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Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery

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ABachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery(Latin:Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae;MBBS,also abbreviated asBM BS,MB ChB,MB BCh,orMB BChir) is amedical degreegranted bymedical schoolsor universities in countries that adhere to theUnited Kingdom's higher education tradition.Despite the historical distinction in nomenclature, these degrees are typically combined and conferred together. This degree is usually awarded as an undergraduate degree, but it can also be awarded atgraduate-levelmedical institutions.[1]The typical duration for completion is five to six years.[2][3]

In contrast, aBachelor of Medicine(BMedorMB) is an undergraduate medical degree awarded by medical schools in countries following the tradition of China. The completion period for this degree is generally five to six years.[4][5]The term 'Medicine' in this context encompasses the broader field of medical science and practice, rather than specificallyinternal medicine.Consequently, graduates with an BMed degree are qualified to practise surgery. The BMed degree serves as the primary medical qualification, and individuals holding it may pursue further professional education, such as a Master of Medical Science or a Doctor of Medical Science (equivalent to a PhD).[6]

Both degrees are considered equivalent to theDoctor of Medicinedegree typically conferred by universities inNorth America.[1]In theUnited Statesonly, some doctors opt to train inosteopathic medicine,and thus receive aDoctor of Osteopathic Medicinedegree. For practical purposes, the degrees are considered to be equal.[7][8]

History and nature

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The degree is currently awarded in institutions in the United Kingdom and countries formerly part of theBritish Empire.[9]

Historically, Bachelor of Medicine was also the primary medical degree conferred by institutions in the United States and Canada, such as theUniversity of Pennsylvania,Harvard University,theUniversity of Toronto,theUniversity of Maryland,andColumbia University.Several early North American medical schools were (for the most part) founded by physicians and surgeons who had trained in England and Scotland. University medical education in England culminated with the Bachelor of Medicine qualification and in Scotland theDoctor of Medicine.In the mid-19th century, the public bodies that regulated medical practice required practitioners in Scotland and England to hold the dual Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery degrees. Over the course of the 19th century, North American medical schools switched to the tradition of theancient universities of Scotlandand began conferring Doctor of Medicine rather than Bachelor of Medicine.

In the countries that award bachelor's degrees in medicine, however, Doctor of Medicine denotes a holder of ajunior doctorateand is reserved for medical practitioners who undertake research and submit a thesis in the field of medicine. Nevertheless, those holding Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery are usually referred to by the courtesy title of "Doctor"and use the prefix" Dr. ", whether or not they also hold aPh.D.orDSc.

In many countries, the degrees are awarded after an undergraduate course lasting five or six years. For example, most Chinese universities offering medical degrees provide undergraduate courses lasting six years.[10]In some cases, a graduate in another discipline may subsequently enter a special graduate-entry medical course, reduced in duration to account for relevant material covered or learning skills acquired during the first degree. In some cases the old first-year courses (for six-year degrees) in the basic sciences ofphysics,chemistry,andbiologyhave been abolished: that standard has to be reached by school examinations before entry. However, in most countries, a newly graduated Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery must spend a specified period ininternshipbefore he or she can obtain full registration as a licensed medical practitioner.

Naming

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Further information:Surgeon § Titles in the Commonwealth

The names and abbreviations given to these degrees depend on the institution, awarding body or country, and vary widely. This is mostly for reasons of tradition rather than to indicate any difference between the relative levels of the degrees. They are considered equivalent.

If the awarding body titles the degrees inLatin,the degrees are commonly namedMedicinae Baccalaureus, Chirurgiae Baccalaureus;Medicinae Baccalaureus et Chirurgiae Baccalaureus;orBaccalaureus in Medicina et in Chirurgia;abbreviated as MB ChB, MB BCh or otherwise. If titled in English, they are namedBachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery;Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery;orBachelor of Medicine and Surgery;usually abbreviated as MB BS, and sometimes as BM BS, even though most MB BS-awarding institutions do not use Latin to name their degrees.

Below are described the specific names used, arranged by country.

