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Makar Sankranti

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Makar(a) Sankranti(Sanskrit:मकरसङ्क्रान्ति,romanized:Makarasaṅkrānti),[1](transl. Capricorn Festival) also referred to asUttarayana,Makar,or simplySankranti,is aHinduobservance and a festival. Usually falling on the date of 14 January annually (15 January on a leap year),[2][3][4]this occasion marks the transition of the sun from the zodiac of Sagittarius (dhanu) to Capricorn (makara).[2][5][6]Since the sun has made this transition which vaguely coincides with moving from south to north, the festival is dedicated to the solar deity,Surya,[7]and is observed to mark a new beginning.[8]Many native multi-day festivals are organised on this occasion all over India.

Makar Sankranti
Holy dip by devotees in river Ganga on the occasion of Makar Sankranti
Also calledUttarayana
Sankranti
Til Sakraat
Magha
Môkôr Sôṅkrānti
Mela
Ghughuti
Pedda Panduga
Bhogi
Sakraat
Pongal
Peddha Panduga
sakrat
khichaṛi
Observed byHindus, Buddhists
Liturgical colorRed
TypeReligious and cultural, harvest festival
SignificanceA harvest festival, a celebration of the winter solstice
CelebrationsKite flying, bonfires, fairs, Surya puja in river, feast, arts, dance, socialization, gau puja
DateFirst day ofmakaramasa, Bhogi(15 January inleap years;14 January on all other years)
FrequencyAnnual
Related toPongal,Lohri,Lal Loi,Maghe Sankranti,Magh Bihu,Tusu Festival

The festivities associated with Makar Sankranti are known by various names includingSankranthi or Peddha PandugainAndhra PradeshandTelangana,[9][10]KhichariinBhojpuri region,Magh BihuinAssam,Maghi SaajiinHimachal Pradesh,Makara Sankrantiin Kerala,Maghi Sangrandin Punjab,Pongalin Tamil Nadu,Maghi SangrandorUttarain(Uttarayana) in Jammu,Sakratin Haryana, Sakraat in Rajasthan,Sukaratin central India,Uttarayanain Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh,Ghughutiin Uttarakhand,Dahi Churain Bihar,Makar Sankrantiin Odisha, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Goa, West Bengal (also calledPoush Sankranti or Mokor Sonkranti), Uttar Pradesh (also calledKhichidi Sankranti), Uttarakhand (also calledUttarayani) or as simply,Maghe Sankranti(Nepal),Songkran(Thailand),Thingyan(Myanmar),Mohan Songkran(Cambodia), Til Sakraat in Mithila, andShishur Senkrath(Kashmir). On Makar Sankranti,Surya(Hindu solar deity) is worshipped along withVishnuand goddessLakshmithroughout India.[11]

Makar Sankranti is observed with social festivities such as colourful decorations, rural children going house to house, singing and asking for treats in some areas,[12]melas(fairs), dances, kite flying, bonfires and feasts.[10][13]TheMagha Melais mentioned in the Hindu epicMahabharata.[14]Many observers go to sacred rivers or lakes and bathe in a ceremony of thanks to the Sun.[14]Every twelve years, the Hindus observeMakar SankrantiwithKumbha Mela– one of the world's largest mass pilgrimage, with an estimated 60 to 100 million people attending the event.[14][15][16]At this event, they say a prayer to the Sun and bathe at thePrayagaraj confluenceof the River Ganga and River Yamuna,[14]a tradition attributed toAdi Shankaracharya.[17]Makar Sankranti is a time of celebration and thanks giving, and is marked by a variety of rituals and tradition.[18]

Date variations

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UTdate and time ofequinoxesandsolsticeson Earth,
IST date and time of Makar Sankranti[19][20]
event equinox solstice equinox solstice Makar Sankranti
month March June September December January
year day time day time day time day time day(IST) time (IST)
2019 20 21:58 21 15:54 23 07:50 22 04:19 14 19:50
2020 20 03:50 20 21:43 22 13:31 21 10:03 15 02:06
2021 20 09:37 21 03:32 22 19:21 21 15:59 14 08:14
2022 20 15:33 21 09:14 23 01:04 21 21:48 14 14:28
2023 20 21:25 21 14:58 23 06:50 22 03:28 14 20:43
2024 20 03:07 20 20:51 22 12:44 21 09:20 15 02:42
2025 20 09:02 21 02:42 22 18:20 21 15:03 14 08:54
2026 20 14:46 21 08:25 23 00:06 21 20:50 14 15:05
2027 20 20:25 21 14:11 23 06:02 22 02:43 14 21:09
2028 20 02:17 20 20:02 22 11:45 21 08:20 15 03:22
2029 20 08:01 21 01:48 22 17:37 21 14:14 14 09:25

