This is a list of plant hybrids created intentionally or by chance and exploited commercially inagricultureorhorticulture.Thehybridizationevent mechanism is documented where known, along with the authorities who described it.
Hybrids
edit| Species | Common name | Family | Hybridization | Confirmed or putative hybridization? | Putative parental/ introgressive species | Polyploid or homoploid? | Polyploid chromosome count | References | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abelmoschus esculentus | Okra | Malvaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Uncertain | Polyploid (tetraploid) | usually 2n=4x=130 | Joshi and Hardas, 1956; Schafleitneret al.,2013 | Variable ploidy |
| Actinidia deliciosa | Kiwifruit | Actinidiaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Actinidia chinensisand otherActinidiaspecies | Polyploid (hexaploid) | 2n=6x=174 | Atkinsonet al.,1997 | |
| Agave fourcroydes | Henequen | Asparagaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain | Polyploid (usu. pentaploid, triploid) | 2n=5x(3x)=150(90) | Robertet al.,2008; Hugheset al.,2007 | Variable ploidy, polyploid event not recent |
| Agave sisalana | Sisal | Asparagaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain | Polyploid (usu. pentaploid, hexaploid) | 2n=5x(6x)=150(180) | Robertet al.,2008 | Variable ploidy, polyploid event not recent |
| Allium ampeloprasum | Great headed garlic | Amaryllidaceae | Intraspecific hybrid origin | Putative | Allium ampeloprasum | Homoploid | – | Guenaouiet al.,2013 | |
| Allium cepa | Common onion | Amaryllidaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Putative | Uncertain:Allium vavilovii,A. galanthumorA. fistulosum | Homoploid | – | Gurushidzeet al.,2007 | |
| Allium cornutum | Triploid onion | Amaryllidaceae | Triparental allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Allium cepa,A. roylei,otherAlliumspecies | Polyploid (triploid) | 2n=3x=24 | Fredotovicet al.,2014 | |
| Ananas comosus | Pineapple | Bromeliaceae | Interspecific introgression | Putative | Ananas ananassoides | Homoploid | – | Duvalet al.,2003 | |
| Annona × atemoya | Atemoya | Annonaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Annona cherimolaandA. squamosa | ? | – | Perfecttiet al.,2004; Jalikop, 2010 | |
| Arachis hypogaea | Peanut | Fabaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Arachis duranensisandA. ipaënsis | Polypoid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=40 | Kochertet al.,1996; Bertioliet al.,2011 | |
| Armoracia rusticana | Horseradish | Brassicaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Putative | Uncertain | ? | – | Courter and Rhodes, 1969 | |
| Artocarpus altilis | Breadfruit | Moraceae | Interspecific introgression | Putative | Artocarpus mariannensis | ? | – | Zeregaet al.,2005; Joneset al.,2013 | |
| Avena sativa | Oat | Poaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain | Polyploid (hexaploid) | 2n=6x=42 | Linareset al.,1998; Oliveret al.,2013 | |
| Brassica carinata | Ethiopian mustard | Brassicaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Brassica oleraceaandB. nigra | Polyploid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=19 | Ariaset al.,2014 | |
| Brassica juncea | Indian mustard | Brassicaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Brassica nigraandB. rapa | Polyploid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=18 | Ariaset al.,2014 | |
| Brassica napus | Rapeseed, rutabega | Brassicaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Brassica rapaandB. oleracea | Polyploid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=19 | Ariaset al.,2014 | |
| Cajanus cajan | Pigeon pea | Fabaceae | Intraspecific introgression, interspecific introgression | Putative | WildCajanus cajanand otherCajanusspecies | Homoploid | – | Kassaet al.,2012 | |
| Cannabis sativa | Hemp | Cannabaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Putative | Cannabis sativa'Indica' and 'Sativa' types | Homoploid | – | de Meijer and van Soest, 1992 | |