Australia

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See also:Medical education in Australia

Historically,Australian medical schoolshave followed the British tradition by conferring the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) to its graduates whilst reserving the title of Doctor of Medicine (MD) for their research training degree, analogous to the PhD, or for their honorary doctorates. Although the majority of Australian MBBS degrees have been graduate programs since the 1990s, under the previousAustralian Qualifications Framework(AQF) they remained categorised as Level 7 Bachelor's degrees together with other undergraduate programs.

The latest version of the AQF includes the new category of Level 9 Master's (Extended) degrees which permits the use of the term 'Doctor' in the styling of the degree title of relevant professional programs. As a result, most Australian medical schools have replaced their MBBS degrees with the MD to resolve the previous anomalous nomenclature. With the introduction of the Master's level MD, universities have also renamed their previous medical research doctorates. TheUniversity of Melbournewas the first to introduce the MD in 2011 as a basic medical degree, and has renamed its research degree to Doctor of Medical Science (DMedSc).[11]

Bahrain

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The Medical University of Bahrain orRCSI-Bahrainis a constituent university of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI)[12]and awards its graduates the MB, BCh, BAO (Hons), the same degree awarded to graduates at RCSI.[13]

Bangladesh

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Allmedical schools in BangladeshawardMBBS.[citation needed]

Barbados

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The Bridgetown International University, Victoria University of Barbados, American University of Barbados School of Medicine, andUniversity of the West Indies Faculty of Medicineall award the MBBS.

China

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In China, medical undergraduates are awarded aBachelor of Medicine(MB,alsoBMed,andBM) in Clinical Medicine for a course of study lasting five years for native Chinese students and six years for international/foreign students, including internship. International students may take the program in English or Chinese. Some medical schools also awardMBBSdegrees, but only for international students. In total, 247 universities are authorized to award medical degrees. All 247 universities are recognized by most of the medical councils around the world and by ECFMG. By August 2022, 136 universities have passed the process of Accreditation of Medical Education from the Ministry of Education of China.[14]The universities awarding MB and MBBS degrees are at thelist of medical schools in China.

Egypt

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All Egyptian medical schools, public and private, award anMB BChas the basic medical degree after completion of five academic and clinical study years followed by two years of obligatory clinical rotations (the MB BCh is issued only after the completion of the clinical rotations) with total of seven years both academic, clinical study and clinical rotations.[citation needed]

France

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French students get permitted access to medical studies when succeeding the competitive examination occurring at the end of their first year of studies. They spend their second and third year at their medical school where they learn physiology, semiology and the basics of medical examination. From their fourth year, they begin their rotations in teaching hospitals where they assist junior and senior physicians and learn their art. At the end of their sixth year, they undertake a competitive examination to match with their medical specialty and city of practice. Students are then full-time physicians practising under supervision and will be called "doctors" only when graduating at the end of their residency.[citation needed]

After 9 years (or 3 cycles including successfully defending a Practical (or Exercise) thesis (Le Doctorat en Medecine) on an area of interest), they are awarded: Diplôme d'État de docteur en médecine (State diploma of Doctor of Medicine) and Diplôme d'études spécialisées (DES) which are both needed for full registration on the National Council of the Order of Physicians (l'Ordre des médecins) and can practise medicine

Ghana

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All Ghanaian medical schools award an MBChB as the basic medical degree after 6 academic years. These seven medical schools areKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology,[15]University of Ghana,University for Development Studies,University of Cape Coast,University of Health and Allied Sciencesand the private Accra College of Medicine,[16]and Family Health Medical School, another private medical school.[17]

Guyana

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TheUniversity of GuyanaawardsMB BS.Other "offshore" United-States-linked schools in the country award the North American MD, such asTexila American University,Lincoln American University.[citation needed]

Hong Kong

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The awarding of qualifications in Hong Kong follows the British tradition.

