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Humpback whale

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This is thelatest accepted revision,reviewedon23 November 2024.

Thehumpback whale(Megaptera novaeangliae) is a species ofbaleen whale.It is arorqual(a member of the familyBalaenopteridae) and is theonly speciesin thegenusMegaptera.Adults range in length from 14–17 m (46–56 ft) and weigh up to 40 metric tons (44 short tons). The humpback has a distinctive body shape, with longpectoral finsandtubercleson its head. It is known forbreachingand other distinctivesurface behaviors,making it popular withwhale watchers.Males produce a complexsongtypically lasting 4 to 33 minutes.

Humpback whale[1]
Temporal range:7.2–0Ma[2]Late Miocene–Recent
Illustration of a whale next to a human diver
Size compared to an average human
CITESAppendix I(CITES)[4]
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Balaenopteridae
Genus: Megaptera
Gray,1846
Species:
M. novaeangliae
Binomial name
Megaptera novaeangliae
(Borowski,1781)
Subspecies
  • M. n. australis
  • M. n. kuzira
  • M. n. novaeangliae
Humpback whale range (in blue)
Synonyms
  • Balaena gibbosaErxleben, 1777
  • B. boopsFabricius, 1780
  • B. nodosaBonnaterre, 1789
  • B. longimanaRudolphi, 1832
  • Megaptera longimanaGray, 1846
  • Kyphobalaena longimanaVan Beneden, 1861
  • Megaptera versabilisCope, 1869

Found inoceansandseasaround the world, humpback whales typicallymigrateup to 16,000 km (9,900 mi) each year. They feed inpolarwaters and migrate totropicalorsubtropicalwaters to breed and give birth. Their diet consists mostly ofkrilland smallfish,and theyuse bubblesto catch prey. They arepromiscuousbreeders, with both sexes having multiple partners.Orcasare the main natural predators of humpback whales.

Like other large whales, the humpback was a target for thewhalingindustry. Humans once hunted the species to the brink ofextinction;its population fell to around 5,000 by the 1960s. Numbers have partially recovered to some 135,000 animals worldwide, while entanglement infishing gear,collisions with ships, andnoise pollutioncontinue to affect the species.

Taxonomy

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The humpback was first identified asbaleine de la Nouvelle AngleterrebyMathurin Jacques Brissonin hisRegnum Animaleof 1756. In 1781,Georg Heinrich Borowskidescribed the species, converting Brisson's name to itsLatinequivalent,Balaena novaeangliae.In 1804,Bernard Germain de Lacépèdeshifted the humpback from the familyBalaenidae,renaming itB. jubartes.In 1846,John Edward Graycreated the genusMegaptera,classifying the humpback asMegaptera longipinna,but in 1932,Remington Kelloggreverted the species names to use Borowski'snovaeangliae.[5]The common name is derived from the curving of their backs when diving. The generic nameMegapterafrom theAncient Greekmega-μεγα( "giant" ) andptera/πτερα( "wing" )[6]refer to their large front flippers. The specific name means "New Englander" and was probably given by Brisson due to regular sightings of humpbacks off the coast ofNew England.[5]

Humpback whales arerorquals,members of thefamilyBalaenopteridae,which includes theblue,fin,Bryde's,seiandminke whales.A 2018 genomic analysis estimates that rorquals diverged from other baleen whales in the lateMiocene,between 10.5 and 7.5 million years ago. The humpback and fin whale were found to besister taxon(seephylogenetic treebelow).[7]There is reference to a humpback-blue whale hybrid in theSouth Pacific,attributed to marine biologist Michael Poole.[8][9]

Balaenopteridae

B. acutorostrata/bonaerensis(minke whalespecies complex)

B. musculus(blue whale)

B. borealis(sei whale)

Eschrichtius robustus(gray whale)

B. physalus(fin whale)

Megaptera novaeangliae(humpback whale)

