The Maritimes

This article is about the Canadian region. For other uses, seeMaritime (disambiguation).

Not to be confused withAtlantic Canada.

The Maritimes,also called theMaritime provinces,is aregionofEastern Canadaconsisting of threeprovinces:New Brunswick,Nova Scotia,andPrince Edward Island.The Maritimes had a population of 1,899,324 in 2021, which makes up 5.1% of Canada's population.Together with Canada's easternmost province,Newfoundland and Labrador,the Maritime provinces make up the region ofAtlantic Canada.

The Maritimes Les Maritimes(French)
The Maritime provinces (red) within the rest of Canada
Composition	New Brunswick Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island
Largest metro	Halifax
Area
• Total	130,017.11 km2(50,199.89 sq mi)
Population (2021)
• Total	1,899,324
• Density	15/km2(38/sq mi)
Demonym	Maritimer
Time zone	UTC−4:00(AST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−3:00(ADT)

Located along theAtlanticcoast, various aquatic sub-basins are located in the Maritimes, such as theGulf of MaineandGulf of St. Lawrence.The region is located northeast ofNew Englandin the United States, south and southeast ofQuebec'sGaspé Peninsula,and southwest of the island ofNewfoundland.The notion of aMaritime Unionhas been proposed at various times in Canada's history; the first discussions in 1864 at theCharlottetown Conferencecontributed toCanadian Confederation.This movement formed the largerDominion of Canada.TheMi'kmaq,MaliseetandPassamaquoddypeople are indigenous to the Maritimes, whileAcadianand British settlements date to the 17th century.

Name

The Maritimes: New Brunswick (green), Nova Scotia (blue) and Prince Edward Island (red)

The wordmaritimeis an adjective that meansof the sea;from Latinmaritimus"of the sea, near the sea", frommare"sea". Thus any land adjacent to the sea can be considered maritime. But the termMaritimeshas historically been collectively applied to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, all of which border theAtlantic Ocean.

History

Thepre-history of the Canadian Maritimesbegins after the northerly retreat of glaciers at the end of theWisconsin glaciationover 10,000 years ago; human settlement byFirst Nationsbegan in the Maritimes withPaleo-Indiansduring theEarly Period,ending around 6,000 years ago.

TheMiddle Period,starting 6,000 years ago, and ending 3,000 years ago, was dominated byrising sea levelsfrom the melting glaciers in polar regions. This is when what is called theLaurentian traditionstarted amongArchaic Indians,the term used for First Nations peoples of the time. Evidence of Archaic Indianburial moundsand other ceremonial sites existing in theSaint John Rivervalley has been uncovered.

TheLate Periodextended from 3,000 years ago until first contact with European settlers. This period was dominated by the organization of First Nations peoples into theAlgonquian-speakingAbenakiNation, which occupied territory largely in present-day interiorVermont,New Hampshire,andMaine,and the Mi'kmaq Nation, which inhabited all of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, eastern New Brunswick and the southernGaspé.The primarily agrarianMaliseetNation settled throughout the Saint John River andAllagash Rivervalleys of present-day New Brunswick and Maine. ThePassamaquoddyNation inhabited the northwestern coastal regions of the present-dayBay of Fundy.The Mi'kmaq Nation is also believed to have crossed the present-dayCabot Straitat around this time to settle on the south coast ofNewfoundland,but they were a minority compared to theBeothukNation.

European contact

After Newfoundland, the Maritimes were the second area in Canada to be settled by Europeans. There is evidence thatVikingexplorers discovered and settled in theVinlandregion around 1000 AD, which is when theL'Anse aux Meadowssettlement inNewfoundland and Labradorhas been dated. They may have made further exploration into the present-day Maritimes and northeastern United States.

BothGiovanni Caboto(John Cabot) andGiovanni da Verrazzanoare reported to have sailed in or near Maritime waters during their voyages of discovery for England and France, respectively.Several Portuguese explorers / cartographers have also documented various parts of the Maritimes, namelyDiogo Homem.However, it was French explorerJacques Cartierwho made the first detailed reconnaissance of the region for a European power and, in so doing, claimed the region for the King of France. Cartier was followed by noblemanPierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons,who was accompanied by explorer / cartographerSamuel de Champlainin a 1604 expedition. During this they established the second permanent European settlement in what is now the United States and Canada, following Spain's settlement atSt. Augustinein present-day Florida in the American South. Champlain's settlement atSaint Croix Island,later moved toPort Royal(Annapolis Royal), survived. By contrast, the ill-fated English settlement atRoanoke Colonyoff the southern American coast did not. The French settlement pre-dated the more successful English settlement atJamestownin present-day Virginia by three years. Champlain was considered the founder ofNew France's province of Canada, which comprises much of the present-day lowerSt. Lawrence Rivervalley in the province ofQuebec.