The dual degree is awarded as:

India

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In India the MBBS is generally a5+1⁄2-year course including one year of mandatory internship and an additional year of mandatory rural posting. Some institutes like theAll India Institutes of Medical Sciencesand other Deemed Medical Colleges do not have the 1 year of mandatory rural posting. During internship, medical students are paid a stipend. Registration as MBBS doctor is granted after completion of these postings. MBBS in India comes under purview of theNational Medical Commissionwhich has the power to recognize or de-recognize medical colleges which provide MBBS education.[18]

Over the last decade, a number of medical colleges have been opened in India, to cater to the huge Indian population. The National Medical Commission mentions 704 medical colleges, which teach MBBS in the country, as in July 2023.[19]There are both government run as well as private medical colleges in India. Admission to MBBS program in government colleges can be highly competitive because of subsidized education and extensive hands-on experience. Every year, millions of students appear for the national competitive examinationNational Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)for a total of 107,798 MBBS seats in the country, as of July 2023.

The MBBS course starts with the basic pre and para-clinical subjects such as biochemistry, physiology, anatomy, microbiology, pathology, forensic medicine including toxicology and pharmacology.The students simultaneously obtain hands-on training in the wards and out-patient departments, where they interact with real patients for five years. The curriculum aims to inculcate standard protocols of history taking, examination, differential diagnosis and complete patient Management. The student is taught to determine what investigations will be useful for a patient and what are the best treatment options. The curriculum also contains a thorough practical knowledge and practice of performing standard clinical procedures. The course also contains a 12-month-long internship, in which an intern is rotated across various specialties.Besides standard clinical care, one also gets a thorough experience of ward management, staff management, and thorough counselling skills. After 1 year of rotatory internship, additional years of rural internship is mandatory in many states, which can be skipped by paying a huge fine to the government, for obtaining permanent registration as a medical practitioner.

MBBS curriculum in India is going through changes with incorporation of modern teaching methods and introduction of National Exit Test (NExT) as the exit test for obtaining MBBS degree, notified on 30 June 2023.[20]

Indonesia

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In Indonesia, graduating students are awarded the academic degree ofSarjana Kedokteran/Bachelor of Medicine(written as suffix "S.Ked") after completing their pre-clinical studies. At this point, the graduate is not yet a practising doctor, but may choose to work directly as a medical scientist or other non-clinician professions (usually health-related). However, most graduates will pursue the conventional path, which is to enroll in theclinical clerkshipprogram (Program Pendidikan Profesi Dokter) for another 1.5 to 2 years. During this program, students are required to rotate through different medical/surgical specialties in a teaching hospital, actively involved in diagnoses and treatment of patients under the direct supervision ofresidentsandconsultants/attending physicians. After completing a clinical clerkship, students take the national medical licensing examination (U gian Kompetensi Mahasiswa Program Profesi Dokter/UKMPPD) and will be awarded the titleDokter(written as prefix "dr." ) as their first professional title if they pass the examination.[21]

Iraq

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Allmedical schools in IraqawardMB ChB,with the exception of the University of Kurdistan-Hewlêr which awards the MBBS degree.[citation needed]

Ireland

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The medical schools in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland –Queen's University Belfast,[22]Trinity College Dublin,[23]some constituent institutions of theNational University of Ireland(University College Dublin,University College CorkandUniversity of Galway), and theRoyal College of Surgeons in Ireland— award the degrees ofMB BCh BAO.The lettersBAOstand forBaccalaureus in Arte Obstetricia(Bachelor of Obstetrics), a degree unique to Ireland which the Irish universities added in the 19th century as the legislation at the time insisted on a final examination inobstetrics.This third degree is an anachronism which is not registerable with the IrishMedical Councilnor the BritishGeneral Medical Council(GMC). The only exception is the newly establishedUniversity of Limerickgraduate entry school of medicine which awardsBM BSfor Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery.

AtTrinity College Dublin,the preclinical course leads to an additional Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree (upgradable after three or four years toMaster of Arts); as originally after this most students used to go elsewhere to complete clinical training.

LRCPI LRCSI,or simplyLRCP&SI,denotes a holder of the historical non-university qualifyinglicentiatesawarded jointly by theRoyal College of Physicians of Irelandand theRoyal College of Surgeons in Irelandto students of the RCSI's medical school under theIrish Conjoint Scheme.Unlike the corresponding licentiates awarded by the Royal Colleges in Scotland and England (which were external qualifications), these qualifications are still registerable with the Irish Medical Council, but not with the British GMC. Students at RCSI still receive these licences but now also receive the degreesMB BCh BAO,due to RCSI's status as a recognised college of theNational University of Ireland.The RCSI students received a Licence in Midwifery (LM) from each college, in the same way that the Irish universities granted BAO degrees, so their qualifications were sometimes expressed asL & LM, RCPI, L & LM, RCSIor more misleadingly asLLM,LRCPI LRCSI,or simplyLRCP&SI.