Makar Sankranti is set by thesolar cycleand corresponds to the exact time astronomical event of the Sun entering Capricorn and is observed on a day that usually falls on 14 January of the Gregorian calendar, but on 15 January in leap years. Makar Sankranti's date and time is analogous toSidereal time of Zodiacsign of Capricorn (when sun enters).[21]

The year is 365.24 days long and the time difference between the two consecutive instances of Makar Sankranti is almost the same as the year. There are 365 days in a year. Thus, every four years the calendar is offset by one day which is adjusted by adding leap day (29 February). Hence, Makar Sankranti falls on 15 January every leap year. Sidereal time of sign of Capricorn also shifts by a day due to leap year. Similarly, the time of equinoxes also shifts by a day in each four year window. For example, the equinox of September does not fall on the same date each year nor does the winter solstice. Any event related to one revolution of the Earth around the Sun will have this date shift within a four year cycle. Similar changes can be seen in the exact time of solstices and equinoxes. See the table, how the time of the equinox and a solstice increases and decreases in a cycle of four years.[22]

The time difference between two consecutive winter solstices is about 5 hours 49 minutes 59 seconds, with respect to winter solstice time, and the time difference between two consecutive Mankar Sankranti is about 6 hours and 10 minutes. Towards the end of the 21st century, there will be more occurrences of Makar Sankranti on 15 January in a four-year cycle. And Makar Sankranti will be on 16 January for the first in the year 2102 as 2100 will not be a leap year.[23]

Makar Sankranti and Uttar Ayana

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See also:Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar

Makar Sankranti is celebrated when the Sun'secliptic longitudebecomes270° measured from a fixed starting pointwhich is in opposition toSpica,[24]i.e. this is asiderealmeasure.Uttarayanabegins when the Sun's ecliptic longitude becomes 270° measured from the Vernal equinox,[25]i.e. this is atropicalmeasure. While both concern a measure of 270° their starting points are different. Hence, Makar Sankranti and Uttarayana occur on different days. On the Gregorian calendar, Makar Sankranti occurs on 14 or 15 January; Uttarayana starts on 21 December.

Due to theprecession of the equinoxesthe tropical zodiac (i.e. all the equinoxes and solstices) shifts by about 1° in 72 years. As a result, the December solstice (Uttarayana) is continuously but very slowly moving away from Makar Sankranti. Conversely, the December solstice (Uttarayana) and Makar Sankranti must have coincided at some time in the distant past. Such a coincidence last happened 1700 years back, in 291 CE.[24]

Significance

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Every yearMakar Sankrantiis celebrated in the month of January. This festival is dedicated to the Hindu religious sun godSurya.[3][26]This significance of Surya is traceable to the Vedic texts, particularly theGayatri Mantra,a sacred hymn of Hinduism found in its scripture named theRigveda.Makara Sankranti is also associated with the birth and coming of the final Avatar of the Hindu God Vishnu, Kalki.

Makara Sankranti is regarded as important for spiritual practices and accordingly, people take a holy dip in rivers, especiallyGanga,Yamuna,Godavari,KrishnaandKaveri.The bathing is believed to result in merit or absolution of past sins. They also pray to the Sun and give thanks for their successes and prosperity.[27]A shared cultural practices found amongst Hindus of various parts of India is making sticky, bound sweets particularly from sesame (til) and a sugar base such as jaggery (gud, gur, gul). This type of sweet is a symbolism for being together in peace and joyfulness, despite the uniqueness and differences between individuals.[3]For most parts of India, this period is a part of early stages of the Rabi crop and agricultural cycle, where crops have been sown and the hard work in the fields is mostly over. The time thus signifies a period of socializing and families enjoying each other's company, taking care of the cattle, and celebrating around bonfires, in Gujarat the festival is celebrated by flying kites.[3]

Makara Sankranti is an important pan-Indian solar festival, known by different names though observed on the same date, sometimes for multiple dates around the Makar Sankranti. It is known asPedda Panduga'/'Makara Sankrantiin Andhra Pradesh,Makara Sankrantiin Karnataka, Telangana, and Maharashtra,Pongalin Tamil Nadu,[28]Magh Bihuin Assam,Magha Melain parts of central and north India, asMakar Sankrantiin the west,Makara SankrantiorShankarantiin Kerala,[29]and by other names.[3]

Nomenclature and regional names

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A night lit up on Makar Sankranti Uttarayana Festival with Kites and Lights.