Acadia

Champlain's success in the region, which came to be calledAcadie,led to the fertile tidal marshes surrounding the southeastern and northeastern reaches of theBay of Fundybeing populated by French immigrants who called themselvesAcadien.The Acadians eventually built small settlements throughout what is today mainlandNova ScotiaandNew Brunswick,as well as Île-Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island), Île-Royale (Cape Breton Island), and other shorelines of theGulf of St. Lawrencein present-dayNewfoundlandandLabrador,andQuebec.Acadian settlements had primarily agrarian economies. Early examples of Acadian fishing settlements developed in southwestern Nova Scotia and in Île-Royale, as well as along the south and west coasts of Newfoundland, theGaspé Peninsula,and the present-dayCôte-Nordregion of Quebec. Most Acadian fishing activities were overshadowed by the much larger seasonal European fishing fleets that were based out of Newfoundland and took advantage of proximity to theGrand Banks.

The growing English colonies along the American seaboard to the south and various European wars between England and France during the 17th and 18th centuries brought Acadia to the centre of world-scale geopolitical forces. In 1613, Virginian raiders captured Port-Royal, and in 1621 France ceded Acadia to Scotland'sSir William Alexander,who renamed itNova Scotia.

By 1632, Acadia was returned from Scotland to France under theTreaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.The Port Royale settlement was moved to the site of nearby present-dayAnnapolis Royal.More French immigrant settlers, primarily from theBrittany,Normandie,andVienneregions of France, continued to populate the colony of Acadia during the latter part of the 17th and early part of the 18th centuries. Important settlements also began in theBeaubassinregion of the present-dayIsthmus of Chignecto,and in theSaint John Rivervalley, as well as smaller communities on Île-Saint-Jean and Île-Royale.

In 1654, raiders fromNew Englandattacked Acadian settlements on theAnnapolis Basin.Acadians lived with uncertainty throughout the English constitutional crises underOliver Cromwell,and it was not until theTreaty of Bredain 1667 that France's claim to the region was reaffirmed. Colonial administration by France throughout the history of Acadia was of low priority. France's priorities were in settling and strengthening its claim on the larger territory ofNew Franceand the exploration and settlement of interior North America and theMississippi Rivervalley.

Colonial wars

Over 74 years (1689–1763) there were six colonial wars, which involved continuous warfare between New England andAcadia(see theFrench and Indian Warsreflecting English and French tensions in Europe, as well asFather Rale's War(Dummer's War) andFather Le Loutre's War). Throughout these wars, New England was allied with theIroquois Confederacybased around the southernGreat Lakesand west of theHudson River.Acadian settlers were allied with theWabanaki Confederacy.In the first war,King William's War(the North American theatre of theNine Years' War), natives from the Maritime region participated in numerous attacks with the French on the Acadia / New England border in southern Maine (e.g.,Raid on Salmon Falls). New England retaliatory raids on Acadia, such as theRaid on Chignecto,were conducted byBenjamin Church.In the second war,Queen Anne's War(the North American theatre of theWar of the Spanish Succession), the British conducted theConquest of Acadia,while the region remained primarily in control ofMaliseet militia,Acadia militiaandMi'kmaw militia.

In 1719, to further protect strategic interests in theGulf of St. LawrenceandSt. Lawrence River,France began the 20-year construction of a largefortress at Louisbourgon Île-Royale. Massachusetts was increasingly concerned over reports of the capabilities of this fortress, and ofprivateersstaging out of its harbour to raid New England fishermen on the Grand Banks. In the fourth war,King George's War(the North American theatre of theWar of the Austrian Succession), the British engaged successfully in theSiege of Louisbourg.The British returned control of Île-Royale to France with the fortress virtually intact three years later under theTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelleand the French reestablished their forces there.

In 1749, to counter the rising threat of Louisbourg,Halifaxwas founded and theRoyal Navyestablished a major naval base andcitadel.The founding of Halifax sparkedFather Le Loutre's War.

St. John River Campaign:A View of the Plundering and Burning of the City of Grimross(present dayArcadia, New Brunswick) byThomas Daviesin 1758. This is the only contemporaneous image of theExpulsion of the Acadians.

