Wikipedia

Loonie

This article is about the current Canadian one-dollar coin. For the old dollar coin struck from 1935 to 1986, seeVoyageur dollar.For the Canadian dollar as a currency, seeCanadian dollar.For other uses, seeLooney (disambiguation).

Theloonie(French:huard), formally theCanadian one-dollar coin,is a gold-colouredCanadian cointhat was introduced in 1987 and is produced by theRoyal Canadian Mintat its facility inWinnipeg.The most prevalent versions of the coin show acommon loon,a bird found throughout Canada, on thereverseandQueen Elizabeth II,the nation's head of state at the time of the coin's issue, on theobverse.Various commemorative and specimen-set editions of the coin with special designs replacing the loon on the reverse have been minted over the years. Beginning in December 2023, a new version featuring KingCharles IIIentered circulation, to replace the version featuring Elizabeth II.

Loonie
Canada
Value1CAD
Mass6.27 g
Diameter26.5 mm
Thickness1.95 mm
EdgeEleven-sided,smooth, 7.5mm
CompositionSteel,brassplating
Years of minting1987–present
Catalogue number–
Obverse
DesignElizabeth II,Queen of Canada
DesignerSusanna Blunt
Design date2003
Design discontinued2023
DesignCharles III,King of Canada
DesignerSteven Rosati
Design date2023
Reverse
DesignCommon looninwater
DesignerRobert-Ralph Carmichael[1]
Design date1987
DesignCommon looninwater
DesignerRobert-Ralph Carmichael
Design date2012

The coin's outline is an11-sidedReuleaux polygon.Its diameter of 26.5 mm and its 11-sidedness matched that of the already-circulatingSusan B. Anthony dollarin the United States, and its thickness of 1.95 mm was a close match to the latter's 2.0 mm. Its gold colour differed from the silver-coloured Anthony dollar; however, the succeedingSacagaweaandPresidential dollarsmatched the loonie's overall hue. Other coins using a non-circularcurve of constant widthinclude the 7-sidedBritishtwenty penceandfifty pencecoins (the latter of which has similar size and value to the loonie, but is silver in colour).

After its introduction, the coin became ametonymfor theCanadian dollar:media often discuss the rate at which theloonieis trading against other currencies.[2]The nicknamelooniebecame so widely recognized that in 2006, theRoyal Canadian Mintsecured the rights to it.[3]When the Canadian two-dollar coin was introduced in 1996, it was in turn nicknamed the "toonie"(aportmanteauof "two" and "loonie" ).

Background

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Canada first minted asilver dollar coinin 1935 to celebrate the 25th anniversary ofGeorge V's reign asking.[4]Thevoyageur dollar,so named because it featured anIndigenousperson and a Frenchvoyageurpaddling acanoeon the reverse, was minted in silver until 1967, after which it was composed primarily of nickel.[5]The coins did not see wide circulation, mainly due to their size and weight; the nickel version weighed 15.6 grams (0.55 oz) and was 32.1 millimetres (1.26 in) in diameter,[6]and was itself smaller than the silver version.[7]

By 1982, theRoyal Canadian Minthad begun work on a new composition for the dollar coin that it hoped would lead to increased circulation.[6]At the same time, vending machine operators and transit systems were lobbying theGovernment of Canadato replace the dollar banknotes with more widely circulating coins. ACommons committeerecommended in 1985 that the dollar bill be eliminated despite a lack of evidence that Canadians would support the move.[8]The government argued that it would save between $175 million and $250 million over 20 years by switching from bills that had a lifespan of less than a year to coins that would last two decades.[9]

History

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The government announced on March 25, 1986, that the new dollar coin would be launched the following year as a replacement for the dollar bill, which would be phased out.[10]It was expected to cost $31.8 million to produce the first 300 million coins, but throughseigniorage(the difference between the cost of production and the coin's value), expected to make up to $40 million a year on the coins. From the proceeds, a total of $60 million over five years was dedicated toward funding the1988 Winter Olympicsin Calgary.[11]

