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Louis Kahn

(Redirected fromLouis I. Kahn)
For the American computer scientist, seeLouis B. Kahn.For the French Jewish admiral, seeLouis Kahn (admiral).

Louis Isadore Kahn(bornItze-Leib Schmuilowsky;March 5 [O.S.February 20] 1901 – March 17, 1974) was anEstonian-born American architect[2]based inPhiladelphia.After working in various capacities for several firms in Philadelphia, he founded his ownatelierin 1935. While continuing his private practice, he served as a design critic and professor of architecture atYale School of Architecturefrom 1947 to 1957. From 1957 until his death, he was a professor of architecture at the School of Design at theUniversity of Pennsylvania.

Louis Kahn
Kahn in June 1969
Born
Itze-Leib Schmuilowsky

(1901-02-20)February 20, 1901
Kuressaare,Governorate of Livonia,Russian Empire(present-dayKuressaare,Estonia)[1]
DiedMarch 17, 1974(1974-03-17)(aged 73)
New York City, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
OccupationArchitect
AwardsAIA Gold Medal
RIBA Gold Medal
BuildingsJatiya Sangsad Bhaban
Yale University Art Gallery
Salk Institute
Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad
Phillips Exeter Academy Library
Kimbell Art Museum
ProjectsCenter ofPhiladelphia,Urban and Traffic Study

Kahn created a style that was monumental and monolithic; his heavy buildings for the most part do not hide their weight, their materials, or the way they are assembled. He was awarded theAIA Gold Medaland theRIBA Gold Medal.At the time of his death, he was considered by some as "America's foremost living architect."[3]

Biography

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Early life

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Jesse Oser House, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania (1940)

Louis Kahn, whose original name was Itze-Leib (Leiser-Itze) Schmuilowsky (Schmalowski), was born into a poor Jewish family in theRussian Empire(present-day Estonia). His exact birthplace is disputed, but it is widely regarded to beKuressaare,Saaremaa,[4]although some sources mentionPärnu.[5]

He spent his early childhood in Kuressaare on the island of Saaremaa, then part of the Russian Empire'sLivonian Governorate.At the age of three, he saw coals in the stove and was captivated by the light of the coal. He put the coal in his apron, which caught on fire and burned his face.[6]He carried these scars for the rest of his life.[7]

In 1906, his family emigrated to the United States, as they feared that his father would be recalled into the military during theRusso-Japanese War.His birth year may have been inaccurately recorded in the process of immigration. According to his son's 2003 documentary film, the family could not afford pencils. They made their own charcoal sticks from burnt twigs so that Louis could earn a little money from drawings.[8]Later he earned money by playing piano to accompany silent movies in theaters. He became anaturalized citizenof the U.S. on May 15, 1914. His father changed their name to Kahn in 1915.[8]

Education

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Kahn excelled in art from a young age, repeatedly winning the annual award for the best watercolor by a Philadelphia high school student. He was an unenthusiastic and undistinguished student atPhiladelphia Central High Schooluntil he took a course in architecture in his senior year, which convinced him to become an architect. He turned down an offer to go to thePennsylvania Academy of the Fine Artsto study art under a full scholarship, instead working at a variety of jobs to pay his own tuition for a degree in architecture at theUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Fine Arts.There, he studied underPaul Philippe Cretin a version of theBeaux-Arts tradition,one that discouraged excessive ornamentation.[9]

Career

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After completing hisBachelor of Architecturein 1924, Kahn worked as senior draftsman in the office of the city architect, John Molitor. He worked on the designs for the1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition.[10]

In 1928, Kahn made a European tour. He was interested particularly in the medieval walled city ofCarcassonne,France, and the castles of Scotland, rather than any of the strongholds ofclassicismormodernism.[11]After returning to the United States in 1929, Kahn worked in the offices ofPaul Philippe Cret,his former studio critic at the University of Pennsylvania, and then withZantzinger, Borie and Medaryin Philadelphia.[10]

In 1932, Kahn andDominique Berningerfounded theArchitectural Research Group,whose members were interested in thepopulistsocial agendaand newaestheticsof the Europeanavant-gardes.Among the projects Kahn worked on during this collaboration are schemes for public housing that he had presented to thePublic Works Administration,which supported some similar projects during theGreat Depression.[10]They remained unbuilt.