Modern humpback whale populations originated in the southern hemisphere around 880,000 years ago and colonized the northern hemisphere 200,000–50,000 years ago. A 2014 genetic study suggested that the separate populations in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Oceans have had limitedgene flowand are distinct enough to besubspecies,with the scientific names ofM. n. novaeangliae,M. n. kuziraandM. n. australisrespectively.[10]A non-migratory population in theArabian Seahas been isolated for 70,000 years.[11]

Characteristics

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Young whale withblowholesvisible

The adult humpback whale is generally 14–15 m (46–49 ft), though longer lengths of 16–17 m (52–56 ft) have been recorded. Females are usually 1–1.5 m (3 ft 3 in – 4 ft 11 in) longer than males.[12]The species can reach body masses of 40 metric tons (44 short tons). Calves are born at around 4.3 m (14 ft) long with a weight of 680 kg (1,500 lb).[13]

The body is bulky with a thinrostrumand proportionally long flippers, each around one-third of its body length.[14][15]It has a short dorsal fin that varies from nearly non-existent to somewhat long and curved. As a rorqual, the humpback has grooves between the tip of the lower jaw and the navel.[12]They are relatively few in number in this species, ranging from 14 to 35.[14]The mouth is lined with baleen plates, which number 270–400 for both sides.[15]

The dorsal or upper-side of the animal is generally black; the ventral or underside has various levels of black and white coloration.[12]Whales in the southern hemisphere tend to have more white pigmentation. The flippers can vary from all-white to white only on the undersurface.[13]The varying color patterns and scars on the tail flukes distinguish individual animals.[16][17]The end of the genital slit of the female is marked by a round feature, known as the hemispherical lobe, which visually distinguishes males and females.[15][18]

Unique among large whales, humpbacks have bumps ortubercleson the head and front edge of the flippers; the tail fluke has a jaggedtrailing edge.[12][15]The tubercles on the head are 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) thick at the base and poke up to 6.5 cm (2.6 in). They are mostly hollow in the center, often containing at least one fragile hair that erupts 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) from the skin and is 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) thick. The tubercles develop early in the womb and may have a sensory function as they are rich in nerves.[19]Sensory nerve cells in the skin are adapted to withstand the high water pressure of diving.[20]

In one study, a humpback whale brain measured 22.4 cm (8.8 in) long and 18 cm (7.1 in) wide at the tips of thetemporal lobes,and weighed around 4.6 kg (10 lb). Its brain has similar complexity to the brains of smaller whales and dolphins.[21]Computer models of the middle ear suggest that the humpback can hear at frequencies between 15 Hz and 3 kHz "when stimulated at thetympanic membrane",and between 200 Hz and 9 kHz" if stimulated at the thinner region of thetympanic boneadjacent to the tympanic membrane ". This is consistent with their vocalization ranges.[22]

As in all cetaceans, the respiratory tract of the humpback whale is connected to the blow and not the mouth,[23]though appears to be able to unlock theepiglottisandlarynxand move them towards the oral cavity, allowing them to blow bubbles from there.[24]The vocal folds of the humpback are more horizontally positioned than those of land mammals which allows them to produce underwater calls.[23]These calls are amplified by a laryngeal sac.[25]

Behavior and ecology

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Humpbackbreaching
Humpbacklobtailing

Humpback whale groups, aside from mothers and calves, typically last for days or weeks at the most.[12][26]They are normally sighted in small groups though largeaggregationsform during feeding and among males competing for females.[26]Humpbacks may interact with other cetacean species, such asright whales,fin whales,andbottlenose dolphins.[27][28][29]Humpbacks are highly active at the surface, performing aerial behaviors such asbreachingand surface slapping with the tail (lobtailing) and flippers. These may be forms ofplayand communication and/or for removing parasites.[12]