Makar or Makara Sankranti is celebrated in many parts of theIndian subcontinentwith some regional variations. It is known by different names and celebrated with different customs in different Indian states and South Asian countries:

In most regions of India, Sankranti festivities last for two to four days of which each day is celebrated with distinct names and rituals.[35]

  • Day 1 – Maghi (preceded by Lohri), Bhogi Panduga
  • Day 2 – Makara Sankranti, Pongal, Pedda Panduga, Uttarayana, Magh Bihu
  • Day 3 – Mattu Pongal, Kanuma Panduga
  • Day 4 – Kaanum Pongal, Mukkanuma

Regional variations and customs

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Kite flying is a tradition of Makar Sankranti in many parts of India.

It is celebrated differently across the Indian subcontinent. Many people take a dip in places likeGanga Sagarand pray to the Sun God (Surya). It is celebrated with pomp in southern parts of India as Sankranti inAndhra Pradesh,Telangana and Karnataka (Pongal in Tamil Nadu), and inPunjabasMaghi.

Manymelasor fairs are held on Makar Sankranti the most famous being theKumbha Mela,held every 12 years at one of four holy locations, namelyHaridwar,Prayag(Prayagraj),UjjainandNashik,theMagha Mela(ormini-Kumbh Melaheld annually at Prayag) and theGangasagar Mela(held at the head of theGanges River,where it flows into theBay of Bengal).[6]Makar Mela inOdisha.Tusu Mela also called as Tusu Porab is celebrated in many parts of Jharkhand and West Bengal.Poush Mela,held traditionally on the seventh day of Poush, atShantiniketan,inWest Bengal,is unrelated to this festival.Mela Maghiis held in memory of the forty Sikh martyrs (Chalis Mukte) who gave their lives to protectGuru Gobind Singh,the tenth Guru of Sikhism, every year at Muktsar Sahib in Punjab. Before this tradition, the festival was observed and mentioned byGuru Amar Das,the third Guru of Sikhism.[36]

Feast of Makar Sankranti

Andhra Pradesh and Telangana

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The festival Sankranti is celebrated for four days in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.[37]Teluguwomen decorate the entrance of their homes by geometric patterns drawn using colored rice flour, calledMuggu.

  • Day 1 –Bhogi
  • Day 2 – Pedda Panduga/Sankranti, the main festival day
  • Day 3 – Kanuma
  • Day 4 – Mukkanuma

Bhogi

Bhogiis the first day of the four-day festival. It is celebrated with a bonfire with logs of wood, other solid-fuels, and wooden furniture at home that are no longer useful. In the evening, a ceremony called Bhogi Pallu, fruits of the harvest such asregi palluandsugarcaneare collected along with flowers of the season. Money is often placed into a mixture of treats and is poured over children. The children then collect the money and sweet fruits.

Pedda Panduga/Sankranti

The second and main day of the four-day festival, and is dedicated to the Hindu godSurya.[38]The day marks the start of theUttarayana,when the sun enters the 10th house of the zodiacMakara.[39]It is commonly called as Pedda Panduga (Big festival) in theAndhra Pradeshstate.[40]Ariselu,a traditional sweet dish is offered to the god.

Kanuma

The third day of the four-day festival, it is dedicated to the cattle and other domestic animals. The cattle are decorated, especially cows, they are offered bananas, a special meal and worshipped.[41]On this day, popular community sportKodi Pandemwill begun playing until the next one to two days, especially in theCoastal Andhraregion of Andhra Pradesh.[42]

Mukkanuma

It is the fourth and last day of the four-day festival. Many families hold reunions on this day.

Colorful floor artwork (muggulu) decorate entrances and streets during Sankranti

Assam

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A Buffalo fight held at Ranthali, in Nagaon District of Assam, on the occasion of Magh bihu.

Magh Bihu(also calledBhogali Bihu(Bihuof eating foods and enjoyment) orMaghar Domahiis aharvest festivalcelebrated inAssam,India, which marks the end of harvesting season in the month ofMaagha(January–February).[43]It is the Assam celebration of Makar Sankranti, with feasting lasting for a week.[44]

The festival is marked by feasts and bonfires. The day of the Bihu starts at early dawn by a post-harvesting ceremony called "Meji". In this, bonfires are burned in the house, temples, fields and people pray to Agnidev for blessings[45]Young people erect makeshift huts, known asMejiandBhelaghar,from bamboo, leaves and thatch, and inBhelagharthey eat the food prepared for the feast, and then burn the huts the next morning.[46]The celebrations also feature traditional Assamese games such as tekeli bhonga (pot-breaking) and buffalo fighting.[47]Magh Bihu celebrations start on the last day of the previous month, the month of "Pooh", usually the 29th of Pooh and usually 14 January, and is the only day of Magh Bihu in modern times (earlier, the festival would last for the whole month of Magh, and so the name Magh Bihu).[48]The night before is "Uruka" (28th of Pooh), when people gather around a bonfire, cook dinner, and make merry.