During the sixth and final colonial war, theFrench and Indian War(the North American theatre of theSeven Years' War), the military conflicts in Nova Scotia continued. The BritishConquest of Acadiahappened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years, the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour.The British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia.

The British began theExpulsion of the Acadianswith theBay of Fundy campaignin 1775. Over the next nine years over 12,000 Acadians of 15,000 were removed from Nova Scotia.

Siege of Louisbourg (1758)

In 1758, the fortress ofLouisbourg was laid siege for a second timewithin 15 years, this time by more than 27,000 British soldiers and sailors with over 150 warships. After the French surrender, Louisbourg was thoroughly destroyed by British engineers to ensure it would never be reclaimed. With the fall of Louisbourg, French and Mi'kmaw resistance in the region crumbled. British forces seized remaining French control over Acadia in the coming months, with Île-Saint-Jean falling in 1759 to British forces on their way to Quebec City for the first siege of Quebec and the ensuingBattle of the Plains of Abraham.

The war ended and Britain had gained control over the entire Maritime region and the Indigenous people signed theHalifax Treaties.

American Revolution

Following theSeven Years' War,empty Acadian lands were settled first by 8,000New England Plantersand then by immigrantsbrought from Yorkshire.Île-Royale was renamed Cape Breton Island and incorporated into the Colony of Nova Scotia. Some of the Acadians who had been deported came back but went to the eastern coasts of New Brunswick.

Both the colonies of Nova Scotia (present-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) and St. John's Island (Prince Edward Island) were affected by theAmerican Revolutionary War,largely by privateering against American shipping, but several coastal communities were also the targets of American raiders. Charlottetown, the capital of the new colony of St. John's Island, was ransacked in 1775 with the provincial secretary kidnapped and the Great Seal stolen. The largest military action in the Maritimes during the revolutionary war was theattack on Fort Cumberland(the renamedFort Beauséjour) in 1776 by a force of American sympathizers led byJonathan Eddy.The fort was partially overrun after a month-long siege, but the attackers were ultimately repelled after the arrival of British reinforcements from Halifax.

The most significant impact from this war was the settling of large numbers ofLoyalistrefugees in the region (34,000 to the 17,000 settlers already there), especially inShelburneand Parrtown (Saint John). Following theTreaty of Parisin 1783, Loyalist settlers in what would become New Brunswick persuaded British administrators to split the Colony of Nova Scotia to create the new colony of New Brunswick in 1784. At the same time, another part of the Colony of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, was split off to become the Colony of Cape Breton Island. The Colony of St. John's Island was renamedPrince Edward Islandon November 29, 1798.

TheWar of 1812had some effect on the shipping industry in the Maritime colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Cape Breton Island; however, the significantRoyal Navypresence in Halifax and other ports in the region prevented any serious attempts by American raiders. Maritime and Americanprivateerstargeted unprotected shipping of both the United States and Britain respectively, further reducing trade. New Brunswick's section of the Canada–US border did not have any significant action during this conflict, although British forces did occupy a portion of coastalMaineat one point. The most significant incident from this war which occurred in the Maritimes was the British capture and detention ofUSSChesapeake,an Americanfrigatein Halifax.

19th century

In 1820, the Colony ofCape Breton Islandwas merged back into the Colony of Nova Scotia for the second time by the British government.

British settlement of the Maritimes, as the colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island came to be known, accelerated throughout the late 18th century and into the 19th century with significant immigration to the region as a result of Scottish migrants displaced by theHighland ClearancesandIrishescaping theGreat Irish Famine(1845–1849). As a result, significant portions of the three provinces are influenced byCelticheritages, withScottish Gaelic(and to a lesser degree,Irish Gaelic) having been widely spoken, particularly in Cape Breton, although it is less prevalent today.

During theAmerican Civil War,a significant number of Maritimers volunteered to fight for the armies of theUnion,while a small handful joined theConfederate Army.However, the majority of the conflict's impact was felt in the shipping industry. Maritime shipping boomed during the war due to large-scale Northern imports of war supplies which were often carried by Maritime ships as Union ships were vulnerable to Confederate naval raiders. Diplomatic tensions between Britain and theUnionist Northhad deteriorated after some interests in Britain expressed support for the secessionistConfederate South.TheUnion Navy,although much smaller than the BritishRoyal Navyand no threat to the Maritimes, did posture off Maritime coasts at times chasingConfederate naval shipswhich sought repairs and reprovisioning in Maritime ports, especially Halifax.