| Carica pentagona | Babaco | Caricaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain (Carica stipulata,Vasconcellea pubescens,V. weberbaueri | ? | – | Van Droogenbroecket al.,2002; Van Droogenbroecket al.,2006 | |
| Carya illinoinensis | Pecan | Juglandaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Putative | Uncertain | ? | – | Graukeet al.,2011 | |
| Castanea dentata | American Chestnut | Fagaceae | Interspecific introgression | Confirmed | Castanea pumila | Homoploid | – | Li and Dane, 2013 | Also ongoing efforts to introgress blight resistance fromCastanea mollissima(see Jacobset al.,2013) |
| Castanea sativa | Chestnut | Fagaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Castanea sativaEurosiberian and Mediterranean populations | Homoploid | – | Villaniet al.,1999; Mattioniet al.,2013 | |
| Chenopodium quinoa | Quinoa | Chenopodiaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Uncertain | Polyploid (tetraploid) | – | Heiser, 1974; Ward, 2000; Maughanet al.,2004 | |
| Cicer arietinum | Chickpea (pea-shaped) | Fabaceae | Intraspecific hybrid origin | Putative | Cicer arietinumDesi and Kabuli germplasm | ? | – | Upadhyayaet al.,2008; Keneniet al.,2011 | |
| Cichorium intybus | Radicchio | Asteraceae | Interspecific introgression | Confirmed | WildCichorium intybus | Homoploid | – | Kiaeret al.,2009 | |
| Citrus aurantiifolia | Key lime | Rutaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Citrus medicaandCitrussubg.Papeda | ? | – | Ollitrault and Navarro, 2012; Penjoret al.,2014; Nicolosiet al.,2000; Moore, 2001 | |
| Citrus aurantium | Sour oranges | Rutaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Citrus maximaandC. reticulata | ? | – | Wuet al.,2014; Moore, 2001 | |
| Citrus clementina | Clementine | Rutaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Citrus sinensisandC. reticulata | ? | – | Wuet al.,2014 | |
| Citrus limon | Lemon, lime | Rutaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Citrus medica,C. × aurantiifolia,and otherCitrusspecies | ? | – | Nicolosiet al.,2000; Moore, 2001 | |
| Citrus paradisi | Grapefruit | Rutaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Citrus sinensisandC. maxima | ? | – | Wuet al.,2014; Moore, 2001 | |
| Citrus reticulata | Mandarin | Rutaceae | Interspecific introgression | Confirmed | Citrus maxima | ? | – | Wuet al.,2014 | |
| Citrus sinensis | Sweet orange (blood, common) | Rutaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain | ? | – | Wuet al.,2014; Moore, 2001 | |
| Cocos nucifera | Coconut | Arecaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Cocos nuciferaIndo-Atlantic and Pacific lineages | Homoploid | – | Gunnet al.,2011 | |
| Coffea arabica | Coffee | Rubiaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Coffea eugenioidesandC. canephora | Polyploid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=44 | Lashermeset al.,1999 | |
| Corylus avellana | Hazelnut | Betulaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | WildCorylus avellanain southern Europe | Homoploid | – | Campaet al.,2011; Boccacciet al.,2013 | |
| Cucurbita pepo | Winter squash, pumpkin | Cucurbitaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Putative | Cucurbita pepovar.texana | Homploid | – | Kirkpatrick and Wilson, 1988 | |
| Daucus carotasubsp.sativus | Carrot | Apiaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Daucus carotasubsp.carota | Homoploid | – | Iorizzoet al.,2013; Simon, 2000 | |
| Dioscoreaspecies | Yam | Dioscoreaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin, introgression | Putative | Uncertain | Variable | – | Terauchiet al.,1992; Dansiet al.,1999; Bhattacharjeeet al.,2011; Mignounaet al.,2002 | Multiple species of putative hybrid (perhaps allopolyploid) origin includingDioscorea cayennensissubsp.rotundataandD. cayennensis |
| Diospyros kaki | Persimmon | Ebenaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Uncertain | Polyploid (hexaploid) | Yonemoriet al.,2008 | ||