Louis Kahn'sSalk Institute

Among the more important of Kahn's early collaborations was one withGeorge Howe.[12]Kahn worked with Howe in the late 1930s on projects for thePhiladelphia Housing Authorityand again in 1940, along with German-born architectOscar Stonorov,for the design of housing developments in other parts ofPennsylvania.[13]A formal architectural office partnership between Kahn and Oscar Stonorov began in February 1942 and ended in March 1947, which produced fifty-four documented projects and buildings.[14][15]

Kahn did not arrive at his distinctive architectural style until he was in his fifties. Initially working in a fairly orthodox version of the International Style, he was strongly influenced by a stay as architect-in-residence at theAmerican Academy in Romeduring 1950, which marked a turning point in his career. After visiting the ruins of ancient buildings in Italy, Greece, and Egypt, he adopted a back-to-the-basics approach. He developed his own style, as influenced by earlier modern movements, but not limited by their sometimes-dogmatic ideologies. In the 1950s and 1960s, as a consultant architect for the Philadelphia City Planning Commission, Kahn developed several plans for the center of Philadelphia that were never executed.[16]

In 1961, he received a grant from theGraham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Artsto studytraffic movementinPhiladelphiaand to create a proposal for aviaductsystem.[17][18]

He described this proposal at a lecture given in 1962 at the International Design Conference in Aspen, Colorado:

In the center of town the streets should become buildings. This should be interplayed with a sense of movement which does not tax local streets for non-local traffic. There should be a system of viaducts which encase an area which can reclaim the local streets for their own use, and it should be made so this viaduct has a ground floor of shops and usable area. A model which I did for the Graham Foundation recently, and which I presented to Mr. Entenza, showed the scheme.[19]

Kahn's teaching career began atYale Universityin 1947. He eventually was named as theAlbert F. Bemis ProfessorofArchitecture and PlanningatMassachusetts Institute of Technologyin 1956. Kahn then returned to Philadelphia to teach at theUniversity of Pennsylvaniafrom 1957 until his death, becoming thePaul Philippe Cret Professor of Architecture.He also was a visiting lecturer atPrinceton University School of Architecturefrom 1961 to 1967.

In 1974, Kahn died of a heart attack[3]soon after a work trip to India.[3]

Awards and honors

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Kahn was elected aFellowin theAmerican Institute of Architects(AIA) in 1953. He was made a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1964, the year he was awarded theFrank P. Brown Medal.In 1965, he was elected into theNational Academy of Designas an Associate Academician, and received an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from Yale University.[20]He was made a member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciencesin 1968 and awarded theAIA Gold Medal,the highest award given by the AIA, in 1971, and the Royal Gold Medal by theRoyal Institute of British Architects(RIBA), in 1972.[21][22]In 1971, he received the Golden Plate Award of theAmerican Academy of Achievement.[23]

Personal life

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Kahn had three children with three women. With his wife Esther he had a daughter, Sue Ann.[3]WithAnne Tyng,who began her working collaboration and personal relationship with Kahn in 1945, he also had a daughter, Alexandra. When Tyng became pregnant in 1953, to mitigate the scandal, she went to Rome for the birth of their daughter.[24]WithHarriet Pattison,he had a son,Nathaniel Kahn.Anne Tyng was an architect and teacher, while Harriet Pattison was a pioneering landscape architect.[25]Kahn's obituary inThe New York Times,written byPaul Goldberger,mentions only Esther and his daughter by her as survivors.[3]

Documentary

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In 2003, Nathaniel Kahn released a documentary about his father,My Architect: A Son's Journey.TheOscar-nominated film provides views and insights into Kahn's architecture while exploring him personally through his family, friends and colleagues.[26]