The failure of theSusan B. Anthony dollarcoin in the United States had been considered and it was believed Americans refused to support the coin due to its similarity to theirquartercoin and its lack of aesthetic appeal.[8]In announcing the new Canadian dollar coin, the government stated it would be the same overall size as the Susan B. Anthony coin – slightly larger than a quarter – to allow for compatibility with American manufactured vending machines, but would beeleven-sidedand gold-coloured.[10]

It was planned that the coin would continue using thevoyageurtheme of its predecessor, but the master dies that had been struck in Ottawa were lost in transit en route to the Mint's facility at Winnipeg.[12]A Commons committee struck to investigate the loss discovered that the Mint had no documented procedures for transport of master dies and that it had shipped them via a local courier in a bid to save $43.50. It was also found to be the third time that the Mint had lost master dies within five years.[13]An internal review by the Royal Canadian Mint argued that while a policy existed to ship the obverse and reverse dies separately, the new coin dies were packaged separately but were part of the same shipment. The Mint also disagreed with theRoyal Canadian Mounted Police's contention that the dies were simply lost in transit, believing instead that they were stolen.[14]The dies were never recovered.[12]

Fearing the possibility of counterfeiting, the government approved a new design for the reverse, replacing thevoyageurwith aRobert-Ralph Carmichaeldesign of acommon loonfloating in water.[12]The coin was immediately nicknamed the "loonie" across English Canada, and became known as a "huard",French for" loon ", in Quebec.[9]The loonie entered circulation on June 30, 1987, as 40 million coins were introduced into major cities across the country.[15]Over 800 million loonies had been struck by the coin's 20th anniversary.[16]

After a 21-month period in which the loonie and $1 note were produced concurrently with each other, the Bank of Canada ceased production of the dollar banknote. The final dollar bills were printed on June 30, 1989.[17]Initial support for the coin was mixed,[18]but withdrawing the banknote forced acceptance of the coin.[19]

The loonie has subsequently gained iconic status within Canada,[16]and is now regarded as a national symbol.[20]The term "loonie" has since become synonymous with the Canadian dollar itself.[21]The town ofEcho Bay, Ontario,home ofRobert-Ralph Carmichael,erected a large loonie monument in his honour in 1992 along the highway, similar toSudbury's 'Big Nickel'.[22]

A year after the death ofElizabeth II,a new loonie featuring the image ofCharles IIIdesigned by Steven Rosati was revealed on November 14, 2023. A small number of the coins entered circulation in December 2023.[23]

Lucky loonie

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The 2010 Olympic "lucky" loonie

Officials for the2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympicsinvited theNational Hockey League's ice making consultant, Dan Craig, to oversee the city'sE Centerarena, where theice hockey tournamentwas being held. Craig invited a couple of members from the ice crew in his hometown of Edmonton to assist. One of them, Trent Evans, secretly placed a loonie at centre ice. He had originally placed adime,but added the loonie after the smaller coin quickly vanished as the ice surface was built up.[24]He placed the coins after realizing there was no target at centre ice forrefereesto aim for when dropping the puck for afaceoff.A thin yellow dot was painted on the ice surface over the coins, though the loonie was faintly visible to those who knew to look for it.[25]

Keeping the coin a secret, Evans told only a few people of its placement and swore them to secrecy. Among those told were the players of themen'sandwomen'steams.[25]Both Canadian teams went on to win gold medals. Several members of the women's team kissed the spot where the coin was buried following their victory.[24]After the men won their final, the coin was dug up and given toWayne Gretzky,the team's executive-director, who revealed the existence of the "lucky loonie" at a post-game press conference.[26]

The lucky loonie quickly became a piece of Canadian lore.[27]The original lucky loonie was donated to theHockey Hall of Fame,[28]and Canadians have subsequently hidden loonies at several international competitions, including the2008 Olympic Gamesand the2010 IIHF World Championships.[29]Loonies were buried in the foundations of facilities built for the2010 Winter Olympicsin Vancouver.[30]

Capitalizing on the tradition, the Royal Canadian Mint has released a commemorative edition "lucky loonie" for each Olympic Games since 2004.[29]