| Ficus carica | Fig | Moraceae | Interspecific introgression | Putative | Uncertain | ? | Aradhyaet al.,2010 | ||
| Fragaria ananassa | Strawberry | Rosaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Fragaria virginiana(octoploid),F. chiloensis(octoploid) | Homoploid relative to parentals (octoploid) | 2n=8x=56 | Evans, 1977; Hirakawaet al.,2014 | Uncertain which species formed the octoploid progenitors |
| Garcinia mangostana | Mangosteen | Clusiaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Garcinia celebicaandG. malaccensis | Polyploid (tetraploid) | ? | Richards, 1990 | Recent work shows this may not be of hybrid origin (Nazre, 2014) |
| Gossypium hirsutum | Upland cotton | Malvaceae | hybrid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain, referred to as 'A' and 'D' | Polyploid (formed <1MYA) | 2n =4x=52 | Wendel and Cronn 2003 | Polyploidization likely led to agronomically significant traits (Applequistet al.,2001) |
| Hibiscus sabdariffa | Roselle | Malvaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Uncertain | Polyploid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=72 | Menzel and Wilson, 1966; Satyaet al.,2013 | |
| Hordeum vulgare | Barley | Poaceae | Introgression | Confirmed | Hordeum spontaneum | Homoploid | Badret al.,2000; Daiet al.,2012 | ||
| Humulus lupulus | Hops | Cannabaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Humulus lupulusNorth American and European germplasm | Homoploid | Reeves and Richards, 2011; Stajneret al.,2008; Seefelderet al.,2000 | ||
| Ipomoea batatas | Sweet potato | Convolvulaceae | Intraspecific introgression; Interspecific introgression? | Putative | Ipomoea batatasCentral American and South American germplasm | Homoploid relative to parentals | Roullieret al.,2013 | ||
| Juglans regia | Walnut | Juglandaceae | Interspecific hybridization | Confirmed | Juglans sigillata | Homoploid | Gunnet al.,2010 | ||
| Lactuca sativa | Lettuce | Asteraceae | Intraspecific hybrid origin | Putative | Lactuca serriolaand otherLactucaspecies | Homoploid | de Vries, 1997 | ||
| Lagenaria siceraria | Bottle Gourd | Cucurbitaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Lagenaria sicerariaAfrican/American and Asian germplasm | Homoploid | Clarkeet al.,2006 | ||
| Lens culinarissubsp.culinaris | Lentil | Fabaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Putative | Wild lentil,Lens culinarissubsp.orientalis | Homoploid | Erskineet al.,2011 | ||
| Macadamia integrifolia | Macadamia | Proteaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression | Confirmed | Macadamia tetraphyllaand otherMacadamiaspecies | Homoploid | Hardneret al.,2009; Steigeret al.,2003; Aradhyaet al.,1998 | ||
| Malus domestica | Apple | Rosaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Malus sieversii,M. sylvestris,and possibly otherMalusspecies | Homoploid | Cornilleet al.,2012 | ||
| Mentha piperita | Peppermint | Lamiaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Mentha aquaticaandM. spicata | Polyploid (12-ploid) | 2n=12x=66 or 72 | Harley and Brighton, 1977; Gobertet al.,2002 | |
| Musa paradisiaca | Banana | Musaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Musa acuminataandM. balbisiana | Polyploid (usually triploid) | 2n=3x=33 | Simmonds and Shepherd, 1955; Heslop-Harrison and Schwarzacher, 2007; De Langheet al.,2010 | |
| Nicotiana tabacum | Tobacco | Solanaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain (Nicotiana sylvestrisandN. tomentosiformis) | Polyploid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=48 | Kentonet al.,1993; Muradet al.,2002 | |
| Olea europaea | Olive | Oleaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Putative | WildOlea europaea,western and eastern germplasm | Homoploid | Kaniewskiet al.,2012; Besnardet al.,2013; Bretonet al.,2006; Rubio de Casaset al.,2006; Besnardet al.,2007; Besnardet al.,2000 | ||
| Opuntiaspecies | Opuntia | Cactaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin, Allopolyploid origin | Putative | IncludingOpuntia ficus-indica | Polyploid, homoploid | Hugheset al.,2007; Griffith, 2004 | ||