Charles Tupper

Joseph Howe

Joseph Howe and Charles Tupper competed politically on the question of confederation

The immense size of the Union Army (the largest on the planet toward the end of the Civil War), however, was viewed with increasing concern by Maritimers throughout the early 1860s. Another concern was the rising threat ofFenian raidson border communities inNew Brunswickby theFenian Brotherhoodseeking to endBritish rule in Ireland.This combination of events, coupled with an ongoing decline in British military and economic support to the region as theHome Officefavoured newer colonial endeavours in Africa and elsewhere, led to a call among Maritime politicians for a conference onMaritime Union,to be held in early September 1864 in Charlottetown – chosen in part because of Prince Edward Island's reluctance to give up its jurisdictional sovereignty in favour of uniting with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia into a single colony. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia felt that if the union conference were held in Charlottetown, they might be able to convince Island politicians to support the proposal.

TheCharlottetown Conference,as it came to be called, was also attended by a slew of visiting delegates from the neighbouringCrown colony,theProvince of Canada,who had largely arrived at their own invitation with their own agenda. This agenda saw the conference dominated by discussions of creating an even larger union of the entire territory ofBritish North Americainto a united colony. The Charlottetown Conference ended with an agreement to meet the following month inQuebec City,where more formal discussions ensued, culminating with meetings in London and the signing of theBritish North America Act,1867(BNA Act). Of the Maritime provinces, only Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were initially party to the BNA Act: Prince Edward Island's reluctance, combined with a booming agricultural and fishing export economy having led to that colony opting not to sign on.

Major population centres

Main articles:List of municipalities in Nova Scotia,List of cities in New Brunswick,andList of municipalities in Prince Edward Island

The major communities of the region includeHalifaxandCape Bretonin Nova Scotia,Moncton,Saint John,andFrederictonin New Brunswick, andCharlottetownin Prince Edward Island.

Climate

Köppen climate typesof the Maritimes

In spite of its name, The Maritimes has ahumid continental climateof the warm-summer subtype. Especially in coastal Nova Scotia, differences between summers and winters are narrow compared to the rest of Canada. The inland climate of New Brunswick is in stark contrast during winter, resembling more continental areas. Summers are somewhat tempered by the marine influence throughout the provinces, but due to the southerly parallels still remain similar to more continental areas further west.Yarmouthin Nova Scotia has significant marine influence to have a borderlineoceanicmicroclimate,but winter nights are still cold even in all coastal areas. The northernmost areas of New Brunswick are only just abovesubarcticwith very cold continental winters.

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in The Maritimes

Location	Province	July (°C)	July (°F)	January (°C)	January (°F)
Halifax	Nova Scotia	23 / 14	73 / 57	0 / −8	32 / 18
Sydney	Nova Scotia	23 / 12	73 / 54	−1 / −9	30 / 16
Fredericton	New Brunswick	25 / 13	77 / 55	−4 / −15	25 / 5
Saint John	New Brunswick	22 / 11	72 / 52	−2 / −13	28 / 9
Moncton	New Brunswick	24 / 13	75 / 55	−3 / −14	27 / 7
Charlottetown	Prince Edward Island	23 / 14	73 / 57	−3 / −12	27 / 10
Yarmouth	Nova Scotia	21 / 12	70 / 54	1 / −7	34 / 19
Campbellton	New Brunswick	23 / 10	73 / 50	−9 / −20	16 / −4
Greenwood	Nova Scotia	26 / 14	79 / 57	−1 / −10	30 / 14

Demographics

Map showing first languages in the Maritimes. Red represents a majority of Anglophones and less than 33% Francophones; Orange, a majority of Anglophones and more than 33% Francophones; Blue, a Francophone majority with less than 33% Anglophones; and green, a Francophone majority with more than 33% Anglophones.

Halifax skyline from Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

The Maritimes were predominantly rural until recent decades, having resource-based economies of fishing, agriculture, forestry, and coal mining.

Maritimers are predominantly of west European origin:Scottish Canadians,Irish Canadians,English Canadians,andAcadians.New Brunswick, in general, differs from the other two Maritime provinces in that it has a much higherFrancophone population.There was once a significantCanadian Gaelicspeaking population.Helen Creightonrecorded Celtic traditions of rural Nova Scotia in the mid-1900s.

There areBlack Canadianswho are mostly descendants ofBlack Loyalistsorblack refugees from the War of 1812.This Maritime population is mainly amongBlack Nova Scotians.

There are Mi'kmaq reserves in all three provinces, and a smaller population of theMaliseetin western New Brunswick.