During Magh Bihu people of Assam make cakes of rice with various names such as Shunga Pitha, Til Pitha etc. and some other sweets of coconut called Laru or Laskara.

A traditional sweet sesame-jaggery basedladooexchanged and eaten on Makar Sankranti.

Bihar

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It is popularly known as Sakraat or Khichdi in western Bihar and Til Sakraat or Dahi Chura in rest of Bihar where people usually eatDahiand Chura (Flattened Rice), sweets made of TilSesame seedsand Chini (Sugar)/Gud(Jaggery) such asTilkut,Tilwa (Til ke Ladoo) etc. In the state, the crops harvested around the time are Sesame Seeds, Paddy, etc.

Goa

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Known asSankrantin Goa and like in the rest of the country, people distribute sweets in the form of granules of sugar-coated till pulses among family members and friends. Newly married women offer five sughat or small clay pots with black beaded threads tied around them, to the deity. These pots are filled with newly harvested food grains and are offered with betel leaves and areca nut.[49]Its observance takes place on a rather subdued note, unlike major festivals of the region likeGanesh chaturthi.

Gujarat

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Main article:International Kite Festival in Gujarat – Uttarayan

Uttarayana, as Makar Sankranti is called in Gujarati, is a major festival in the state of Gujarat[50]which lasts for two days.

  • 14 January is Uttarayana
  • 15 January is Vasi-Uttarayana (Stale Uttarayana).[51]

Gujarati people keenly await this festival to fly kites, calledpatang.Kites for Uttarayana are made of special light-weight paper and bamboo and are mostly rhombus shaped with central spine and a single bow. The string often containsabrasives to cut down rival kites.The large number of kites leads to injuries and fatalities among birds.Jivdaya Charitable Trust,a local animal welfare charity, started a Save the Birds campaign, for example asking people to fly kites at times of day when birds are less likely to be flying to find food.

In Gujarat, from December through to Makar Sankranti, people start enjoying Uttarayana.Undhiyu(spicy, baked mix of winter vegetables) and chikkis (made from til (sesame seeds), peanuts and jaggery) are the special festival recipes savoured on this day. The Hindu Sindhi community in western regions of India, that is also found in southeastern parts of Pakistan, celebrate Makar Sankranti as Tirmoori. On this day, parents sending sweet dishes to their daughters.[52]

Haryana and Delhi

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"Sakraant" in Haryana and Delhi rural areas, is celebrated with traditional Hindu rituals of North India similar to Western UP and border areas of Rajasthan and Punjab. This includesritual purificationby taking the holy dip in rivers, especially in Yamuna, or at sacred ponds such as ancient sarovarsKurukshetraand at localtirthaponds associated with the ancestral guardian/founder deity of the village calledJathera or Dhok(dahak in Sanskrit or fire) in villages to wash away sins. People preparekheer,churma,halvawithdesigheeand distribute til-gud (sesameandjaggery)laddoosorchikkis.Brothers of married woman visits her home with a gift pack, called "Sindhara" or "Sidha", of wood and warm clothing for her and her husband's family. Women give gift to their in-laws called "Manana". Women congregate in the nearbyhavelistosing Haryani folk songsand exchange gifts.[53]

Jammu

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InJammu,Makar Sankrantiis celebrated as'Uttrain'(derived from Sanskrit:Uttarayana).[54][55]Alternatively, terms'Attrain'or'Attrani'have also been used to describe this festival. A day before is celebrated as Lohri byDograsto commemorate end ofPoh(Pausha) month.[56]It is also beginning of theMaghamonth as per Hindu Solar Calendar, hence also known as'Maghi Sangrand'(SankrantiofMaghmonth).