| Oryza sativa | Rice | Poaceae | Intraspecific introgression, interspecific introgression | Putative | Oryza sativa'Japonica' and 'Indica' germplasm,Oryza rufipogon | Homoploid | Caicedoet al.,2007; Gao and Innan, 2008 | ||
| Oxalis tuberosa | Oca | Oxalidaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Uncertain | Polyploid (octaploid) | 2n=8x=64 | Emswhiller and Doyle, 2002; Emshwiller 2002; Emswhilleret al.,2009 | |
| Pennisetum glaucum | Pearl millet | Poaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | WildPennisetum glaucum | Homoploid | Oumaret al.,2008 | ||
| Persea americana | Avocado (Hass and other cultivars) | Lauraceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Persea americana'Guatamalensis', 'Drymifolia', and 'Americana' | Homoploid | Chenet al.,2008; Daviset al.,1998; Ashworth and Clegg, 2003; Douhanet al.,2011 | ||
| Phoenix dactylifera | Date palm | Arecaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Putative | Uncertain | Homoploid | El Hadramiet al.,2011; Bennaceuret al.,1991 | ||
| Piper methysticum | Kava | Piperaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Piper wichmanniiandP. gibbiflorum | Polyploid (decaploid) | 2n=10x=130 | Singh, 2004; Lebotet al.,1991 | |
| Pistacia vera | Pistachio | Anacardiaceae | Interspecific introgression | Putative | Pistacia atlantica,P. chinensissubsp.integerrima | Homoploid | Kafkaset al.,2001 | ||
| Pisum abyssinicum | Abyssinian Pea | Fabaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain (Pisum fulvumand otherPisumspecies) | Homoploid | Vershininet al.,2003 | ||
| Pisum sativum | Pea | Fabaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain (Pisum sativumsubsp.elatiusand otherPisumspecies) | Homoploid | Vershininet al.,2003 | ||
| Plinia cauliflora | Jaboticaba | Myrtaceae | Intraspecific hybridization, interspecific hybridization | Putative | Plinia'Jaboticaba' and 'Cauliflora' germplasm;P. peruviana | Homoploid | Balerdiet al.,2006 | ||
| Prunus cerasus | Cherry | Rosaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Prunus aviumandP. fruticosa | Polyploid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=32 | Tavaudet al.,2004; Olden and Nybom, 1968 | |
| Prunus domestica | Plum | Rosaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain (Prunus cerasiferaandP. spinosa | Polyploid (hexaploid) | 2n=6x=48 | Zohary, 1992; Hartmann and Neumuller, 2009 | Also hybridizes with other cultivatedPrunusspecies |
| Prunus dulcis | Almond | Rosaceae | Interspecific introgression | Confirmed | Prunus orientalisand otherPrunusspecies | Homoploid | Delplanckeet al.,2012; Delplanckeet al.,2013 | ||
| Pyrusspecies | Pear | Rosaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Many species | Homoploid | Silvaet al.,2014 | Also introgression with semidomesticated populations (see Iketaniet al.2009) | |
| Raphanus raphanistrumsubsp.sativus | Radish | Brassicaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Raphanus raphanistrumsubsp.raphanistrum | Homoploid | Ridleyet al.,2008 | ||
| Rheumcultivated species | Rhubarb | Polygonaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Putative | Unclear | Homoploid relative to parentals (tetraploid) | Foust and Marshall, 1991; Kuhl and Deboer, 2008 | Hybrids include: Rheum rhaponticum L., R. rhabarbarum L., R. palmatum L. | |
| Rubusspecies | Red raspberry, blackberry, tayberry, boysenberry, etc. | Rosaceae | Allopolyploid origin, interspecific hybridization | Confirmed | Many | Polyploid | Aliceet al.,2014; Alice and Campbell, 1999 | ||
| Saccharumspecies | Sugarcane | Poaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Saccharum officinarumandS. spontaneum | Polyploid | Variable, 2n=10-13x=100-130 | Grivetet al.,1995; D'Hontet al.,1996 | |
| Secale cereale | Rye | Poaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain (Secale montanum,S. vavilovii) | Homoploid | Bartoset al.,2008; Korzunet al.,2001; Hillman, 1978; Tanget al.,2011; Salaminiet al.,2002 | ||