Designs

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Kimbell Art Museum,Fort Worth, Texas (1966–1972)
Play of light insideJatiyo Sangshad Bhaban
  • Yale University Art Gallery,New Haven, Connecticut (1951–1953), the first significant commission of Louis Kahn. The ceilings, which are three feet (0.9 meters) thick, consist of a grid of triangular openings that draw the eye upward into dimly-lit, three-sided pyramidal spaces. These exposed spaces provide the means for channeling the heating, cooling, and electrical services throughout the galleries.[27]
  • Richards Medical Research Laboratories,University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1957–1965), a breakthrough in Kahn's career that helped set new directions for modern architecture with its clear expression of served and servant spaces and its evocation of the architecture of the past.
  • TheSalk Institute,La Jolla, California (1959–1965) was to be a campus composed of three main clusters: meeting and conference areas, living quarters, and laboratories. Only the laboratory cluster, consisting of two parallel blocks enclosing a water garden, was built. The two laboratory blocks frame a long view of the Pacific Ocean, accentuated by a thin linear fountain that seems to reach for the horizon. It has been named "arguably the defining work" of Kahn.[28]
  • First Unitarian Church,Rochester, New York (1959–1969), named as one of the greatest religious structures of the twentieth century byPaul Goldberger,thePulitzer Prize-winning architectural critic.[29]Tall, narrow window recesses create an irregular rhythm of shadows on the exterior while four light towers flood the sanctuary walls with indirect, natural light.
  • Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College and Hospital,Dhaka, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
  • Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad,inAhmedabad,India (1961)
  • Eleanor Donnelly Erdman Hall,Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania (1960–1965), designed as a modern Scottish castle.[30]
  • Phillips Exeter Academy Library,Exeter, New Hampshire (1965–1972), awarded theTwenty-five Year Awardby theAmerican Institute of Architectsin 1997. Its dramatic atrium features enormous circular openings into the book stacks.
  • Kimbell Art Museum,Fort Worth, Texas (1967–1972), features repeated bays of cycloid-shaped barrel vaults with light slits along the apex, which bathe the artwork on display in an ever-changing diffuse light.
  • Arts United Center,Fort Wayne, Indiana (1973), The only building realized of a ten-building Arts Campus vision, Kahn's only theatre and building in the Midwest
  • Hurva Synagogue,Jerusalem, Israel, (1968–1974), unbuilt
  • Yale Center for British Art,Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (1969–1974)
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park,Roosevelt Island, New York (1972–1974), construction completed 2012
  • Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban(National Assembly Building) in Dhaka, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) was Kahn's last project, developed 1962 to 1974. Kahn got the design contract with the help ofMuzharul Islam,one of his students atYale University,who worked with him on the project. The Bangladeshi Parliament building is the centerpiece of the national capital complex designed by Kahn, which includes hostels, dining halls, and a hospital. According to Robert McCarter, author ofLouis I. Kahn,"it is one of the twentieth century's greatest architectural monuments, and is without question Kahn's magnum opus."[31]

Timeline of works

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Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban,Dhaka; considered as Kahn'smagnum opus
Interior ofPhillips Exeter Academy Library,Exeter, New Hampshire (1965–1972)

All dates refer to the year project commenced

Legacy

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360° panorama in the courtyard of theSalk Institute for Biological StudiesinLa Jolla, California(1959–1965)
Panorama of theIndian Institute of Management Ahmedabad,Gujarat, India
Louis Kahn Memorial Park,S. 11th and Pine Streets,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania

Louis Kahn's work infused theInternational stylewith a fastidious, highly personal taste.Isamu Noguchicalled him "a philosopher among architects." He was concerned with creating strong formal distinctions betweenservedspaces andservantspaces. What he meant byservantspaces was not spaces for servants, but rather spaces that serve other spaces, such as stairwells, corridors, restrooms, or any other back-of-house function such as storage space or mechanical rooms. His palette of materials tended toward heavily textured brick and bare concrete, the textures often reinforced by juxtaposition to highly refined surfaces such as travertine marble. Kahn argued that brick can be more than the basic building material:

If you think of Brick, you say to Brick, 'What do you want, Brick?' And Brick says to you, 'I like an Arch.' And if you say to Brick, 'Look, arches are expensive, and I can use a concrete lintel over you. What do you think of that, Brick?' Brick says, 'I like an Arch.' And it's important, you see, that you honor the material that you use.... You can only do it if you honor the brick and glorify the brick instead of shortchanging it.[19]

In addition to the influence Kahn's better-known work has on contemporary architects (such asMuzharul Islam,Tadao Ando), some of his work (especially the unbuilt City Tower Project) became very influential among thehigh-techarchitects of the late twentieth century (such asRenzo Piano,who worked in Kahn's office,Richard Rogers,andNorman Foster).[37]His prominent apprentices includeMuzharul Islam,Moshe Safdie,Robert Venturi,Jack Diamond,andCharles Dagit.

