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Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21

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TheMikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21(Russian:Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-21;NATO reporting name:Fishbed) is asupersonicjetfighterandinterceptor aircraft,designed by theMikoyan-GurevichDesign Bureauin theSoviet Union.Its nicknames include: "Balalaika",because itsplanformresembles thestringed musical instrumentof the same name; "Ołówek",Polishfor "pencil", due to the shape of itsfuselage,[2]and "Én Bạc",meaning" silverswallow",inVietnamese.

MiG-21
Croatian MiG-21BIS-D in flight
General information
TypeFighterandinterceptor aircraft
National originSoviet Union
DesignerMikoyan-Gurevich
StatusIn service
Primary usersSoviet Air Forces(historical)
Number built11,496[1]
(10,645 produced in the USSR, 840 inIndia,194 inCzechoslovakia)
History
Manufactured1959–1986
Introduction date1959 (MiG-21F)
First flight16 June 1955 (Ye-4)[citation needed]
VariantsChengdu J-7

Approximately 60 countries across four continents have flown the MiG-21, and it still serves many nations seven decades after its maiden flight. It set aviation records, becomingthe most-produced supersonic jet aircraft in aviation history,the most-produced combat aircraft since theKorean Warand, previously, the longest production run of any combat aircraft.

Development

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Origins

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The MiG-21 jet fighter was a continuation of Soviet jet fighters, starting with the subsonicMiG-15andMiG-17,and the supersonicMiG-19.A number of experimentalMach2 Soviet designs were based on nose intakes with eitherswept-back wings,such as theSukhoi Su-7,or taileddeltas,of which the MiG-21 would be the most successful.

Development of what would become the MiG-21 began in the early 1950s when Mikoyan OKB finished a preliminary design study for aprototypedesignated Ye-1 in 1954. This project was very quickly reworked when it was determined that the planned engine was underpowered; the redesign led to the second prototype, the Ye-2. Both these and other early prototypes featured swept wings. The first prototype with thedelta wingsfound on production variants was the Ye-4. It made its maiden flight on 16 June 1955 and its first public appearance during theSoviet Aviation Day displayat Moscow'sTushino airfieldin July 1956.

In the West, due to the lack of available information, early details of the MiG-21 often were confused with those of similar Soviet fighters of the era. In one instance,Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1960–1961listed the "Fishbed" as aSukhoi designand used an illustration of theSu-9 'Fishpot'.

Design

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Retired Finnish MiG-21bis on top of Verkkokauppa store in Helsinki (Tyynenmerenkatu 11).
MiG-21bis rear.
Close-up of the landing gear bay.
MiG-21М National People's Army of the GDR, August 1990

The MiG-21 was the first successful Soviet aircraft combiningfighterandinterceptorcharacteristics in a single aircraft. It was a lightweight fighter, achieving Mach 2 with a relatively low-poweredafterburningturbojet,and is thus comparable to the AmericanLockheed F-104 StarfighterandNorthrop F-5 Freedom Fighterand the FrenchDassault Mirage III.[1]Its basic layout was used for numerous other Soviet designs; delta-winged aircraft included theSu-9interceptor and fastE-150prototype from the MiG bureau, while the successful mass-produced frontline fighterSu-7and Mikoyan'sI-75experimental interceptor combined a similar fuselage shape with swept-back wings. However, the characteristic layout with theshock coneand front air intake did not see widespread use outside the USSR and ultimately proved to have limited development potential, mainly due to the small available space for the radar.

Like many aircraft designed as interceptors, the MiG-21 had a short range. This was exacerbated by the poor placement of the internal fuel tanks ahead of the centre of gravity. As the internal fuel was consumed, the center of gravity would shift rearward beyond acceptable parameters. This had the effect of making the planestatically unstableto the point of being difficult to control, resulting in an endurance of only 45 minutes in clean condition. This can be somewhat countered by carrying fuel in external tanks closer to the center of gravity. The Chinese variants somewhat improved the internal fuel tank layout (as did the second generation of Soviet variants), and also carried significantly larger external fuel tanks to counter this issue.[3]Additionally, when more than half the fuel was used up, violent maneuvers prevented fuel from flowing into the engine[citation needed],thereby causing it to shut down in flight. This increased the risk of tank implosions (MiG-21 had tanks pressurized with air from the engine's compressor), a problem inherited from theMiG-15,MiG-17andMiG-19.[4]The short endurance and low fuel capacity of the MiG-21F, PF, PFM, S/SM and M/MF variants—though each had a somewhat greater fuel capacity than its predecessor—led to the development of the MT and SMT variants. These had an increased range of 250 km (155 mi) compared to the MiG-21SM, but at the cost of worsening all other performance figures, such as a lower service ceiling and slower time to altitude.[1]