Composition

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The weight of the coin was originally specified as 108grains,equivalent to 6.998 grams.[31]The coin's diameter is 26.5mm.[32]

When introduced, loonie coins were made of aureate, abronze–electroplatednickelcombination. Beginning in 2007, some loonie blanks also began to be produced with acyanide-free brass plating process. In the second quarter of 2012, the composition switched to multi-plybrass-platedsteel.As a result, the weight dropped from 7.00 to 6.27 grams.[33]This resulted in the 2012 loonie not being accepted in some vending machines.[34]The Toronto Parking Authority estimated that at about $345 per machine, it would cost about $1 million to upgrade almost 3,000 machines to accept the new coins. The Mint stated that multi-ply plated steel technology, already used in Canada's smaller coinage, produces an electromagnetic signature that is harder to counterfeit than that of regular alloy coins; also, using steel provides cost savings and avoids fluctuations in price or supply of nickel.[35]

On April 10, 2012, the Royal Canadian Mint announced design changes to the loonie andtoonie,which include new security features.[36][37]

Commemorative editions

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Alongside the regular minting of the loonie with the standard image of the common loon on the coin's reverse, the Royal Canadian Mint has also released commemorative editions of the one-dollar coin for a variety of occasions. These coins have a circulation-grade finish and have been made available to the public in five-coin packs and in 25-coin rolls in addition to being released directly into circulation.