Many years after his death, Kahn continues to provoke controversy. Before hisFranklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Parkat the southern tip ofRoosevelt Islandwas built,[38]the editors ofThe New York Timesopined:

There's a magic to the project. That the task is daunting makes it worthy of the man it honors, who guided the nation through the Depression, the New Deal and a world war. As for Mr. Kahn, he died in 1974, as he passed alone through New York City's Penn Station. In his briefcase were renderings of the memorial, his last completed plan.[39]

The editorial describes Kahn's plan as:

... simple and elegant. Drawing inspiration from Roosevelt's defense of the Four Freedoms—of speech and religion, and from want and fear—he designed an open 'room and a garden' at the bottom of the island. Trees on either side form a 'V' defining a green space, and leading to a two-walled stone room at the water's edge that frames the United Nations and the rest of the skyline.

A group spearheaded byWilliam J. vanden Heuvelraised over $50 million in public and private funds between 2005 and 2012 to establish the memorial. Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park officially opened to the public on October 24, 2012.

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Kahn was the subject of the 2003 Oscar-nominated documentary filmMy Architect: A Son's Journey,presented byNathaniel Kahn,his son.[26]Kahn's complicated family life inspired the "Undaunted Mettle"episode ofLaw & Order: Criminal Intent.

In the 1993 filmIndecent Proposal,character David Murphy (played byWoody Harrelson), referenced Kahn during a lecture to architecture students, attributing the quote "Even a brick wants to be something" to Kahn.

Pulitzer Prize-winning composerLewis Spratlan,with collaborators Jenny Kallick and John Downey (Amherst College, class of 2003), composed the chamber operaArchitectas a character study of Kahn. The premiere recording was due to be released in 2012 by Navona Records.

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^Paulus, Karin; Pesti, Olavi (November 23, 2006)."Kus sündis Louis Kahn?"[Where was Louis Kahn born?].EAA Architecture News(in Estonian). Eesti Ekspress.
  2. ^Van Voolen, Edward (September 30, 2006).My Grandparents, My Parents and I: Jewish art and culture.Prestel. p. 138.ISBN978-3791333625.RetrievedJuly 23,2019.The Estonian-born architect Kahn (1901–1974), who immigrated with his family to Philadelphia in 1906
  3. ^abcdeGoldberger, Paul (March 20, 1974)."Louis I. Kahn Dies; Architect was 73".The New York Times.RetrievedMay 2,2018.
  4. ^Kus sündis Louis Kahn?
  5. ^Kahn biography
  6. ^"Kus sündis Louis Kahn?"(in Estonian). Eesti Ekspress.RetrievedSeptember 28,2006.
  7. ^Commstock, Paul."An Interview with Louis Kahn Biographer Carter Wiseman,"ArchivedJuly 25, 2011, at theWayback MachineCalifornia Literary Review.June 15, 2007.
  8. ^abMy Architect: A Son's JourneyArchivedJanuary 2, 2008, at theWayback Machine,SBS Hot Docs, January 15, 2008
  9. ^Lesser, Wendy (March 14, 2017).You Say to Brick: The Life of Louis Kahn.Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 56–60.ISBN978-0374713317.
  10. ^abc"Louis Isadore Kahn (1901–1974)",Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
  11. ^Johnson, Eugene J."A Drawing of the Cathedral of Albi by Louis I. Kahn,"Gesta,Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 159–165.
  12. ^Howe, George (1886–1955),Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
  13. ^Stonorov, Oskar Gregory (1905–1970),Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
  14. ^"The Pacific Coast Architecture Database".The Pacific Coast Architecture Database.RetrievedMay 2,2014.
  15. ^"List of Buildings and Projects by Stonorov & Kahn Associated Architects".Philadelphia Architects and Buildings.RetrievedMay 2,2014.
  16. ^Caves, R. W. (2004).Encyclopedia of the City.Routledge. p. 408.ISBN9780415252256.
  17. ^Philadelphia City Planning: Market Street East Project PageArchivedSeptember 28, 2011, at theWayback Machine
  18. ^MoMA.org | The Collection | Louis I. Kahn. Traffic Study, project, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Plan of proposed traffic-movement pattern. 1952
  19. ^abKahn, Louis I. (2003). Robert C. Twombly (ed.).Louis Kahn: Essential Texts.W. W. Norton & Company. p. 158.ISBN978-0393731132.
  20. ^"Honorary Degrees Since 1702 | Office of the Secretary and Vice President for University Life".secretary.yale.edu.RetrievedJune 5,2024.
  21. ^"Gold Medal Recipients: Louis Isadore Kahn, FAIA".American Institute of Architects.Archived fromthe originalon July 16, 2007.RetrievedJuly 23,2019.
  22. ^"List of Royal Gold Medal winners 1848–2008"(PDF).RIBA. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on February 2, 2014.
  23. ^"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement".achievement.org.American Academy of Achievement.
  24. ^Saffron, Inga (January 7, 2012)."Anne Tyng, 91, groundbreaking architect".The Philadelphia Inquirer.RetrievedJuly 23,2019.
  25. ^Sisson, Patrick (April 20, 2016)."Pioneering Landscape Architect Harriet Pattison Finally Gets Her Due".Curbed.RetrievedJuly 23,2019.
  26. ^abStephen Holden (March 29, 2003)."Son of a Celebrated Father Traces His Elusive Past".The New York Times.
  27. ^McCarter, Robert (2005).Louis I. Kahn.London:Phaidon Press.p. 68.ISBN978-0714849713.
  28. ^Trachtenberg, Marvin (September 1, 2016)."RECORD's Top 125 Buildings: 51–75: Salk Institute".Architectural Record.
  29. ^Goldberger, Paul (December 26, 1982)."Housing for the Spirit".The New York Times.
  30. ^"Erdman Hall".Bryn Mawr College.Archived fromthe originalon October 23, 2017.RetrievedOctober 23,2017.
  31. ^McCarter, Robert (2005).Louis I. Kahn.London:Phaidon Press.p. 258,270.ISBN978-0714849713.
  32. ^"Kahn-designed Weiss House in East Norriton on the state's 'At-Risk' list".Montco Today.February 11, 2019.
  33. ^Margaret Esherick Housefrom Flickr.
  34. ^"Arts United Center".Arts United.Archived fromthe originalon October 22, 2013.RetrievedSeptember 27,2012.
  35. ^Foderaro, Lisa W. (October 17, 2012)."Dedicating Park to Roosevelt and His View of Freedom".The New York Times.RetrievedNovember 14,2012.The work was commissioned in 1972, and Kahn was carrying his designs for the project when he died.
  36. ^Glenn, Lucinda (November 2001)."Library History".Graduate Theological Union.Archived fromthe originalon March 5, 2012.RetrievedOctober 30,2011.
  37. ^"Piano Takes on Kahn at Kimbell Museum Expansion, Kimbell Museum"(Press release). Archdaily. November 22, 2013.
  38. ^"The Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial, Four Freedoms Park"(Press release). Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute. September 26, 2016. Archived fromthe originalon December 6, 2007.
  39. ^"A Roosevelt for Roosevelt Island".The New York Times.November 5, 2007.