Skyline of Saint John, New Brunswick, 2002

Skyline of Moncton, New Brunswick

Economy

Present status

Fredericton City Hall

Given the small population of the region (compared with the Central Canadian provinces or the New England states), the regional economy is a net exporter of natural resources, manufactured goods, and services. The regional economy has long been tied to natural resources such as fishing, logging, farming, and mining activities. Significant industrialization in the second half of the 19th century brought steel toTrenton, Nova Scotia,and subsequent creation of a widespread industrial base to take advantage of the region's large underground coal deposits. After Confederation, however, this industrial base withered with technological change, and trading links to Europe and the U.S. were reduced in favour of those with Ontario and Quebec. In recent years, however, the Maritime regional economy has begun increased contributions from manufacturing again and the steady transition to a service economy.

Important manufacturing centres in the region includePictou County,Truro,theAnnapolis Valleyand theSouth Shore,and theStrait of Cansoarea in Nova Scotia, as well asSummersidein Prince Edward Island, and theMiramichiarea, theNorth Shoreand the upperSaint John Rivervalley of New Brunswick.

Some predominantly coastal areas have become major tourist centres, such as parts of Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island, the South Shore of Nova Scotia and theGulf of St. LawrenceandBay of Fundycoasts of New Brunswick. Additional service-related industries ininformation technology,pharmaceuticals, insurance and financial sectors—as well as research-related spin-offs from the region's numerous universities and colleges—are significant economic contributors.

Another important contribution to Nova Scotia's provincial economy is through spin-offs and royalties relating to off-shorepetroleumexploration and development. Mostly concentrated on the continental shelf of the province's Atlantic coast in the vicinity ofSable Island,exploration activities began in the 1960s and resulted in the first commercial production field for oil beginning in the 1980s.Natural gaswas also discovered in the 1980s during exploration work, and this is being commercially recovered, beginning in the late 1990s. Initial optimism in Nova Scotia about the potential of off-shore resources appears to have diminished with the lack of new discoveries, although exploration work continues and is moving farther off-shore into waters on thecontinental margin.

Peakes Quay on theCharlottetownwaterfront

Regional transportation networks have also changed significantly in recent decades with port modernizations, with newfreewayand ongoingarterial highwayconstruction, the abandonment of various low-capacity railwaybranch lines(including the entire railway system of Prince Edward Island and southwestern Nova Scotia), and the construction of theCanso Causewayand theConfederation Bridge.There have been airport improvements at various centres providing improved connections to markets and destinations in the rest of North America and overseas.

Improvements in infrastructure and the regional economy notwithstanding, the three provinces remain one of the poorer regions of Canada. While urban areas are growing and thriving, economic adjustments have been harsh in rural and resource-dependent communities, and emigration has been an ongoing phenomenon for some parts of the region. Another problem is seen in the lower average wages and family incomes within the region. Property values are depressed, resulting in a smaller tax base for these three provinces, particularly when compared with the national average which benefits from central and western Canadian economic growth.

This has been particularly problematic with the growth of thewelfare statein Canada since the 1950s, resulting in the need to draw uponequalization paymentsto provide nationally mandated social services. Since the 1990s the region has experienced an exceptionally tumultuous period in its regional economy with the collapse of large portions of the ground fishery throughout Atlantic Canada, the closing of coal mines and a steel mill onCape Breton Island,and the closure of military bases in all three provinces. That being said, New Brunswick has one of the largest military bases in theCommonwealth of Nations(CFB Gagetown), which plays a significant role in the cultural and economic spheres of Fredericton, the province's capital city.

Historical

Growth

Delegates of theCharlottetown Conferenceon the steps ofGovernment House

Maritime-born shipping magnateSir Samuel Cunard

While the economic underperformance of the Maritime economy has been long lasting, it has not always been present. The mid-19th century, especially the 1850s and 1860s, has long been seen as a "Golden Age" in the Maritimes. Growth was strong, and the region had one ofBritish North America's most extensive manufacturing sectors as well as a large international shipping industry. The question of why the Maritimes fell from being a centre of Canadian manufacturing to being an economic hinterland is thus a central one to the study of the region's pecuniary difficulties. The period in which the decline occurred had a great many potential culprits. In 1867 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick merged with the Canadas inConfederation,with Prince Edward Island joining them six years later in 1873. Canada was formed only a year afterfree tradewith the United States (in the form of theReciprocity Treaty) had ended. In the 1870sJohn A. Macdonald'sNational Policywas implemented, creating a system of protectivetariffsaround the new nation. Throughout the period there was also significant technological change both in the production and transportation of goods.