Commemorative editions of the Canadian $1 coin
Year Theme Artist Mintage Notes
1992 125th anniversary ofConfederation[38] Rita Swanson 23,010,000 Showing children and theParliament Building.The regular loon design was also minted that year bearing the double date "1867–1992".
1994 Remembrance design[39] RCM Staff 15,000,000 Image of theNational War Memorialin Ottawa
1995 Peacekeeping Monument[39] J. K. Harman, Richard Henriquez,Gregory Henriquez,C. H. Oberlander, Susan Taylor 41,813,100 (see note) Included in 1995 loonie mintage
2004 Olympic lucky loonie[40] R.R. Carmichael 6,526,000[41] First lucky loonie. Released for the2004 Summer Olympicsheld inAthens,Greece.
2005 Terry Fox Stan Witten 12,909,000[41] Fox is the first Canadian citizen to be featured on a circulated Canadian coin. There are versions that exist without grass on the reverse of the coin.[40]
2006 Olympic lucky loonie Jean-Luc Grondin 10,495,000[41] Second lucky loonie. Released for the2006 Winter Olympicsheld inTurin,Italy.
2008 Olympic lucky loonie Jean-Luc Grondin 10,000,000 Third lucky loonie. Released for the2008 Summer Olympicsheld inBeijing,China.
2009 Montreal Canadiens centennial Susanna Blunt 10,000,000[42] The coin features theMontreal Canadiens' "CH" logo and is double-dated 1909–2009.
2010 Olympic lucky loonie RCM Staff 11,000,000 Fourth lucky loonie. Released for the2010 Winter Olympicsheld inVancouver.Includes the 2010 Winter Olympics symbol ilanaaq, an inukshuk.
2010 Navycentennial Bonnie Ross 7,000,000[43] Features aHalifax-classfrigatebelow anchor, a 1910 naval serviceman and a modern-day female naval officer.
2010 Saskatchewan Roughriders centennial Susanna Blunt 3,000,000[44] Features the Roughriders logo along with a stylized 100.
2011 Parks Canadacentennial[45] Nolin BBDO Montreal[46] 5,000,000 Features stylized land, air and aquatic fauna, varieties of flora, as well as a symbolic park building and the silhouette of a hiker framed by a snow-capped mountain range.[46]
2012 Olympic lucky loonie Emily Damstra 5,000,000 Fifth lucky loonie. Released for the2012 Summer Olympicsheld inLondon,United Kingdom. Features a common loon with its wings spread, the Olympic rings, and a laser-etched maple leaf.[47]
2012 100th Grey Cup RCM Staff 5,000,000[48] Features the Grey Cup with "100th Grey Cup" in English and French.
2014 Olympic lucky loonie Emily Damstra 5,000,000 Sixth lucky loonie. Released for the2014 Winter Olympicsheld inSochi,Russia. Features a common loon with its wings spread sitting on a lake, the Canadian Olympic team logo, and a laser-etched maple leaf. Same design as the 2012 version of the lucky loonie.[49]
2016 Women's right to vote Laurie McGaw 5,000,000 Features a woman casting a ballot with a girl to commemorate the 100th anniversary ofwomen's suffrage in Canada.
2016 Olympic lucky loonie Derek Wicks 5,000,000 Seventh lucky loonie. Released for the2016 Summer Olympicsheld inRio de Janeiro,Brazil. Shows the image of a common loon on the water, poised for take-off with an arched body and outstretched wings, with a stylized maple leaf in the background.[50]
2017 Connecting a Nation Wesley Klassen 10,000,000 Commemorating the150th anniversaryof the Confederation of Canada. The design features the railroad and landmarks such as theLions Gate Bridge,a prairiegrain elevator,theCN Tower,Quebec City'sChâteau FrontenacHotel and an East Coast lighthouse. The theme of the coin is "Our Achievements".[51]
2017 Toronto Maple Leafs 100th anniversary Steven Rosati 5,150,000 The design features theLeafslogo, the double date "1917–2017", two hockey sticks crossed under a Canadian maple leaf, and a hockey puck between the words "Canada Dollar" written around the top of the coin.
2019 LGBTequality Joe Average 3,000,000[52] 50th anniversary of the1969 decriminalization of homosexuality in Canada.Design features two overlapping human faces within a large circle, and the word "equality" in both French and English.[53]The design was issued both as a regular $1 coin and as a limited-edition $10 collector's coin in full colour.[54]
2020 75th anniversary of the signing of theCharter of the United Nations Joel Kimmel
  • 2,000,000 (colour)
  • 1,000,000 (regular)[55]
 In a nod to the UN logo, a world map within an olive branch wreath is paired with a maple leaf to symbolize Canada's commitment to the UN and its values.[56]
2021 125th anniversary of theKlondike Gold Rush Jori van der Linde
  • 2,000,000 (colour)
  • 1,000,000 (regular)[57]
 The coin features a rendition of the gold discovery that set off the Klondike Gold Rush. Under the shining sun, Keish ( "Skookum" Jim Mason), Shaaw Tlàa (Kate Carmack), Kàa Goox (Dawson Charlie), all of whom were of Lingít and Tagish descent, and George Carmack can be seen panning for gold at the edge of Gàh Dek (Rabbit Creek / Bonanza Creek). The pictorial symbol for Ëdhä Dädhëchą (Moosehide Slide) is highlighted in red and white on coloured coins; it appears on the opposite side of the creek and represents the Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in and their deep, abiding connection to the land.[58]
2022 CelebratingOscar Peterson Valentine De Landro
  • 2,000,000 (colour)
  • 1,000,000 (regular)[59][60]
 The coin features Peterson seated at a piano, playing his civil rights anthem "Hymn to Freedom", while musical notes and chord symbols from that piece also appear in the design. Coloured coins feature a purple background as a nod to Peterson's favourite colour.[61]
2022 175th anniversary of the birth ofAlexander Graham Bell Christopher Gorey
  • 2,000,000 (colour)
  • 1,000,000 (regular)[62]
 The coin features a reproduction of Bell's signature, paired with a portrait of the inventor. He is accompanied schematic illustrations of theSilver Dart—the aircraft that achieved the first controlled, powered flight in Canada—and the record-settingHD-4 hydrofoil;both crafts made history on Bras d'Or Lake, represented by the waves that are highlighted in blue on the colourized coin.[63]
2023 HonouringElsie MacGill Claire Watson
  • 2,000,000 (colour)
  • 1,000,000 (regular)[64]
 Featured on the coin isElsie MacGill,the wordCanadaat the top, the worddollarat the bottom, and aHawker Hurricanein the sky which appears in colour on select coins. On the reverse isQueen Elizabeth IIand the dates "1952–2022" in honour of her reign.[65]
2024 150th anniversary of the birth ofL. M. Montgomery Brenda Jones[66]
  • 2,000,000 (colour)
  • 1,000,000 (regular)[66]
 Portrait of Montgomery beside titular characterAnne of Green Gables,an open portfolio, and an inkwell. The background of the coin features the landscape ofPrince Edward Island,the setting of many of Montgomery's stories, which is coloured on select coins.[67]

