyanopterus) of the Caribbean sea and east coast of South America, at a maximum size of 57 kg (126 lb) and 1.6 m (5.2 ft) in length.[117][118]The largest species ofgruntis the white margate (Haemulon album) of the Caribbean sea and east coast of South America, at up to 7.14 kg (15.7 lb) and 0.8 m (2.6 ft) in length.[119][120]Theblenniescan range up to 0.55 m (1.8 ft) in the hairtail blenny (Xiphasia setifer) of the Indo-Pacific.[77]Thejacks or mackerelsreach their maximum size in theChinese seerfish(Scomberomorus sinensis), which can attain 131 kg (289 lb) and 2.47 m (8.1 ft).[121]The largestbutterflyfishare either thelined butterflyfish(Chaetodon lineolatus) or thesaddle butterflyfish(C. ephippium), both of the Indo-Pacific and both of which can measure up to 30 cm (12 in).[122]Thefreckled darter(Percina lenticula) of the United States, the biggest of thedarters,reaching 20 cm (7.9 in) and 70 g (2.5 oz).[123][124]The largestdrumis theTotoaba(Totoaba macdonaldi) of the Gulf of California, at up to 100 kg (220 lb) and 2 m (6.6 ft) long.[125]Among thesea bass or groupers,many of which can grow quite large, the greatest size are reached in theAtlantic goliath grouper(Epinephelus itajara) and thegiant grouper(Epinephelus lanceolatus). Both can reach a maximum known length of 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and weight of 455 kg (1,003 lb) and 600 kg (1,300 lb) respectively.[126][127]The species-richcichlidsreach their maximum size in theEast Africangiant cichlid(Boulengerochromis microlepis), at up to 0.8 m (2.6 ft) long and 5 kg (11 lb).[128]Thehumphead wrasse(Cheilinus undulatus) of the Indo-Pacific's coral reefs is by far the largestwrasse,and it can reach a maximum size of 191 kg (421 lb) and 2.3 m (7.5 ft).[129]Among a fairly small-bodied family, thedamselfishes,theGaribaldi(Hypsypops rubicundus) of the Pacific coast of America is the biggest, reaching up to 35.5 cm (14.0 in) and 1.2 kg (2.6 lb).[130]Themarbled sleeper(Oxyeleotris marmorata) of East Asia is the largest member of the family or sub-order that almost certain contains the smallest living vertebrate, and can reach 0.66 m (2.2 ft) long and weigh 9.9 kg (22 lb).[77][131]
The largest species in this small order (both by number of species and body size) is thesand roller(Percopsis transmontana) of North America. This species can range up to 20 cm (7.9 in) in length and can weigh over 11 g (0.39 oz).[77]
ThePacific halibut,largest of the flatfish, displays its effective camouflage.
The largest of the well-known and heavily fished flatfish is thePacific halibut(Hippoglossus stenolepis). This giant can reach 363 kg (800 lb) and 3 m (9.8 ft), although fish even approaching this size would be extraordinary these days.[132]TheAtlantic halibut(Hippoglossus hippoglossus) is also sometimes titled the largest flatfish, although it has a slightly smaller maximum size, at 320 kg (710 lb) and 2.8 m (9.2 ft).[77][133]
The little-known beardfish are sometimes classified with theBeryciformes.The largest beardfish isPolymixia busakhiniof the Indo-Pacific, which can range up to 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in length.[77]
The largest polypterid isPolypterus congicus,which reaches up to 97 cm (38 in) in length.[134]
The largest gulper eel is thepelican eel(Eurypharynx pelecanoides). The pelican eel grows to about 1 m (3.3 ft) in length.
TheChinook salmonis one of the largest species of salmon.
The largest species of salmonid is thetaimen(Hucho taimen). The biggest recorded taimen was caught in the Kotui River inRussia,and measured 2.1 m (6.9 ft) and weighed 105 kg (231 lb).[135]Some sources claim the largest is theChinook salmon(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) of America's Pacific Northwest, although this species falls behind the taimen in maximum size.[77]The maximum size of this fish is 61.4 kg (135 lb) and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) long.[136]