Reputed Golden Age

Several scholars have explored the so-called "Golden Age" of the Maritimes in the years just before Confederation. InNova Scotia,the population grew steadily from 277,000 in 1851 to 388,000 in 1871, mostly from natural increase since immigration was slight. The era has been called a Golden Age, but that was a myth created in the 1930s to lure tourists to a romantic era oftall shipsand antiques.Recent historians using census data have shown that is a fallacy. In 1851–1871 there was an overall increase in per capita wealth holding. However most of the gains went to the urban elite class, especially businessmen and financiers living in Halifax. The wealth held by the top 10% rose considerably over the two decades, but there was little improvement in the wealth levels in rural areas, which comprised the great majority of the population.Likewise Gwyn reports that gentlemen, merchants, bankers, colliery owners, shipowners, shipbuilders, and master mariners flourished. However the great majority of families were headed by farmers, fishermen, craftsmen and labourer. Most of them—and many widows as well—lived in poverty. Out migration became an increasingly necessary option.Thus the era was indeed a golden age but only for a small but powerful and highly visible elite.

Economic decline

The cause of economic malaise in the Maritimes is an issue of great debate and controversy among historians, economists, and geographers. The differing opinions can approximately be divided into the "structuralists", who argue that poor policy decisions are to blame, and the others, who argue that unavoidable technological and geographical factors caused the decline.

The exact date that the Maritimes began to fall behind the rest of Canada is difficult to determine. Historian Kris Inwood places the date very early, at least in Nova Scotia, finding clear signs that the Maritimes "Golden Age" of the mid-19th century was over by 1870, before Confederation or the National Policy could have had any significant impact.Richard Cavesplaces the date closer to 1885. T.W. Acheson takes a similar view and provides considerable evidence that the early 1880s were in fact a booming period in Nova Scotia and this growth was only undermined towards the end of that decade. David Alexander argues that any earlier declines were simply part of the globalLong Depression,and that the Maritimes first fell behind the rest of Canada when the great boom period of the early 20th century had little effect on the region. E.R. Forbes, however, emphasizes that the precipitous decline did not occur until after theFirst World Warduring the 1920s when new railway policies were implemented. Forbes also contends that significant Canadian defence spending during theSecond World Warfavoured powerful political interests inCentral Canadasuch asC. D. Howe,when major Maritime shipyards and factories, as well as Canada's largest steel mill, located in Cape Breton Island, fared poorly.

Yarmouthin 1910

One of the most important changes, and one that almost certainly had an effect, was the revolution in transportation that occurred at this time. The Maritimes were connected to central Canada by theIntercolonial Railwayin the 1870s, removing a longstanding barrier to trade. For the first time this placed the Maritime manufacturers in direct competition with those of Central Canada. Maritime trading patterns shifted considerably from mainly trading withNew England,Britain, and theCaribbean,to being focused on commerce with the Canadian interior, enforced by the federal government's tariff policies.

Coincident with the construction of railways in the region, the age of the wooden sailing ship began to come to an end, being replaced by larger and faster steelsteamships.The Maritimes had long been a centre forshipbuilding,and this industry was hurt by the change. The larger ships were also less likely to call on the smaller population centres such as Saint John and Halifax, preferring to travel to cities likeNew YorkandMontreal.Even theCunard Line,founded by Maritime-bornSamuel Cunard,stopped making more than a single ceremonial voyage to Halifax each year.

Major factories like this cotton mill in Marysville, near Fredericton, failed to compete with more centralized operations in Quebec and Ontario

More controversial than the role of technology is the argument over the role of politics in the origins of the region's decline. Confederation and the tariff and railway freight policies that followed have often been blamed for having a deleterious effect on the Maritime economies. Arguments have been made that the Maritimes' poverty was caused by control over policy by Central Canada which used the national structures for its own enrichment. This was the central view of theMaritime Rights Movementof the 1920s, which advocated greater local control over the region's finances. T.W. Acheson is one of the main proponents of this theory. He notes the growth that was occurring during the early years of the National Policy in Nova Scotia demonstrates how the effects of railway fares and the tariff structure helped undermine this growth. Capitalists from Central Canada purchased the factories and industries of the Maritimes from their bankrupt local owners and proceeded to close down many of them, consolidating the industry in Central Canada.

The policies in the early years of Confederation were designed by Central Canadian interests, and they reflected the needs of that region. The unified Canadian market and the introduction of railroads created a relative weakness in the Maritime economies. Central to this concept, according to Acheson, was the lack of metropolises in the Maritimes.