Cited sources

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Further reading

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  • Brownlee, Robert; De Long, David G. (October 15, 1991).Louis I. Kahn: in the realm of architecture.New York: Rizzoli.ISBN978-0847813230.
  • Goldhagen, Sarah Williams, Louis Kahn's Situated Modernism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), ISBN 0300077866.
  • Kahn, Louis.Louis Kahn: Essential Texts,edited by Robert Twombly. London & New York: WW Norton & Company, 2003.
  • Lesser, Wendy(2017).You Say to Brick: The Life of Louis Kahn.New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.ISBN9780374279974.
  • Mowla, Qazi Azizul 2007 Kahn's Creation in Dhaka – Re Evaluated, Jahangirnagar Planning Review,(Journal: issn=1728-4198).Vol.5, June 2007, Dhaka, pp. 85–96.
  • Kohane, Peter (2001). "Louis Kahn's Theory of 'Inspired Ritual' and Architectural Space".Architectural Theory Review.6(1): 87–95.doi:10.1080/13264820109478418.S2CID144340999.
  • Choudhury, Bayezid Ismail 2014. PhD dissertation at the University of Sydney 'The genesis of Jatio Sangsad Bhaban at Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka'
  • Sully, Nicole (2019). "Architecture from the Ouija Board: Louis Kahn's Roosevelt Memorials and the Posthumous Monuments of Modernism".Fabrications: The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand.29(1): 60–85.doi:10.1080/10331867.2018.1540083.S2CID191998111.
  • Wurman, Richard Saul, ed. (1986).What will be has always been: the words of Louis I. Kahn.New York: Access Press: Rizzoli.ISBN0847806065.
  • Harriet Pattison:Our days are like full years: a memoir with letters from Louis Kahn,New Haven: Yale University Press, [2020],ISBN978-0-300-22312-5
  • Luigi Monzo (Review):Michael Merrill: Louis Kahn. The Importance of a Drawing (2021),in: Journal für Kunstgeschichte, 27.2023/3, pp. 244–256.
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