Humpbacks rest at the surface with their bodies lying horizontally.[30]The species is a slower swimmer than other rorquals, cruising at 7.9–15.1 km/h (4.9–9.4 mph). When threatened, a humpback may speed up to 27 km/h (17 mph).[15]They frequent shallow seamounts, commonly exploring depths of up to 80 meters (260 feet) and occasionally venturing into deep dives reaching up to 616 meters (2,020 feet). These deeper descents are believed to serve various purposes, including navigational guidance, communication with fellow humpback whales, and facilitation of feeding activities.[31]Dives typically do not exceed five minutes during the summer but are normally 15–20 minutes during the winter.[15]As it dives, a humpback typically raises its tail fluke, exposing the underside.[12]Humpbacks have been observed to produce oral "bubble clouds" when near another individual, possibly in the context of "aggression, mate attraction, or play". Humpbacks may also use bubble cloud as "smoke screens" to escape from predators.[24]

Feeding

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Humpback whales feed from spring to fall. They aregeneralistfeeders, their main food items beingkrill,copepods,otherplanktonand small schooling fish. The most common krill species eaten in the southern hemisphere is theAntarctic krill.Further north, thenorthern krilland various species ofEuphausiaandThysanoessaare consumed. Fish prey includeherring,capelin,sand lancesandAtlantic mackerel.[12][15]Like other rorquals, humpbacks are "gulp feeders", swallowing prey in bulk, whileright whalesandbowhead whalesare skimmers.[26]The whale increases its mouth gape by expanding the grooves.[12]Water is pushed out through the baleen.[32]In the southern hemisphere, humpbacks have been recorded foraging in large compact gatherings numbering up to 200 individuals.[33]

A group of whales bubble net fishing nearJuneau, Alaska

Humpbacks hunt their prey withbubble-nets,which is considered to be a form oftool use.[34]A group swims in a shrinking circle while blowing air from theirblowholes,capturing prey above in a cylinder ofbubbles.They may dive up to 20 m (70 ft) performing this technique. Bubble-netting comes in two main forms; upward spirals and double loops. Upward spirals involve the whales blowing air from their blowhole continuously as they circle towards the surface, creating a spiral of bubbles. Double loops consist of a deep, long loop of bubbles that herds the prey, followed by slapping the surface and then a smaller loop that prepares the final capture. Combinations of spiraling and looping have been recorded. After the humpbacks create the "nets", the whales swim into them with their mouths gaping and ready to swallow.[32]Bubble-net feeding has also been observed in solitary humpbacks, which can consume more food per mouthful without tiring, particularly with low-density prey patches.[34]

Usingnetwork-based diffusion analysis,one study argued that whales learned lobtailing from other whales in the group over 27 years in response to a change in primary prey.[35][36]The tubercles on the flippers stall theangle of attack,which both maximizesliftand minimizesdrag(seetubercle effect). This, along with the shape of the flippers, allows the whales to make the abrupt turns necessary during bubble-feeding.[37]

AtStellwagen Bankoff the coast of the US state ofMassachusetts,humpback whales have been recorded foraging at the seafloor forsand lance.This involves the whales flushing out the fish by brushing their jaws against the bottom.[38]

Courtship and reproduction

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Female humpback whale with her calf

Mating and breeding take place during the winter months, which is when females reachestrusand males reach peak testosterone and sperm levels.[12]Humpback whales arepromiscuous,with both sexes having multiple partners.[12][39]Males will frequently trail both lone females and cow–calf pairs. These are known as "escorts", and the male that is closest to the female is known as the "principal escort", who fights off the other suitors known as "challengers". Other males, called "secondary escorts", trail further behind and are not directly involved in the conflict.[40]Agonistic behaviorbetween males consists of tail slashing, ramming, and head-butting.[12]Males have also been observed engaging incopulation with each other.[41]

Gestation in the species lasts 11.5 months, and females reproduce every 2 years.[12]Fetuses start out with teeth and develop their baleen during the very last months of their gestation.[42]Humpback whale births have been rarely observed. One birth witnessed off Madagascar occurred within four minutes.[43]Mothers typically give birth in mid-winter, usually to a single calf. Calves suckle for up to a year but can eat adult food in six months. Humpbacks are sexually mature at 5–10 years, depending on the population.[12]Humpback whales possibly live over 50 years.[13]

Vocalizations

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Further information:Whale vocalization § Song of the humpback whale
Spectrogramof humpback whale vocalizations: detail is shown for the first 24 seconds of the 37-second recording "Singing Humpbacks".
Singing humpbacks
Recording of humpback whales singing.
Problems playing this file? Seemedia help.