LAHformerly denoted a licentiate of theApothecaries' Hall of Ireland,and is no longer awarded.

Japan

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In Japan, medical undergraduates are awarded a Bachelor of Medicine, a course of study lasting six years. It is awarded by 42 national, 8 public and 31 private universities.[24]

Jordan

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TheBachelor of Medicine and Surgery(MBBS)degree is awarded in Jordan.[citation needed]

Kenya

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The national universities with medical faculties in Kenya, namelyJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology,University of Nairobi,Aga Khan University,Moi University,Kenyatta University,Egerton University,Maseno UniversityandKenya Methodist UniversityawardMB ChB.

Mount Kenya UniversityandEgerton Universityalso award the four-yearBSc. Clinical Medicinedegree in addition to the six-year MBChB.[citation needed]

Liberia

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The AM. Dogliotti College of Medicine (University of Libeira) awards the MD degree.

Libya

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There are three major public medical universities in Libya,University of Tripoli(Tripoli),University of Benghazi(formerly Garyounis) (Benghazi), and University of Alzaweyah. The schools award theMBBCh.

The Libyan International Medical University is an accredited private medical university that awards an MBChB to its graduates.[citation needed]

Malaysia

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TheMBBSis awarded by five public and 17 private universities.[citation needed]

Mexico

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In Mexico, theNational Autonomous University of Mexico,[25]theMonterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education,theNational Polytechnic Institute,[26]theMetropolitan Autonomous University,[27]among others, grant the title of "Médico cirujano"(Physician-surgeon) after five or six years of post-high school education, plus one year of internship and one year of social service depending on each institution.

Myanmar

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All five medical schools (UM1,UM 2,DSMA,UMM,UMMG) in Myanmar award theMB BS.[citation needed]

Namibia

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The University of NamibiaUNAM School of Medicine,the only medical school in the country, awards the MBChB degree.[citation needed]

Nepal

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There are 18 medical schools in Nepal that award the MBBS degree.Medical education commission, Nepal (MEC)organizes the work related to establishment and operation of medical institutions all over Nepal and bears the sole responsibility to maintain quality, professionalism, institutional accountability and social justice in medical education.[28]There is another entity calledNepal Medical Council (NMC)which major functions are quality control of medical education of the country, establish ethical health care practice, establish standardization of medical practice as well as responsible for giving license to practise medicine within the country's border.[29]

Netherlands

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In the Netherlands, students follow a period of 6 academic years. After three years, students obtain the title Bachelor Geneeskunde (translates to Bachelor of Medicine). After a further three years of study and internships, students obtain the Master Geneeskunde (translates to Master of Medicine) title. After the completion of the master's degree, the students are recognized as medical doctors.[30]

New Zealand

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The two New Zealand medical schools,AucklandandOtago,style their degrees as "MBChB" and "MB ChB" respectively.[31][32]

Nigeria

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TheMBBS/MB ChBis awarded by many public and private universities in Nigeria, after a period of 6 academic years.[citation needed]

Pakistan

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Further information:List of medical schools in Pakistan

In Pakistan, amedical schoolis more often referred to as a medical college. The full-form of MBBS isBachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery.It is a 5-year course plus one-year internship in affiliated hospital that can be completed from a college recognized by thePakistan Medical Commission,to receive a degree titled MBBS (Medical colleges in Pakistan). Medical colleges may also teach Post Graduate courses such asFCPSanddiplomas.A medical college is affiliated with a university as a department which usually has a separate campus. Currently, a total of 127 medical colleges are listed inWorld Directory of Medical Schoolsin Pakistan.