Montreal andTorontowere well-suited to benefit from the development of large-scale manufacturing and extensive railway systems inQuebecandOntario,these being the goals of the Macdonald and Laurier governments. In the Maritimes the situation was very different. Today New Brunswick has several mid-sized centres in Saint John, Moncton, and Fredericton but no significant population centre. Nova Scotia has a growing metropolitan area surroundingHalifax,but a contracting population in industrialCape Breton County,and several smaller centres inBridgewater,Kentville,Yarmouth,andPictou County.Prince Edward Island's only significant population centres are in Charlottetown andSummerside.During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, just the opposite was the case with little to no population concentration in major industrial centres as the predominantly rural resource-dependent Maritime economy continued on the same path as it had since European settlement on the region's shores.

Despite the region's absence of economic growth on the same scale as other parts of the nation, the Maritimes has changed markedly throughout the 20th century, partly as a result of global and national economic trends, and partly as a result of government intervention. Each sub-region within the Maritimes has developed over time to exploit different resources and expertise. Saint John became a centre of the timber trade and shipbuilding and is currently a centre for oil refining and some manufacturing. The northern New Brunswick communities ofEdmundston,Campbellton,Dalhousie,Bathurst,andMiramichiare focused on the pulp and paper industry and some mining activity. Moncton was a centre for railways and has changed its focus to becoming a multi-modal transportation centre with associated manufacturing and retail interests. The Halifax metropolitan area has come to dominate peninsular Nova Scotia as a retail and service centre, but that province's industries were spread out from the coal and steel industries of industrialCape BretonandPictoucounties, the mixed farming of the North Shore andAnnapolis Valley,and the fishing industry was primarily focused on the South Shore andEastern Shore.Prince Edward Island is largely dominated by farming, fishing, and tourism.

Given the geographic diversity of the various sub-regions within the Maritimes, policies to centralize the population and economy were not initially successful, thus Maritime factories closed while those in Ontario and Quebec prospered.

The traditionalstaples thesis,advocated by scholars such as S.A. Saunders, looks at the resource endowments of the Maritimes and argues that it was the decline of the traditional industries of shipbuilding and fishing that led to Maritime poverty, since these processes were rooted in geography, and thus all but inevitable. Kris Inwood has revived the staples approach and looks at a number of geographic weaknesses relative to Central Canada. He repeats Acheson's argument that the region lacks major urban centres, but adds that the Maritimes were also lacking the great rivers that led to the cheap and abundanthydro-electric power,key to Quebec and Ontario's urban and manufacturing development, that the extraction costs of Maritime resources were higher (particularly in the case of Cape Breton coal), and that the soils of the region were poorer and thus the agricultural sector weaker.

The Maritimes are the only provinces in Canada which entered Confederation in the 19th century and have kept their original colonial boundaries. All three provinces have the smallest land base in the country and have been forced to make do with resources within. By comparison, the former colony of theProvince of Canada(divided into the District ofCanada East,and the District ofCanada West) and the western provinces were dozens of times larger and in some cases were expanded to take in territory formerly held in British Crown grants to companies such as theHudson's Bay Company;in particular the November 19, 1869 sale ofRupert's Landto the Government of Canada under theRupert's Land Act 1868was facilitated in part by Maritime taxpayers. The economic riches of energy and natural resources held within this larger land base were only realized by other provinces during the 20th century.

Industries

Halifax Shipyard

The maritime provinces' main industry is fishing. Fishing can be found in any maritime province. This includes fishing for lobster, mackerel, tuna, salmon and many more kinds of fish. Oysters and salmonoid aquaculture is also increasingly important economically.

Nova Scotia

Main article:Nova Scotia § Economy

Nova Scotia is very strong in agriculture, forestry and fishing.

Prince Edward Island

Main article:Prince Edward Island § Economy

Tourism is important to the economy of PEI.Anne of Green Gableswas written in PEI, and this attracts tourists to PEI. PEI is also known for its agriculture, mainly the potato, and fishing industries.

New Brunswick

Main article:New Brunswick § Economy

Pulp and paper mill inSaint John, New Brunswick

Agriculture and forestry are two prominent industries found in New Brunswick. Despite having an extensive coastline, New Brunswick's industrial sector has never been entirely reliant on the success of the fisheries. Likewise, the strong shipbuilding heritage of the province directly relates to its forest resources. Because of this, New Brunswickers tend to attribute their cultural heritage less with the sea and more with their forests and rivers.

Politics

Maritime conservatism since the Second World War has been very much part of theRed Torytradition, key influences being formerPremier of Nova Scotiaand federalProgressive Conservative PartyleaderRobert Stanfieldand New Brunswick Tory strategistDalton Camp.