Male humpback whales produce complex songs during the winter breeding season. These vocals range infrequencybetween 100Hzand 4 kHz, withharmonicsreaching up to 24 kHz or more, and can travel at least 10 km (6.2 mi). Males may sing for between 4 and 33 minutes, depending on the region. In Hawaii, humpback whales have been recorded vocalizing for as long as seven hours.[44]Songs are divided into layers; "subunits", "units", "subphrases", "phrases" and "themes". A subunit refers to the discontinuities or inflections of a sound while full units are individual sounds, similar tomusical notes.A succession of units creates a subphrase, and a collection of subphrases make up a phrase. Similar-sounding phrases are repeated in a series grouped into themes, and multiple themes create a song.[45]

The function of these songs has been debated, but they may have multiple purposes. There is little evidence to suggest that songs establishdominanceamong males. However, there have been observations of non-singing males disrupting singers, possibly in aggression. Those who join singers are males who were not previously singing. Females do not appear to approach singers that are alone, but may be drawn to gatherings of singing males, much like alek matingsystem. Another possibility is that songs bring in foreign whales to populate the breeding grounds.[44]It has also been suggested that humpback whale songs haveecholocatingproperties and may serve to locate other whales.[46]A 2023 study found that as humpback whales numbers have recovered from whaling, singing has become less common.[47]

Whale songs are similar among males in a specific area. Males may alter their songs over time, and others in contact with them copy these changes.[45]They have been shown in some cases to spread "horizontally" between neighboring populations throughout successive breeding seasons.[48]In the northern hemisphere, songs change more gradually while southern hemisphere songs go through cyclical "revolutions".[49]

Humpback whales are reported to make other vocalizations. "Snorts" are quick low-frequency sounds commonly heard among animals in groups consisting of a mother–calf pair and one or more male escort groups. These likely function in mediating interactions within these groups. "Grumbles" are also low in frequency but last longer and are more often made by groups with one or more adult males. They appear to signal body size and may serve to establish social status. "Thwops" and "wops" arefrequency modulatedvocals, and may serve ascontact callsboth within and between groups. High-pitched "cries" and "violins" and modulated "shrieks" are normally heard in groups with two or more males and are associated with competition. Humpback whales produce short, low-frequency "grunts" and short, modulated "barks" when joining new groups.[50]

Predation

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Visible scars indicate thatorcasprey upon juvenile humpbacks.[26]A 2014 study in Western Australia observed that when available in large numbers, young humpbacks can be attacked and sometimes killed by orcas. Moreover, mothers and (possibly related) adults escort calves to deter such predation. The suggestion is that when humpbacks suffered near-extinction during the whaling era, orcas turned to other prey but are now resuming their former practice.[51]There is also evidence that humpback whales will defend against ormobkiller whales who are attacking either humpback calves or juveniles as well as members of other species, includingseals.The humpback's protection of other species may be unintentional, a "spillover" of mobbing behavior intended to protect members of its species. The powerful flippers of humpback whales, often infested with large, sharpbarnacles,are formidable weapons against orcas. When threatened, they will thresh their flippers and tails keeping the orcas at bay.[52]

Thegreat white sharkis another confirmed predator of the humpback whale. In 2020, Marine biologists Dines and Gennariet al.,published a documented incident of a group of great white sharks exhibiting pack-like behavior to attack and kill a live adult humpback whale.[53]A second incident regarding great white sharks killing humpback whales was documented off the coast of South Africa. The shark recorded instigating the attack was a female nicknamed "Helen". Working alone, the shark attacked a 33 ft (10 m) emaciated and entangled humpback whale by attacking the whale's tail to cripple and bleed the whale before she managed to drown the whale by biting onto its head and pulling it underwater.[54][55]

Range

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A humpback whale breaching off Alaska in the United States.
Humpback whales in theHawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary.