All medical colleges and universities are regulated by the respective provincial department of health. They, however, have to be recognised after meeting criteria set by a central regulatory authority calledPakistan Medical Commission(PMC). Entrance into the medical colleges is based on merit under the guidelines of PMC. Both the academic performance at theHSSC(grades 11–12) and a centralized entrance test likeNMDCAT,are taken into consideration for the eligibility to enter most of the medical colleges.

To get admission into any government medical college, the weightage is determined by the provincial or federal government. In order to get admission into any private medical college, the following weightage is used:[33]

Rwanda

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All Rwandan medical schools, public and private, award an MBBS as the basic medical degree after completion of five or six academic years.[citation needed]

Saudi Arabia

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Medical schools in Saudi Arabia award theMBBS.[34]

Singapore

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TheYong Loo Lin School of Medicineat theNational University of Singaporeand theLee Kong Chian School of MedicineatNanyang Technological UniversityconferMB BS.The AmericanDuke Universityhas a medical programme based in Singapore (Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School), but it follows the North American model of styling its degreeDoctor of Medicine (MD)at master's degree level.[35]

Somalia

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Somali National University,Amoud University,Benadir UniversitySalaam UniversityandHargeisa Universityaward the MB ChB,East Africa Universityawards MMBS.[36]

South Africa

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Main article:Medical education in South Africa

TheUniversity of Pretoria,University of Cape Town,University of the Free State,University of Stellenbosch,University of KwaZulu-Natal,Walter Sisulu UniversityandMEDUNSAall award MBChB, whereas theUniversity of the Witwatersrandstyles its degree as MBBCh.[citation needed]

South Sudan

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TheUniversity of Juba,University of Bahr El-GhazalandUpper Nile Universityin South Sudan awards theMBBSdegree after the successful completion of six academic years.

Sri Lanka

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In 1942, theUniversity of Ceylonwas established through legislation and the MBBS degree was recognised for registration of doctors in place of theLicentiate in Medicine and Surgery(LMS).[37]

Sudan

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The medical degree in Sudan is a six-year program that includes both classroom and clinical training. Students who successfully complete the program are awarded the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree, which is recognized internationally.[38]

Syria

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The higher education in Syria provides training to a Diploma, Bachelor, Master, and Doctorate levels (see European Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency on Higher Education: Syria).[39]

Tunisia

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Medical education in Tunisia is solely administered by the government Ministry of Higher Education and Ministry of Public Health. Students get permitted access to medical studies when succeeding their nationalbaccalauréatexam and obtaining a competitive score that allows them admission to medical schools (usually in the 95% percentile). The curriculum spans six years, two years of fundamental medicine, followed by three years of clinical medicine, culminating in a final year of internship. Upon the completion of this comprehensive training, students are awarded a certificate equivalent to a bachelor's degree, known as the "Diplome de Fin des Etudes Cliniques en Médecine." Subsequently, a national exam is undertaken, and students are ranked based on their performance. Specialization in medicine then follows, ranging from an additional three years for family medicine to five years for most medical and surgical specialties.

During the initial two years at medical school, students focus on foundational subjects such as physiology, semiology, and the fundamentals of medical examination. From the fourth year onwards, they engage in rotations at teaching hospitals, where they actively participate under the guidance of junior and senior physicians, honing their practical skills. At the conclusion of the fifth year, students undergo a competitive examination to determine their medical specialty and city of practice. Following this, they transition to full-time physicians, practising under supervision, and earn the title of "doctors" upon successful completion of their residency.

Uganda

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The nine universities in Uganda that havemedical schoolsthat teach undergraduate courses, namely;Makerere University,Mbarara University,Gulu University,Kampala International University,Busitema University,Kabale University,Habib Medical School,St. Augustine International University,andUganda Christian Universityall award theMBChBdegree, after five years of study.

Ukraine

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In Ukraine, the full-form of MBBS isBachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery.It is generally a 5.8 year course including one year compulsory internship, that can be completed from a college accredited by the National Medical Commission. At present, Ukraine is ranked at the fourth position in Europe for having the largest number of post graduates in fields of medicine. Ukraine has a number of Top Government Medical Universities offering MBBS, MD and other degrees in medicine to the local students as well as international students.