Among Dogras, there is a tradition of'Mansana'(charity) ofKhichdiofMaah Dal.KhichdiofMaah di Dalis also prepared on this day and that is why this day is also referred to as'Khichdi wala Parva'.There is also a tradition of sendingKhichdi& other food items to house of married daughters. Fairs are organised on holy places and pligrimages on this day.[57]Dhagwal inHiranagartehsil is known for Fair onMakar SankrantiandJanamashtami.[58]

People of Jammu also take holy bath inDevikariver and pilgrimages likeUttar BehniandPurmandalon this occasion.[59]This day is also celebrated as birth anniversary ofBaba Ambo ji,a local deity of Jammu region.[60]

At Vasuki temple ofBhaderwahofJammu,the idols ofVasuki Nagare covered onMagh Sankrantiand they are uncovered only after three months onVaisakha Sankranti.[61][62]

Karnataka

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Mysuru Decorated Cows. January 2017.

This is theSuggi(ಸುಗ್ಗಿ) or harvest festival for farmers of Karnataka. On this auspicious day, girls wear new clothes to visit near and dear ones with a Sankranti offering in a plate and exchange the same with other families. This ritual is called "Ellu Birodhu." Here the plate would normally contain "Ellu" (white sesame seeds) mixed with fried groundnuts, neatly cut dry coconut and fine cut bella (jaggery). The mixture is called "Ellu-Bella" (ಎಳ್ಳು ಬೆಲ್ಲ). The plate contains shaped sugar candy moulds (Sakkare Acchu, ಸಕ್ಕರೆ ಅಚ್ಚು) with a piece of sugarcane. There is a saying in Kannada "ellu bella thindu olle maathadi" that translates to 'eat the mixture of sesame seeds and jaggery and speak only good.' This festival signifies the harvest of the season, since sugarcane is predominant in these parts. Ellu Bella, Ellu Unde, bananas, sugarcane, red berries, haldi and kumkum and small gift items useful in everyday lives are often exchanged among women in Karnataka. During the occasion, newly married women give away bananas for five years to married women from the first year of her marriage. Kite flying, drawing rangolis, giving away of red berries known as Yalchi kai are some of the intrinsic parts of the festival. Another vital ritual in rural Karnataka is the display of decorated cows and bulls and their procession is done and they are also made to cross a fire and this custom is known as "Kichchu Haayisuvudu".[63][64]

Maharashtra

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Multicolored sugar halwa surrounded by til-gul (sesame and jaggery) ladoos. These exchanged and eaten on Makar Sankranti in Maharashtra.

In Maharashtra, on Makar Sankranti day, people exchangetil-gul(sweetmeats made from sesame seeds and jaggery). A famous line associated with this joyous occasion istil gul ghya god god bola(Eat this sesame and jaggery and speak sweet words). Tilacha halwa (sugar granules) are also offered as prasad in theDevghar(Prayer room) after seeking blessings.Gulachi poli is a popular flat bread stuffed with shredded jaggery and groundtilin puregheeare enjoyed for lunch as well as dinner.

Married women invite friends/family members and celebrateHaldi-Kunku.Guests are given til-gul and some small gift, as a part of the ritual.[65]On this day, Hindu women and men make it a point to wear black clothes. As Sakranti falls in thewintermonths of the region, wearing black adds to the body warmth.[65]This is an essential reason behind wearing black, which is otherwise barred on festival days. As per another legend, LordSuryaforgave his sonShaniand his son visited him on Sankranti.[66]That is the essential reason why people distribute sweets and urge them to let go of any negative or angry feelings. Also, newly married women offer five sunghat or small clay pots with black beaded threads tied around them, to theShaktideity. These pots are filled with newly harvested food grains and are offered with betel leaves and areca nut. Its observance takes place on a rather subdued note, unlike major festivals of the region likeGanesh Chaturthi.

Odisha

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The festival is known as Makara Sankranti inOdisha[67]where people preparemakara chaula(Odia:ମକର ଚାଉଳ): uncooked newly harvested rice, banana,coconut,jaggery,sesame,rasagola,Khai/Liaa andchhenapuddings for naivedya to gods and goddesses. The withdrawing winter entails a change in food habits and intake of nourishing and rich food. Therefore, this festival holds traditional cultural significance. It is astronomically important for devotees who worship the sun god at the great Konark temple with fervour and enthusiasm as the sun starts its annual swing northwards.[68]According to various Indian calendars, the Sun's movement changes and the days from this day onwards become lengthier and warmer and so the Sun-God is worshiped on this day as a great benefactor. Many individuals at the start of the day perform a ritual bath while fasting.[68]Makara Mela (Fun fair) is observed at Dhabaleswar inCuttack,Hatakeshwar at Atri inKhordha,Makara Muni temple inBalasoreand near deities in each district of Odisha. InPurispecial rituals are carried out at the temple of LordJagannath.[68]In Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Kalahandi, Koraput and Sundargarh where the tribal population is greater, the festival is celebrated with great joy. They celebrate this festival with great enthusiasm, singing, dancing and generally having an enjoyable time. This Makara Sankranti celebration is next to the Odia traditional new yearMaha Vishuva Sankrantiwhich falls in mid April. Tribal groups celebrate with traditional dancing, eating their particular dishes sitting together, and by lighting bonfires.