Terry Fox loonie

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The Terry Fox Loonie was unveiled in 2005 and designed by Senior EngraverStanley Witten.[68][69]The coin depicts the Canadian athlete, humanitarian, and cancer research activistTerry Fox.[70]

Following his design of the 2005 Terry Fox loonie, Witten told theOttawa Citizenthat "while sculpting the design, I wanted to capture Terry fighting the elements, running against the wind, towering over wind-bent trees on a lonely stretch of Canadian wilderness."[68]

Specimen set editions

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In 1997, 2002, and each year since 2004, the Royal Canadian Mint has issued a one-dollar coin that depicts a different and unique image of a bird on the coin's reverse.[71]These special loonies have limited mintages and are available only in the six-coin specimen sets.

TheBig LoonieinEcho Bay,Ontario
Year Theme Artist Mintage
1997 10th anniversary of the loonie[71] Jean-Luc Grondin 97,595
2002 15th anniversary of the loonie[72] Dora de Pédery-Hunt 67,672
2004 Jack MinerBird Sanctuary[73] Susan Taylor 46,493
2005 Tufted puffin[74] Mark Hobson 39,818
2006 Snowy owl[75] Glen Loates 39,935
2007 Trumpeter swan Kerri Burnett 40,000
2008 Common eider Mark Hobson 40,000
2009 Great blue heron Chris Jordison 40,000
2010 Northern harrier Arnold Nogy 35,000
2011 Great grey owl Arnold Nogy 35,000
2012 25th anniversary of the loonie Arnold Nogy 35,000
2013 Blue-winged teal Glen Loates 50,000
2014 Ferruginous hawk Trevor Tennant 50,000
2015 Blue jay Brent Townsend 30,000
2016 Tundra swan Glen Scrimshaw 30,000
2017 Snow goose Pierre Girard 30,000
2018 Burrowing owl Pierre Girard 30,000
2019 Pileated woodpecker Jean-Charles Daumas 30,000
2020 Black-footed ferret Caitlin Lindstrom-Milne 25,000
2021 Blanding's turtle Pierre Girard 30,000
2022 Swift fox Claude Thivierge 30,000
2023 Greater sage-grouse David Caesar 30,000

First strikes

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Year Theme Mintage
2005 Common loon 1,944
2005 Terry Fox[40] 19,949
2006 Lucky Loonie 20,010
2006 With new Mint mark 5,000
2023 KingCharles IIIobverse[76] 15,000

References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^"1 dollar".Royal Canadian Mint.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedNovember 26,2022.
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  7. ^Cross 2011,p. 206
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  38. ^Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Anniversary Edition, p. 174
  39. ^abCharlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Anniversary Edition, p. 175
  40. ^abcCharlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Anniversary Edition, p. 177
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  69. ^"Terry Fox Loonie (2005)".Royal Canadian Mint.Archived fromthe originalon March 22, 2020.RetrievedNovember 26,2022.
  70. ^"Dollar coin honours Terry Fox".CBC News.March 14, 2005.Archivedfrom the original on March 15, 2021.RetrievedMarch 22,2020.
  71. ^ab"Canadian Specimen Set 1 Dollar Coins".saskatooncoinclub.ca.Archived fromthe originalon October 13, 2023.RetrievedNovember 20,2020.
  72. ^Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Anniversary Edition, p. 315
  73. ^Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 62nd Edition, p. 236
  74. ^Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 62nd Edition, p. 237
  75. ^Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 62nd Edition, p. 238
  76. ^"A New Royal Era".mint.ca.Archivedfrom the original on January 8, 2024.RetrievedJanuary 10,2024.

Bibliography

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  • Cross, W. K., ed. (2011),Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins; Volume One, Numismatic Issues 2012(66th ed.), Toronto: The Charlton Press,ISBN978-0-88968-347-1
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