The MBBS course starts with the basic pre and para-clinical subjects such asbiochemistry, physiology, anatomy, microbiology, pathology, forensic medicine including toxicology and pharmacology.The students simultaneously obtain hands-on training in the wards and out-patient departments, where they interact with real patients for six years. The curriculum aims to inculcate standard protocols of history taking, examination, differential diagnosis and complete patient Management. The student is taught to determine what investigations will be useful for a patient and what are the best treatment options. The curriculum also contains a thorough practical knowledge and practice of performing standard clinical procedures.The course also contains a 12-month-long internship, in which an intern is rotated across various specialties.Besides standard clinical care, one also gets a thorough experience of ward management, staff management, and thorough counselling skills. The degree awarded is "Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery". The minimum requirements for the MBBS course are 50% marks inphysics,chemistry,biologyand English in a student's secondary school examinations and student need to passNational Eligibility cum Entrance Testexamination for the admission in Ukraine Universities.[40]

Russia

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Pursuing an MBBS degree in Russia has become an increasingly popular choice for Indian students in recent years. Russia offers a world-class medical education at a fraction of the cost compared to private medical colleges in India. The medical universities in Russia follow a comprehensive curriculum that is recognized globally. Students get access to advanced facilities and have the opportunity to learn from experienced faculty members. The medium of instruction is English, making it accessible for Indian students. One of the key advantages of studying MBBS in Russia is the affordable tuition fees and cost of living. This opens up opportunities for students from diverse backgrounds to achieve their dream of becoming a doctor. The degree is also accepted for medical practice in India after clearing the required entrance exams.

Overall, an MBBS degree from a Russian university is a valuable credential that can jumpstart the career of aspiring Indian doctors. The combination of quality education and cost-effectiveness makes it an attractive option worth considering.

Embarking on a journey to study MBBS abroad is a significant decision for Indian students. The allure of international education, exposure to diverse cultures, and world-class medical training make it an enticing prospect. However, planning and executing such a venture can be daunting. Many Consultants in India Offering MBBS in Russia for Indian and International Students.[41]

United Kingdom

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England, Wales, and Northern Ireland

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While first degrees in medicine meet the expectations of the descriptor for higher education qualification at "level 7 (the UKmaster's degree) ", these degrees usually retain, for historical reasons," Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery "and are abbreviated to MBChB or MBBS.[42]

Varied abbreviations are used for these degrees in these areas:

At the universities ofOxfordandCambridge,the preclinical course leads to an additional Bachelor of Arts (BA), degree (upgradable after three or four years toMaster of Arts), after which most students used to go elsewhere (but usually to one of the London teaching hospitals) to complete clinical training. They could then take the degrees of their new university: They used to have the options of returning to their old university to take the clinical examinations or taking one of the old non-university qualifying examinations. Most students at Oxford and Cambridge now remain in place to take their clinical training.

Scotland

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All medical schools in Scotland (Aberdeen,Dundee,EdinburghandGlasgow) award MB ChB.

TheUniversity of St Andrews School of MedicineawardedMB ChBuntil the early 1970s, but since the incorporation of its clinical medical school into theUniversity of Dundee,St Andrews now only awards a pre-clinicalBScorBSc (Hons),and students go to a Partner Medical School (Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, orManchester), where they are awarded anMB ChBafter a further three years' study.[47]There is also a programme forCanadian Citizens and residentswhereby they complete 3 years at St. Andrews, then 3 years at Edinburgh and are assisted with applying for residency back in Canada.[48]

Since 2018, a joint initiative coordinated by both the Universities of St Andrews and Dundee, the Scottish Graduate Entry Medicine (ScotGEM) programme, has based its first and second year students at St Andrews, and its third and fourth year students at Dundee.[49]This is Scotland's firstgraduate entry medical degree programme.The intention is that the students of the inaugural cohort, due to graduate in July 2022, will be conferred a jointMB ChBby both universities - the first to graduate with this professional degree directly from St Andrews in over fifty years.