Punjab

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Main article:Maghi
Mela

InPunjab,Makar Sankranti is celebrated asMaghiwhich is a religious and cultural festival. Bathing in a river in the early hours onMaghiis important. Hindus light lamps with sesame oil as this is supposed to give prosperity and drive away all sins. A major mela is held atSri Muktsar Sahibon Maghi which commemorates a historical event in Sikh history.[69]

Rajasthan and Western Madhya Pradesh (Malwa and Nimar)

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"Makar Sankrati" or "Sakraat" in theRajasthani language[70]is one of the major festivals in the state of Rajasthan. The day is celebrated with special Rajasthani delicacies and sweets such as pheeni (either with sweet milk or sugar syrup dipped), til-patti, gajak, kheer, ghevar, pakodi, puwa, and til-laddoo.[71]

Specially, the women of this region observe a ritual in which they give any type of object (related to household, make-up or food) to 13 married women. The first Sankranti experienced by a married woman is of significance as she is invited by her parents and brothers to their houses with her husband for a big feast. People invite friends and relatives (specially their sisters and daughters) to their home for special festival meals (called as "Sankrant Bhoj" ). People give out many kind of small gifts such as til-gud (jaggery), fruits, dry khichadi, etc. to Brahmins or the needy ones.

Kite flying is traditionally observed as a part of this festival.[72]On this occasion the sky in Jaipur and Hadoti regions is filled with kites, and youngsters engage in contests trying to cut each other's strings.[72]

In Malwa and Nimar region kite flying is popular during makar Sankranti.[73]

Tamil Nadu and Puducherry

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Main article:Pongal (festival)
The Tamil festival of Pongal coincides with Makar Sankranti, and celebratesSurya.

It is a four-day festival in South India:

The festival is celebrated four days from the last day of the Tamil monthMargazhito the third day of the Tamil monthThai (Pausha).

Bhogi

The first day of festival isBhogi.It is celebrated on the last day ofMargazhi[74]by discarding household items and setting them on fire, marking the end of the old and the emergence of the new.[75]In villages there will be a simple ceremony of "Kappu Kattu" (kappu means secure). The 'neem' leaves are kept along the walls and roof of the houses. This is to eliminate evil forces. This day is also held in honor ofIndra,the Hindu god of rain.[75]

Thai Pongal
A Tamil Hindu girl in traditional dress for Pongal.

The second day of festival isThai Pongalor simply Pongal.[76]It is celebrated by boiling rice with fresh milk and jaggery in new pots, which are later topped with brown sugar, cashew nuts and raisins early in the morning and allowing it to boil over the vessel. This tradition gives Pongal its name. The moment the rice boils over and bubbles out of the vessel, the tradition is to shout "பொங்கலோ பொங்கல் (Ponggalo Ponggal)!" and blow thesangu(a conch), a custom practised to announce it was going to be a year blessed with good tidings. Then, new boiled rice is offered to the Sun god during sunrise, as a prayer which symbolises thanks to the sun for providing prosperity. It is later served to the people in the house for the ceremony. People prepare savouries and sweets such asvadai, murukku, payasamand visit each other and exchange greetings.

Maattu Pongal
Jallikattu, or "taming the bull", is an ancient Pongal tradition.

The third day of festival is Maattu Pongal. It is for offering thanks to cattle, as they help farmers in agriculture. On this day the cattle are decorated with paint, flowers and bells. They are allowed to roam free and fed sweet rice and sugar cane. Some people decorate the horns with gold or other metallic covers. In some places,Jallikattu,or taming the wild bull contest, is the main event of this day and this is mostly seen in the villages.

Kaanum Pongal

The fourth day of the festival is Kaanum Pongal (காணும் பொங்கல்: the word kaanum means "to view" ). During this day people visit their relatives, friends to enjoy the festive season. It is a day to thank relatives and friends for their support in the harvest. It started as a farmers festival, called as Uzhavar Thirunaal in Tamil.Kolam(கோலம்) decorations are made in front of the house during Thai Pongal festival.