In recent years, thesocial democraticNew Democratic Party(NDP) has made significant inroads both federally and provincially in the region. The NDP has electedmembers of parliament(MPs) from New Brunswick, but most of the focus of the party at the federal and provincial levels is currently in the Halifax area of Nova Scotia.Industrial Cape Bretonhas historically been a region of labour activism, electingCo-operative Commonwealth Federation(and later NDP) MPs, and even produced many early members of theCommunist Party of Canadain the pre-Second World War era. In the2004 federal election,the NDP captured 28.45% of the vote in Nova Scotia, more than any other province. In the2009 provincial electionthe NDP formed a majority government, the first in the region.

In the 2004 federal election, the Conservatives had one of the worst showings in the region for a right-wing party, going back to Confederation, with the exception of the1993 election.The Conservative party improved its seat count in the 2008 and elected 13 MPs in the2011 election.However, in the2015 electionthe Liberal Party won every seat in the region, defeating all of the Conservative (and NDP) challengers.

TheLiberal Party of Canadahas done well in the Maritimes in the past because of itsinterventionistpolicies. TheAcadian Peninsularegion of New Brunswick tends to vote for the Liberals or NDP for social political reasons, as well as treatment of the French by various parties. In the1997 federal election,Prime MinisterJean Chrétien's Liberals endured a bitter defeat to the PCs and NDP in many ridings as a result of unpopular cuts tounemployment benefitsfor seasonal workers, as well as closures of severalCanadian Forces bases,the refusal to honour a promise to rescind theGoods and Services Tax,cutbacks to provincialequalization payments,health care,post-secondary educationand regional transportation infrastructure such as airports, fishing harbours, seaports, and railways.The Liberals held onto seats in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, while being shut out of Nova Scotia entirely, the second time in history (the only other time being theDiefenbaker sweep). In 2015 the Liberals won every seat in The Maritimes, defeating Conservative and NDP incumbents.

The Maritimes is currently represented in theCanadian Parliamentby 25 Members of the House of Commons (Nova Scotia – 11, New Brunswick – 10, Prince Edward Island – 4) and 24 Senators (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick – 10 each, Prince Edward Island – 4). This level of representation was established at the time of Confederation when the Maritimes had a much larger proportion of the national population. The comparatively large population growth of western and central Canada during the immigration boom of the 20th century has reduced the Maritimes' proportion of the national population to less than 10%, resulting in an over-representation in Parliament, with some federal ridings having fewer than 35,000 people, compared to central and western Canada where ridings typically contain 100,000–120,000 people.

TheSenate of Canadais structured along regional lines, giving an equal number of seats (24) to the Maritimes, Ontario, Quebec, and western Canada, in addition to the later entry of Newfoundland and Labrador, as well as the three territories. Enshrined in theConstitution,this model was developed to ensure that no area of the country is able to exert undue influence in the Senate. The Maritimes, with its much smaller proportion of the national population (compared to the time of Confederation) also have an over-representation in the Senate, particularly compared to the population growth of Ontario and the western provinces. This has led tocalls to reform the Senate;however, such a move would entail constitutional changes.

Another factor related to the number of Senate seats is that a constitutional amendment in the early 20th century mandated that no province can have fewer Members of Parliament than it has senators. This court decision resulted from a complaint by the Government of Prince Edward Island after that province's number of MPs was proposed to change from 4 to 3, accounting for its declining proportion of the national population at that time. When PEI entered Confederation in 1873, it was accorded 6 MPs and 4 Senators; however this was reduced to 4 MPs by the early 20th century. Senators being appointed for life at this time, these coveted seats rarely went unfilled for a long period of time anywhere in Canada. As a result, PEI's challenge was accepted by the federal government, and its level of federal representation was secured. In the aftermath of the 1989 budget, which saw a filibuster by Liberal Senators in attempt to kill legislation creating theGoods and Services Tax,Prime MinisterBrian Mulroney"stacked" the Senate by creating additional seats in several provinces across Canada, including New Brunswick; however, there was no attempt by these provinces to increase the number of MPs to reflect this change in Senate representation.

See also

• Acadiensis,scholarly history journal covering Atlantic Canada
• Maritime Film Classification Board
• Maritime Quebec
• Maritime Archaic

External links

• Atlantic Provinces Economic Council
• Atlantic Institute of Market Studies
• Genuine Progress Indicator Atlantic
• Atlantic Canada Portal/Portail du Canada Atlantique