The ScottishTriple QualificationofLRCPE, LRCSE, LRCPSG(earlier LRCPE, LRCSE, LRFPSG) is an old non-university qualifying examination in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by theRoyal College of Physicians of Edinburgh,Royal College of Surgeons of EdinburghandRoyal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow,previously through aConjointBoard and from 1994 through theUnited Examining Board.The UEB was dissolved in 2007.[50]These qualifications are still registrable with the GMC,[citation needed]but permission to award them was withdrawn by the Privy Council of the UK in 1999.

Historical Primary Medical Qualifications

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TheConjointdiplomasLRCP MRCS LMSSAwere non-university qualifying examinations in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by theRoyal College of Physicians of London,Royal College of Surgeons of EnglandandSociety of Apothecariesthrough theUnited Examining Boardfrom 1994 until 1999, when theGeneral Medical Councilwithdrew permission. Before 1994, the EnglishConjointdiploma ofLRCP, MRCSwas awarded for 110 years, and theLMSSAwas a distinct and sometimes less-esteemed qualification. These diplomas slowly became less popular among British medical students, but as recently as 1938 only a half of them qualified with university degrees.[51]The diplomas came to be taken mostly by those who had already qualified in medicine overseas or who failed their medical school finals.

United States

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International medical graduateswith an MBBS from foreign countries are generally exempt from having to attendmedical schoolin the United States, but must still undergoUS residencyand pass theUnited States Medical Licensing Examination(USMLE), which is given in three exams.[52]The MBBS is not offered at medical schools in the United States as the majority of medical school programs are graduate entry and by tradition offer the MD degree as a primary medical qualification.

There are a number of institutions in the United States that offer a combined 6-year BS-MD joint degree, notablyNortheast Ohio Medical University[53]whereby graduating high school seniors complete an accelerated bachelor's degree in two years followed by an MD at the traditional four-year pace. Although the BS-MD pathway is a hybrid undergraduate/graduate program, the result is a primary medical qualification equivalent to an MBBS degree and graduates of these schools go on to enter their intern year at roughly the same age as their UK counterparts. Most American schools offering a BS-MD program do so in 7 years, such as theIndiana University School of Medicine,or in 8 years, such as theBaylor College of Medicine.TheAssociation of American Medical Collegesmaintains a list of such schools.[54]

Primarily US-educated MDs andDoctors of Osteopathic Medicine(DOs) go through four years of undergraduate education and apply to professional medical graduate schools with a competitiveMedical College Admission Testscore and GPA. They then go through two more years ofdidacticmedical science study, and take the pass-failUSMLE Step 1exam. DO students take a similar exam known asCOMLEXLevel 1. Following a pass, they then undergoexperiential learningof medicine by taking part in patient care in clinics and hospitals under the close supervision of board-certified physicians. After this year, they take theStep 2 Clinical Knowledgeexam and formerly took theStep 2 Clinical Skillsexam as well. DO students take the COMLEX Level 2-Cognitive Evaulation exam and previously took the COMLEX Level 2-Performance Evaluation exam. COMLEX 2-PE and Step 2 CS were discontinued in 2021 during theCOVID-19 pandemic.They then go through one more year of experiential learning, often with elective rotations tailored to particular interests of study or future specialization. They also apply for theNational Resident Matching Programin this year. Following their fourth and final year, they graduate from medical school and are awarded their MD or DO degree. If selected for a residency, they continue for a minimum of three to eight years in their specialty where they are officially licensed to practise after completion. New resident physicians, or interns, in the first year of residency, known as intern year or internship, often take theUSMLE Step 3exam or COMLEX Level 3 exam during that year.

Undergraduate students applying to medical school also have the option to apply to an MD/PhDMedical Scientist Training Programat various academic institutions, which entails 7–8 years of primary medical education that is combined with adoctoral thesis.MD/PhD students are required to take all USMLE exams and postgraduate residency training if they wish to practise medicine. A few schools, such asOhio University'sHeritage College of Osteopathic Medicineor theMichigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine,offer DO/PhD programs.

Most MBBS physicians visiting or practising in the United States use the designation of MD for various personal and professional reasons, but laws may change to require full disclosure when presenting as a clinical practitioner for litigious reasons. The MD title is distinctly used in the US for physicians who earned their medical degree in the US who practiseevidence-based medicine.They separate themselves from DOs who go through a different type of education and training that focuses on the patient as a whole and an array of treatments inclusive of medicine and surgery as well.