Humpback whales are found in marine watersworldwide,except for some areas at the equator and High Arctic and some enclosed seas.[13]The furthest north they have been recorded is at81°Naround northernFranz Josef Land.[56]They are usually coastal and tend to congregate in waters withincontinental shelves.Their winter breeding grounds are located around the equator; their summer feeding areas are found in colder waters, including near the polar ice caps. Humpbacks go on vastmigrationsbetween their feeding and breeding areas, often crossing the open ocean. The species has been recorded traveling up to 8,000 km (5,000 mi) in one direction.[13]An isolated, non-migratory population feeds and breeds in the northern Indian Ocean, mainly in theArabian SeaaroundOman.[57]This population has also been recorded in theGulf of Aden,thePersian Gulf,and off the coasts of Pakistan and India.[58]

In the North Atlantic, there are two separate wintering populations, one in theWest Indies,from Cuba to northern Venezuela, and the other in theCape Verde Islandsand northwest Africa. During summer, West Indies humpbacks congregate offNew England,eastern Canada, and westernGreenland,while the Cape Verde population gathers around Iceland and Norway. There is some overlap in the summer ranges of these populations, and West Indies humpbacks have been documented feeding further east.[57]Whale visits into theGulf of Mexicohave been infrequent but have occurred in the gulf historically.[59]They were considered to be uncommon in theMediterranean Sea,but increased sightings, including re-sightings, indicate that more whales may colonize or recolonize it in the future.[60]

The North Pacific has at least four breeding populations: off Mexico (includingBaja Californiaand theRevillagigedos Islands), Central America, theHawaiian Islands,and bothOkinawaand thePhilippines.The Mexican population forages from theAleutian Islandsto California. During the summer, Central American humpbacks are found only off Oregon and California. In contrast, Hawaiian humpbacks have a wide feeding range but most travel tosoutheast Alaskaand northern British Columbia. The wintering grounds of the Okinawa/Philippines population are mainly around theRussian Far East.There is some evidence for a fifth population somewhere in the northwestern Pacific. These whales are recorded to feed off the Aleutians with a breeding area somewhere south of theBonin Islands.[57]

Southern Hemisphere

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Aerial view of three humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) near Cape Solander, New South Wales, Australia.
Humpback on its back inAntarctica

In the Southern Hemisphere, humpback whales are divided into seven breeding stocks, some of which are further divided into sub-structures. These include the southeastern Pacific (stock G), southwestern Atlantic (stock A), southeastern Atlantic (stock B), southwestern Indian Ocean (stock C), southeastern Indian Ocean (stock D), southwestern Pacific (stock E), and the Oceania stock (stocks E–F).[57]Stock G breeds in tropical and subtropical waters off the west coast of Central and South America and forages along the west coast of theAntarctic Peninsula,theSouth Orkney Islandsand to a lesser extent theTierra del Fuegoof southern Chile. Stock A winters off Brazil and migrates to summer grounds aroundSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.Some stock A individuals have also been recorded off the western Antarctic Peninsula, suggesting an increased blurring of the boundaries between the feeding areas of stocks A and G.[61]

Stock B breeds on the west coast of Africa and is further divided into Bl and B2 subpopulations, the former ranging from theGulf of Guineato Angola and the latter ranging from Angola to western South Africa. Stock B whales have been recorded foraging in waters to the southwest of the continent, mainly aroundBouvet Island.[62]Comparison of songs between those atCape LopezandAbrolhos Archipelagoindicate that trans-Atlantic mi xing s between stock A and stock B whales occur.[63]Stock C whales winter around southeastern Africa and surrounding waters. This stock is further divided into C1, C2, C3, and C4 subpopulations; C1 occurs aroundMozambiqueand eastern South Africa, C2 around theComoro Islands,C3 off the southern and eastern coast of Madagascar and C4 around theMascarene Islands.The feeding range of this population is likely between coordinates5°Wand60°Eand under50°S.[57][62]There may be overlap in the feeding areas of stocks B and C.[62]