Although less venomous than many smaller fish in the same order, theskilfish(Erilepis zonifer) of the North Pacific, is largestsculpin.The maximum size is 1.9 m (6.2 ft) and the weight can be up to 91 kg (201 lb).[137]TheLingcod(Ophiodon elongatus) of the west coast of North America is sometimes listed as the largest sculpin but it is not known to exceed 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length or 60 kg (130 lb) in weight.[77][138]TheCottidaecan range up to 0.7 m (2.3 ft) and 11 kg (24 lb) in thecabezon(Scorpaenicthys marmoratus) of coastal North America.[77]
A good-sizedwels catfish,such as this specimen of over 200 pounds, is a rival for the title of the largest catfish.
Most authorities now give the crown of the largestcatfishto theMekong giant catfish,Pangasianodon gigas,which is also considered the heaviest completely freshwater fish.[1]This fish has been recorded at sizes up to 350 kg (770 lb) and 3 m (9.8 ft).[139][140][141][142]The closely-related Asiangiant pangasius(Pangasius sanitwongsei) can grow to 3 m (9.8 ft) and 300 kg (660 lb).[143]Another large species is thewels catfish(Silurus glanis) of Europe and Central Asia, which strongly rivals the proceeding species in weight and could possibly surpass them in length. While wels have been confirmed to 3.1 m (10 ft), other whiskered giants have been reliably reported to grow to 3.7 m (12 ft) and 265 kg (584 lb) and less reliably to 4.3 m (14 ft).[1]In South America there also exists theBrachyplatystoma filamentosum,which can reportedly reach up to 3.6 m (12 ft) and 200 kg (440 lb).[144]
The largest ridgeheadsPoromitra curilensis,a Pacific ridgehead related to thecrested bigscale,[145]at up to 18 centimetres standard length (SL; a measurement excluding the caudal fin).[146]Most ridgeheads are well under 10 centimetres SL.
The largest bristlemouth, the short-tailed barbeled dragonfish
The largest of the deep-seabristlemouthsis the short-tailed barbeled dragonfish (Oppostomias micripnus). The top size of a female of this species is probably over 452 g (0.996 lb) and 50 cm (20 in) long.[77]In species like the barbeled dragonfish (Idiacanthus atlanticus), the snake-like females can measure up to 0.5 m (1.6 ft) long, about 50 times as long as the male.[147]AlthoughIdiacanthusis much more slender and is lighter thanOppostomias.[77]
The tropic-dwelling swamp-eels, which are not closely related to true eels, reaches their largest size in themarbled swamp eel(Synbrachus marmoratus) of Central and South America. This fish can range up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) and weigh 7 kg (15 lb).[77]
The largest of this diverse order is thered cornetfish(Fistularia petimba), a long, thin species found in all tropical oceans. This fish can reach a length of 2 m (6.6 ft) and a weight of 4.65 kg (10.3 lb).[77]The largest of the famous, petiteseahorsesis thebig-belly seahorse(Hippocampus abdominalis) found off Australia and New Zealand, which can grow to 35 cm (14 in) high and weigh over 60 g (2.1 oz).[148]
Thestarry pufferfishArothron stellatusis the largest pufferfish in the world, growing to a length of 48 in (120 cm). The largest freshwater pufferfish is thembu pufferfish(Tetraodon mbu) from theCongo Riverbasin. It attains lengths of 67 cm (26 in). As such, these fish are difficult to adequately house in captivity since they require a very largeaquariumand appropriately scaledwater filtration.At lengths up to 1 m (39 in), thestone triggerfish( "Pseudobalistes naufragium" ) from the eastern Pacific is the largest triggerfish, edging out thetitan triggerfish(Balistoides viridescens).[149]
The largest species of dory is the Cape dory (Zeus capensis) reaching a size of 90 cm (35 in) and a weight of 20 kg (44 lb).[77][150]

Lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii)

edit
Thecoelacanthis the largest extant lobe-finned fish.

The largest living (non-tetrapod)lobe-finned fishis thecoelacanth.The average weight of the livingWest Indian Ocean coelacanth,(Latimeria chalumnae), is 80 kg (180 lb), and they can reach up to 2 m (6.6 ft) in length. Specimens can weigh up to 110 kg (240 lb). The largest lobe-finned fish of all time wasRhizodusat up to 7 m (23 ft).[151]

The largest lungfish, theAfrican lungfish(Protopterus aethiopicus), is smooth, elongated, and cylindrical with deeply embeddedscales.The tail is very long and tapers at the end. They can reach a length of up to 2 m (6.6 ft) and may weigh as much as 50 kg (110 lb).[152][153]The pectoral and pelvic fins are also very long and thin, almost spaghetti-like.

See also

edit

References

edit
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  109. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Lophius piscatorius".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  110. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Osmerus mordax".FishBase.June 2006 version.
  111. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Makaira mazara".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  112. ^The Biggest Fish I Ever SawArchived2013-11-10 at theWayback Machine.Marlin Magazine (2007-03-27)
  113. ^Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.),Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife.DK Adult (2005),ISBN0789477645
  114. ^James R. Chambers.Largest Bluefin Tuna – All-Tackle IGFA World Record.Bigmarinefish (2010-05-24)
  115. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Xiphias gladius".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  116. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Lates niloticus".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  117. ^Lee County Fishing Guides in One Place! Find Them All Here!Fishsanibel
  118. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Lutjanus cyanopterus".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  119. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Haemulon album".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  120. ^Grunts, Fish Species – Your Fish Identification and Fishing Field Guide.Theoutdoorlodge
  121. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Scomberomorus sinensis".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  122. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Chaetodon ephippium".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  123. ^Freeman, B. J.; Wenger, S. J. (November 2006)."Description and Distribution of Species Covered by the Etowah HCP"(PDF).UGA River Basin Center. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2013-11-10.
  124. ^Craig, John (2000).Percid Fishes: Systematics, Ecology and Exploitation (Fish and Aquatic Resources).Wiley-Blackwell.ISBN978-0-632-05616-3.
  125. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Totoaba macdonaldi".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  126. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Epinephelus itajara".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  127. ^"A to Z of Oz Marine Life".
  128. ^"The 10 biggest cichlids".Practical Fishkeeping.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-11-10.
  129. ^"Facts Humphead wrasse videos, photos and facts –Cheilinus undulatus".Archived fromthe originalon 2013-11-10.
  130. ^"The Biogeography of the Garibaldi (Hypsypops rubicundus) ".Bss.sfsu.edu.Archived fromthe originalon 2012-03-31.
  131. ^"Oxyeleotris marmorata".Fishing-worldrecords.Archived fromthe originalon 2011-11-22.
  132. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Hippoglossus stenolepis".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  133. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Hippoglossus hippoglossus".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  134. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Species in genusPolypterus".FishBase.September 2017 version.
  135. ^Holcik, J.; Hensel, K.; Nieslanik, J.; L. Skacel (1988). Dr. W. Junk (ed.).The Eurasion Huchen,Hucho hucho:largest salmon of the world.Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer.ISBN9061936438.
  136. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Oncorhynchus tshawytscha".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  137. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Erilepis zonifer".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  138. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Orthonopias triacis".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  139. ^"Grizzly Bear-Size Catfish Caught in Thailand".National Geographic News.Archived fromthe originalon 2005-06-30.
  140. ^"Fish whopper: 646 pounds a freshwater record".NBC News.2005-07-01.
  141. ^Seth Mydans (2005-08-24)."Hunt for the big fish becomes a race".International Herald Tribune.Archived fromthe originalon 2009-05-01.
  142. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Pangasianodon gigas".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  143. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Pangasius sanitwongsei".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  144. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Brachyplatystoma filamentosum".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  145. ^Kotlyar, A.N. (September 2008). "Revision of the genus Poromitra (Melamphaidae): Part 2. New species of the group P. crassiceps".Journal of Ichthyology.48(8):553–564.Bibcode:2008JIch...48..553K.doi:10.1134/S0032945208080018.S2CID23057815.
  146. ^Parin, Nikolay V.; Ebeling, Alfred W. (February 1980). "A new Western PacificPoromitra(Pisces: Melamphaidae) ".Copeia.1980(1):87–93.doi:10.2307/1444136.JSTOR1444136.
  147. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Idiacanthus atlanticus".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  148. ^Will Wooten.Seahorse Quick ID Guide.seahorse.org (2004-01-26)
  149. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Balistoides viridescens".FishBase.January 2010 version.
  150. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Zeus capensis".FishBase.August 2024 version.
  151. ^NOVA. Transcripts. The Missing Link.PBS (2002-02-26)
  152. ^Froese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Family Lepidosirenidae".FishBase.January 2009 version.
  153. ^Protopterus aethiopicusArchived2011-08-03 at theWayback Machine.Fishing-worldrecords
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