Vietnam

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There are many medical schools in Vietnam, such as Hanoi Medical University, Vietnam University of Traditional Medicine, and Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy. Most of them require six years to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree.

West Indies

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All constituent countries of theUniversity of the West Indies(UWI) conferMB BS,due to the historical affiliation of UWI to theUniversity of London.The degree is a 5-year programme. The three physical campuses areMonain Jamaica,Saint Augustinein Trinidad and Tobago, andCave Hillin Barbados, with each campus having a Medical Faculty. TheUniversity of Guyana(UG) also confers "MB BS" to their medical school graduates. There are other medical schools in the West Indies, but these follow the North-American system leading toMD.

Zambia

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All schools in Zambia award theMBChBdegree.[citation needed]

Zimbabwe

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The University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences (UZ-CHS) awards the MBChB degree. Midlands State University (MSU) also offers the MBChB degree. The National University of Science and Technology (NUST) awards the MBBS.

Classification

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Medical degrees differ from other undergraduate degrees in that they are professional qualifications that lead holders to enter a particular career upon receipt. This is not the case with most other undergraduate degrees, so whilst the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery areundergraduateorgraduate degrees(depending on the institution), they are perhaps more accurately conceptualised as a so-calledfirst professional degree.Other professions whose qualifications follow a similar pattern include:

Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery are usually awarded as professional degrees, not ashonours degrees,and as such the graduate is notclassifiedas for honours degrees in other subjects. However, at many institutions (for example theUniversity of Aberdeen,University of Birmingham,University of Sheffield,University of Liverpool,University of Leicester,Hull York Medical School,andUniversity of Manchesterin England,Queen's University Belfastin Northern Ireland,Cardiff Universityin Wales and theUniversity of Dundeein Scotland), it is possible for the degrees to be awarded with Honours (i.e. MB ChB (Hons.)) or with Commendation, if the board of examiners recognises exceptional performance throughout the degree course. Very few of these are awarded.

More often, it is possible to study one subject for an extra year for anintercalated honours degree.This is usually a Bachelor of Science (BSc),Bachelor of Medical Science(BMedSci),Bachelor of Medical Biology(BMedBiol) or similar: at Oxford and Cambridge in England and Dublin in Ireland Bachelor of Arts degrees are awarded. At a few universities most medical students obtain an ordinary degree in science as well: when the University of Edinburgh had a six-year course, the third year was followed by the award of an ordinary BSc(MedSci). In Australia, The University of Melbourne in Australia offers an Arts Degree (BA) to a medical student on the completion of two extra years of undergraduate study, and Monash University offers a law degree (LLB); if the optional law degree is undertaken, on completion of their degree the student may choose to do a one-year internship at a hospital and become a doctor, or spend one year doing articles to practise thereafter as a lawyer. At the University of Nottingham and the University of Southampton, both in England, all medical students on the five-year course obtain a Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMedSci) degree without an extra intercalated year. At theUniversity of Cambridge,Imperial College LondonandUniversity College London,certain medical students are able to extend their intercalated year to an extra three years, thus temporarily exiting the MBBS course to complete a PhD. Upon completion of the PhD, the student is required to sit the remaining 2 years of the medicine course to receive his/her MBBS degree. TheUniversity of the West Indies,Mona in Kingston, Jamaica automatically awards aBachelor of Medical Sciences(BMedSci) degree to all students who have successfully completed three years of theirMBBSprogramme.[55]

Progression

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Medical school graduates are only entitled to use the courtesy title "Doctor" upon registration as a medical practitioner with the relevant regulatory body in their respective country. Medical graduates are eligible to sit postgraduate examinations, including examinations for membership and fellowship of professional institutions. Among the latter are theMembership of the Royal College of Surgeons,postgraduate master's degrees (such as aMaster of SurgeryorMaster of Medicine), and a postgraduate doctorate in medicine (such asDoctor of MedicineorDoctor of Science,if earned in Ireland, the UK or Commonwealth nations, and board certification examinations).

See also

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References

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