Kerala

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In Kerala, this is called asSankrantiorMakara Sankranti.In Malabar villages, this used to be celebrated as the victory over a demon. In Sabarimala, on this day, theMakaravilakkuis lit to show the significanceofthelord- god.

Tripura

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The Tripuri is the promoter of Hangrai festivals. They have first introduced this festival of immersing of ancestors' remains in theholy river.Since then it was adopted by other groups in India and popularized over the years.

Mythology inform us that when the world was just created by Lord Siva or Sibrai there was only the grassland and nothing was present. The god then created an egg to produce a human being. The egg hatched to give birth to a human being, creating a big bang. He crawled out of eggshells and looked around for anyone like him, but he found none. There was total silence, peace tranquility, and harmony on the earth. He was frightened by seeing this scenario of earth. He remained near the eggshell most of the time and went back near to the empty eggshell, went inside of half of the shell and covered it with another one, and hid there.

The almighty God was upset by this development. Years later he created another egg, and after ten months it hatched. There was a big bang when it hatched that shook the earth and gave birth to another human. He was very courageous and powerful, as soon as he came out of the human eggshell, he started shouting and announced to the whole of the world, 'I am the first to be born in this earth, I am the eldest on the earth, no one is elder to me in this earth. He named himself Subrai and declared to the whole of the earth that he is the ruler of this earth and king of this universe. Hearing the big bang Hangrai got more frightened, closed his eyes, and silently remained inside the shell. But when he heard the voice like his own, he came out of his shell and met Subrai. At this Subrai told that he is older than Hangrai, since then Subrai became the elder brother of Hangrai, and people knew them as it is.

Thousand of years later when they grew older, the time had come to leave this world. As Hangrai grew older than Subrai, one day he felt sick very seriously, Hangrai was on his death bed, Subrai was taking care of him. Then god came before them and said, 'Among both of you, Hangrai is elder than Subrai, I only know this, because I have created both of you. Hangrai will leave this earth very soon. Subrai will do all necessary rituals to cremate the body of Hangrai.' And god disappeared from there.

Then Subrai cried like a baby, touching the feet of Hangrai, saying, 'Elder brother, I have treated you like a younger brother for thousands of years, forgive me for my wrongdoing unto you.'

Hangrai said, 'I have done so!' and touched his head as gesture of forgiving and blessing unto him, and then breadth for his last.

After the death of Hangrai, his younger brother Subrai cremated his body and did all the rituals, and immerged Hangrai's remaining in the holy water of the river on the last day of Pousa month. Since then, people observed these rituals and festivals every year and continued to this day. That is why the day is named "Hangrai", which has later adopted by other ethnic groups of people of India.

Every year on the day of Hangrai the Tripuri people observe it in grand pomp and show. In every house of Tripuri preparation for Hangrai starts two-three days before. Houses are cleaned, washed whitewashed. All the utensils, clothes, articles are cleaned, homes are decorated. Different types of Tripura cakes, dishes, and drinks are prepared, near and dear ones, relatives are invited for a feast.[citation needed]

Uttar Pradesh

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The festival is known asKicheriinPurvanchalandAwadhparts ofUttar Pradeshand involves ritual bathing.[77]Over two million people gather at their respective sacred places for this holy bathing such asPrayagrajandVaranasiin Uttar Pradesh andHaridwarin Uttarakhand.[78]The day at a domestic household begins by taking ritual bath before sunrise, doing ritualistic prayers to the risingSun.It also includes pledging for and donating Food, clothing and money to Brahmin/s calledPurohita.It is followed by generous gifting of Food, Clothing, jewelleries and money to female relatives like to married Daughters, Sisters and Daughter-in-Laws and their families. Sesameseeds,Jaggery,chiuraandYogurtare eaten post the prayers. This is followed byKhichdias the next meal (hence the vernacular name of the Festival).

Uttarakhand

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Makar Sankranti is a popular festival in Uttarakhand. It known by various names in the different parts of the state such as Uttarayani, Khichri Sangrand, Pusyodia, Ghughutia, Ghughuti Tyar, Kale Kauva, Makrain, Makraini, Gholda, Gwalda and Chunyatyar.[79]

Bagnath TempleinBageshwarduring the Uttarayani Fair, 2018.