Stock D whales breed off the western coast of Australia, and forage in the southern region of theKerguelen Plateau.[64]Stock E is divided into E1, E2, and E3 stocks.[57]E1 whales have a breeding range off eastern Australia andTasmania;their main feeding range is close to Antarctica, mainly within130°Eand170°W.[65]The Oceania stock is divided into theNew Caledonia(E2),Tonga(E3),Cook Islands(F1) andFrench Polynesia(F2) subpopulations. This stock's feeding grounds mainly range from around theRoss Seato the Antarctic Peninsula.[66]

Human relations

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Whaling

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Main article:Whaling
See also:Whaling in Japan
Humpback whales taken by whalers offVancouver Island,early 20th century

Humpback whales were hunted as early as the late 16th century.[3]They were often the first species to be harvested in an area due to this coastal distribution.[12]North Pacific kills alone are estimated at 28,000 during the 20th century.[14]In the same period, over 200,000 humpbacks were taken in the Southern Hemisphere.[12]North Atlantic populations dropped to as low as 700 individuals.[14]In 1946, theInternational Whaling Commission(IWC) was founded to oversee the industry. They imposed hunting regulations and created hunting seasons. To preventextinction,IWC banned commercial humpback whaling in 1966. By then, the global population had been reduced to around 5,000.[67]The Soviet Union deliberately under-recorded its catches; the Soviets reported catching 2,820 between 1947 and 1972, but the true number was over 48,000.[68]

As of 2004, hunting was restricted to a few animals each year off the Caribbean island ofBequiainSaint Vincent and the Grenadines.[69]The take is not believed to threaten the local population. Japan had planned to kill 50 humpbacks in the 2007/08 season under itsJARPA IIresearch program. The announcement sparked global protests.[70]After a visit to Tokyo by the IWC chair asking the Japanese for their co-operation in sorting out the differences between pro- and anti-whaling nations on the commission, the Japanese whaling fleet agreed to take no humpback whales during the two years it would take to reach a formal agreement.[71]In 2010, the IWC authorized Greenland's native population to hunt a few humpback whales for the following three years.[72]

Whale watching off Massachusetts

Whale-watching

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Main article:Whale watching
See also:Whale watching in Australia

Much of the growth of commercialwhale watchingwas built on the humpback whale. The species' highly active surface behaviors and tendency to become accustomed to boats have made them easy to observe, particularly for photographers. In 1975, humpback whale tours were established in New England and Hawaii.[73]This business brings in a revenue of $20 million per year for Hawaii's economy.[74]While Hawaiian tours have tended to be commercial, New England and California whale watching tours have introduced educational components.[73]

Conservation status

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A dead humpback washed up nearBig Sur,California

As of 2018, theIUCN Red Listlists the humpback whale asleast-concern,with a worldwide population of around 135,000 whales, of which around 84,000 are mature individuals, and an increasing population trend.[3][75]Regional estimates are around 13,000 in the North Atlantic, 21,000 in the North Pacific, and 80,000 in the southern hemisphere. For the isolated population in the Arabian Sea, only around 80 individuals remain,[76]and this population is considered to beendangered.In most areas, humpback whale populations have recovered from historic whaling, particularly in the North Pacific.[13]Such recoveries have led to the downlisting of the species' threatened status in the United States, Canada, and Australia.[75][77]In Costa Rica,Ballena Marine National Parkwas established for humpback protection.[78]

Volunteers participate in theHawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary's Ocean Count event in early 2006.