| Sechium edule | Chayote | Cucurbitaceae | Interspecific introgression | Putative | Sechium compositum | Homoploid | Newstrom, 1991 | ||
| Setaria italica | Foxtail millet | Poaceae | Interspecific introgression | Confirmed | Setaria viridis | Homoploid | Till-Bottraudet al.,1992 | ||
| Solanumspecies section Petota | Potato | Solanaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin, allopolyploid origin, interspecific introgression | Confirmed | IncludingSolanum tuberosum,S. ajanhuiri,S. curtilobum,S. juzepczukii | Homoploid and Polyploid | Rodriguezet al.,2010; Eggerset al.,2021[2] | ||
| Solanum lycopersicum | Tomato | Solanaceae | Intraspecific introgression, interspecific introgression | Confirmed | Solanum lycopersicumvar.cerasiformeandS. pimpinellifolium | Homoploid | Blancaet al.,2012; Causseet al.,2013; Rick, 1950 | ||
| Solanum melongena | Eggplant | Solanaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression, intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Solanum undatum.and otherSolanumspecies; wildS. melongena(=S. insanum) | Homoploid | Knappet al.,2013; Meyeret al.,2012 | Hybrid origin is not confirmed, but introgression is well documented | |
| Solanum muricatum | Pepino dulce | Solanaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression | Likely | Solanumspecies in Series Caripensia | Homoploid | Blancaet al.,2007 | Polyphyletic origin and extensive, ongoing introgression with wild species | |
| Solanum tuberosum | Potato | Solanaceae | Intraspecific Hybrid | Confirmed | Diploid potato lines crossed withS. chacoensecontaining Sli gene | Homoploid | Lindhoutet al.,2011 | ||
| Spondias purpurea | Jocote | Anacardiaceae | Interspecific introgression | Putative | Spondias mombin | Homoploid | Miller and Schaal, 2005 | ||
| Theobroma cacao | Cacao (Trinitario-type) | Malvaceae | Intraspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Theobroma cacao'Forastero' and 'Criollo' germplasm | Homoploid | Yanget al.,2013 | ||
| Triticum aestivum | Bread wheat, spelt | Poaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Triticum turgidum(tetraploid) withAegilops tauschii | Polyploid (hexaploid) | 2n=6x=42 | Matsuoka, 2011; Dvorak, 2012 | |
| Triticum turgidum | Emmer wheat, durum wheat | Poaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Triticum urartuandAegilops speltoides | Polyploid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=28 | Dvoraket al.,2012; Matsuoka, 2011; Yamane and Kawahara, 2005 | |
| Vaccinium corymbosum | Highbush blueberry | Ericaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression | Putative | Vaccinium tenellum,V. darrowii,(V. virgatum,V. angustifolium) | Uncertain | Vander Kloet, 1980; Bruederleet al.,1994; Lyreneet al.,2003; Bocheset al.,2006 | Possible hybrid origin during the Pleistocene | |
| Vanilla × tahitensis | Tahitian vanilla | Orchidaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Vanilla planifoliaandV. odorata | Polyploid | Variable, 2n=2x(4x)=32(64) | Lubinskyet al.,2008 | |
| Vitis rotundifolia | Grape | Vitaceae | Interspecific introgression | Confirmed | ManyVitisspecies | Homoploid | 2n=2x=38 | Reischet al.,2012; Thiset al.,2006 | |
| Zea mays | Maize | Poaeceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | WildZea mays(teosinte,=subsp.parviglumis) | Homoploid | Van Heerwaardenet al.,2011; Huffordet al.,2013 |
References
edit- ^"Lilium Hybrids".Pacific Bulb Society.Retrieved22 March2015.
- ^Eggers, Ernst-Jan; Burgt, van der; Heusden, van; W., Sjaak A.; Vries, de; E., Michiel; Visser, Richard G. F.; Bachem, Christian W. B.; Lindhout, Pim (2021-07-06)."Neofunctionalisation of the Sli gene leads to self-compatibility and facilitates precision breeding in potato".Nature Communications.12(1): 4141.Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.4141E.doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24267-6.ISSN2041-1723.PMC8260583.PMID34230471.
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