In theKumaonregion of Uttarakhand, Makar Sankranti (also called as Ghughuti (घुघुति) or Ghughuti Tyar or Ghughutia or Kale Kauva or Uttarayani) is celebrated with great gusto. The famous Uttarayanimela(fair) is held inBageshwartown each year in the month of January on the occasion of Makar Sankrati.[80][81]According to the Almora Gazetteer, even in the early twentieth century, the annual Uttarayani mela at Bageshwar was visited by approximately 15,000 people and was the largest fair ofKumaon division.[82]The religious ritual of the Uttarayani mela consists of bathing before daybreak at the confluence of Saryu and Gomati followed by an offering of water toLord Shivainside theBagnath Temple.[83][84]Those who are more religiously disposed, continue this practice for three days in succession, which is known as "Trimaghi".[83]On this day, people also give 'khichdi'(a dish made by mi xing pulses and rice) in charity, take ceremonial dips in holy rivers, participate in Uttarayani fairs and offer deep fried sweetmeats consisting of flour and jaggery to crows and other birds as a way to pay homage to the departed souls of their ancestors.[85]

West Bengal

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A feast at Poush Sankranti

In West Bengal, Sankranti, also known as Poush Sankranti[86]named after the Bengali month in which it falls (last date of that month), is celebrated as a harvest festival Poush Parbon (Bengali:পৌষ পার্বণ). (It falls on 14 January on the Western calendar.) The freshly harvested paddy and the date palm syrup in the form of Khejurer Gur (Bengali:খেজুরের গুড়) and Patali (Bengali:পাটালি) is used in the preparation of a variety of traditional Bengali sweets made with rice flour, coconut, milk and 'khejurer gur' (date palm jaggery) and known as 'Pitha' (Bengali:পিঠে). All sections of society participate in a three-day festival that begins on the day before Sankranti and ends on the day after. The Goddess Lakshmi is usually worshipped on the day of Sankranti.

In the Himalayan regions of Darjeeling, the festival is as known as Magey Sakrati. It is distinctly associated with the worship of Lord Shiva. Traditionally, people bathe at sunrise and then commence their pooja. Elsewhere, many people take a dip in places likeGanga Sagar.[87]Ganga Sagar falls in West Bengal.

Outside India

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The festival is known as Maghe Sakranti by Hindus inNepal,and above is a traditional basket dance festivity to celebrate it.

Bangladesh

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See also:Shakrain

Shakrainis an annual celebration ofwinterinBangladeshin the downtown ofDhaka,observed with the flying ofkites.Many families in villages across Bangladesh observe Makar Sankranti in many ways. At midnight on January 14/15, people light fireworks to mark the beginning of the holiday. Betting games are played, but with fruits, similar todice games.Families round up ingredients to compete with others in their village to see who can create the largest variety ofpithas.Others go fishing in ponds, creeks and streams to see who can catch the largest fish. It is a fun holiday that many wait for year-long.

The holiday is observed by a significant amount of the Bengali diaspora as well.[88]

Nepal

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Maghe Sankranti Food

Maghe Sankrantiis a Nepalese festival observed on the first ofMaghain theVikram Sambat(B.S) calendar (about 14 January).Tharu peoplecelebrate this particular day as new year. It is also regarded as the major government declared annual festival of theMagar community.[89]

Observant Hindus take ritual baths during this festival. These include Sankhamul on the Bagmati near Patan; In the Gandaki/Narayani river basin at Triveni,DevghatnearChitwan Valleyand Ridi on the Kaligandaki; and in the Koshi River basin atDolalghaton theSun Koshi.Festive foods like laddoo, ghee andsweet potatoesare distributed.

Pakistan (Sindh)

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On this festive day,Sindhiparents send ladoos and chiki (Laaee) made of sesame seeds to their married daughters. The Sindhi community in India too celebrate Makar Sankranti as Tirmoori which involves parents sending sweet dishes to their daughters.[90]

Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, and among Tamil diasporas worldwide

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On this day, theTamilfarmers and theTamil Peoplehonour and perform a pooja to the Sun GodSuriya Narayanan.This happens when the sun enters the zodiac sign ofCapricorn(Makara). TheThai Pongalfestival is celebrated in mid-January, or theTamilmonth of Thai, to coincide with the rice harvest.[91]

Pongal practices and rituals in Sri Lanka and diasporic countries aren't much differentiated from those followed in Southern India, outside notably the Jalikkattu practice, which is not existent among Sri Lankan Tamils and diasporic Tamil communities.

In Sri Lanka, celebrations of Pongal extend generally to two days and not four, and instead of thePongaldish, a similar food called Pukkai is offered. Its preparation happen on the first day and not on the second as in India (where Pongal start one day earlier with Boghi day). Hence here, Pongal celebration is focused on the day of Thai Pongal only.[92]

See also

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References

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