Humpbacks still face various other man-made threats, including entanglement by fishing gear, vessel collisions, human-caused noise and traffic disturbance, coastal habitat destruction, and climate change.[13]Like other cetaceans, humpbacks can be injured by excessive noise. In the 19th century, two humpback whales were found dead near repeated oceanic sub-bottom blasting sites, with traumatic injuries and fractures in the ears.[79]Saxitoxin,aparalytic shellfish poisoningfrom contaminated mackerel, has been implicated in humpback whale deaths.[80]While oil ingestion is a risk for whales, a 2019 study found that oil did not foul baleen and instead was easily rinsed by flowing water.[81]

Whale researchers along the Atlantic Coast report that there have been more stranded whales with signs of vessel strikes and fishing gear entanglement in recent years than ever before. TheNOAArecorded 88 stranded humpback whales between January 2016 and February 2019. This is more than double the number of whales stranded between 2013 and 2016. Because of the increase in stranded whales, NOAA declared an unusual mortality event in April 2017.Virginia Beach Aquarium's stranding response coordinator, Alexander Costidis, stated the conclusion that the two causes of these unusual mortality events were vessel interactions and entanglements.[82]

Notable individuals

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Tay whale

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Main article:Tay Whale
ProfessorJohn Struthersabout to dissect theTay Whale,Dundee,photographed byGeorge Washington Wilsonin 1884

In December 1883, a male humpback swam up theFirth of Tayin Scotland, past what was then the whaling port ofDundee.Harpooned during a failed hunt, it was found dead offStonehavena week later. Its carcass was exhibited to the public by a local entrepreneur, John Woods, both locally and then as a touring exhibition that traveled toEdinburghandLondon.The whale was dissected by ProfessorJohn Struthers,who wrote seven papers on its anatomy and an 1889 monograph on the humpback.[83][84][85][86]

Migaloo

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Main article:Migaloo
Possible sighting of Migaloo off theRoyal National Park

Analbinohumpback whale that travels up and down the east coast of Australia became famous in local media because of its rare, all-white appearance. Migaloo is the only known Australian all-white specimen,[87]and is a true albino.[88]First sighted in 1991, the whale was named for anindigenous Australianword for "white fella". To prevent sightseers from approaching dangerously close, the Queensland government decreed a 500-m (1600-ft) exclusion zone around him.[89]

Migaloo was last seen in June 2020 along the coast of Port Macquarie NSW in Australia.[90]Migaloo has several physical characteristics that can be identified; his dorsal fin is somewhat hooked, and his tail flukes have a unique shape, with edges that are spiked along the lower trailing side.[91]In July 2022, concerns arose that Migaloo had died after a white whale washed up on the shores ofMallacootabeach, however after genetic testing, and noting that the carcass was of a female whale while Migaloo is male, it was confirmed by experts to not be Migaloo.[92][93]

Humphrey

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Main article:Humphrey the Whale

In 1985, Humphrey swam intoSan Francisco Bayand then up theSacramento RivertowardsRio Vista.[94]Five years later, Humphrey returned and became stuck on amudflatin San Francisco Bay immediately north ofSierra Pointbelow the view of onlookers from the upper floors of theDakin Building.He was twice rescued bythe Marine Mammal Centerand other concerned groups in California.[95]He was pulled off the mudflat with a largecargo netand the help of theUS Coast Guard.Both times, he was successfully guided back to the Pacific Ocean using a "sound net" in which people in aflotillaof boats made unpleasant noises behind the whale by banging on steel pipes, a Japanese fishing technique known asoikami.At the same time, the attractive sounds of humpback whales preparing to feed were broadcast from a boat headed towards the open ocean.[96]

See also

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References

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  7. ^Árnason, U.; Lammers, F.; Kumar, V.; Nilsson, M. A.; Janke, A. (2018)."Whole-genome sequencing of the blue whale and other rorquals finds signatures for introgressive gene flow".Science Advances.4(4): eaap9873.Bibcode:2018SciA....4.9873A.doi:10.1126/sciadv.aap9873.PMC5884691.PMID29632892.
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