The delta wing, while excellent for a fast-climbing interceptor, meant any form of turning combat led to a rapid loss of speed. However, the light loading of the aircraft could mean that aclimb rateof 235 m/s (46,250 ft/min) was possible with a combat-loaded MiG-21bis,[1]not far short of the performance of the laterF-16A.MiG-21'sTumansky R-25jet engine's specialty was the addition of a second fuel pump in the afterburning stage. Activating the ЧР (rus. "чрезвычайный режим" - emergency mode)(Emergency Power Rating, EPR in India) booster feature allows the engine to develop 97.4 kilonewtons (21,896 lbf) of thrust under 2,000 meters (6,600 ft) of altitude. The rpm of the engine would increase by 2.5% and the compression ratio would thus increase, with a rise in exhaust temperature. The limit of operation is 2 minutes for both practice and actual wartime use, as further use causes the engine to overheat. The fuel consumption increased by 50% over the rate in full afterburner. Use of this temporary power gave the MiG-21bis slightly better than 1:1 thrust-to-weight ratio and a climbing rate of 254 meters/second, equalling the F-16's nominal capabilities in a close-quarters dogfight. The use of WEP thrust was limited to 2 minutes to reduce stress on the engines' 750 (250+250+250) flight hours lifetime since every second of super-afterburner counted as several minutes of regular power run due to extreme thermal stress. With WEP on, the MiG-21bis's R-25 engine produced a huge 10–12 meter long blowtorch exhaust, with six or seven brightly glowing rhomboid "shock diamonds" visible inside the exhaust. The Russians gave the emergency power setting its "diamond regime" name, never used in India.[5]Given a skilled pilot and capable missiles, it could give a good account of itself against contemporary fighters. Its G-limits were increased from +7Gs in initial variants to +8.5Gs in the latest variants.[6]It was replaced by the newer variable-geometryMiG-23andMiG-27for ground support duties. However, not until theMiG-29would the Soviet Union ultimately replace the MiG-21 as a maneuvering dogfighter to counter new American air superiority types.

The MiG-21 was exported widely and remains in use. The aircraft's simple controls, engine, weapons, and avionics were typical of Soviet-era military designs. The use of a tail with the delta wing aids stability and control at the extremes of theflight envelope,enhancing safety for lower-skilled pilots; this, in turn, enhanced its marketability in exports to developing countries with limited training programs and restricted pilot pools. While technologically inferior to the more advanced fighters it often faced, low production and maintenance costs made it a favorite of nations buyingEastern Blocmilitary hardware. Several Russian, Israeli and Romanian firms have begun to offer upgrade packages to MiG-21 operators, designed to bring the aircraft up to a modern standard, with greatly upgraded avionics and armaments.[1]

Production

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Czechoslovak MiG-21F-13 "Fishbed C"

A total of 10,645 aircraft were built in the USSR. They were produced in three factories: AZ 30[N 1](3,203 aircraft) in Moscow (also known asMMZ Znamya Truda), GAZ 21 (5,765 aircraft) inGorky,[N 2]and TAZ 31 (1,678 aircraft) inTbilisi.Generally, Gorky built single-seaters for the Soviet forces. Moscow constructed single-seaters for export, and Tbilisi manufactured two-seaters both for export and the USSR, though there were exceptions. The MiG-21R and MiG-21bis for export and for the USSR were built in Gorky, 17 single-seaters were built in Tbilisi (MiG-21 and MiG-21F), the MiG-21MF was first constructed in Moscow and then Gorky, and the MiG-21U was built in Moscow as well as in Tbilisi.[1]

Gorky 83 MiG-21F; 513 MiG-21F-13; 525 MiG-21PF; 233 MiG-21PFL; 944 MiG-21PFS/PFM; 448 MiG-21R; 145 MiG-21S/SN; 349 MiG-21SM; 281 MiG-21SMT; 2013 MiG-21bis; 231 MiG-21MF
Moscow MiG-21U (all export units); MiG-21PF (all export units); MiG-21FL (all units not built by HAL); MiG-21M (all); 15 MiG-21MT (all)
Tbilisi 17 MiG-21 and MiG-21F; 181 MiG-21Uizdeliye66–400 and 66–600 (1962–1966); 347 MiG-21US (1966–1970); 1133 MiG-21UM (1971 to end)

A total of 194 MiG-21F-13s were built under licence inCzechoslovakia,andHindustan Aeronautics Ltd.of India built 657 MiG-21FL, MiG-21M and MiG-21bis (of which 225 were bis)

Cost

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Due to the mass production, the aircraft was very cheap: the MiG-21MF, for example, was cheaper than theBMP-1[7]TheF-4 Phantom's cost was several times higher than MiG-21.[citation needed]

Design

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Czech Air ForceMiG-21MF cockpit upgraded for NATO standards

The MiG-21 has adelta wing.Thesweep angleon theleading edgeis 57° with aTsAGIS-12airfoil.Theangle of incidenceis 0° while thedihedral angleis −2°. On thetrailing edgethere areaileronswith an area of 1.18 m2,andflapswith an area of 1.87 m2.In front of the ailerons there are smallwing fences.[8]

The fuselage issemi-monocoquewith an elliptical profile and a maximum width of 1.24 m (4 ft 1 in). The air flow to the engine is regulated by aninlet conein the air intake. On early model MiG-21s, the cone has three positions. For speeds up to Mach 1.5, the cone is fully retracted to the maximum aft position. For speeds between Mach 1.5 and Mach 1.9 the cone moves to the middle position. For speeds higher than Mach 1.9 the cone moves to the maximum forward position. On the later model MiG-21PF, the intake cone moves to a position based on the actual speed. The cone position for a given speed is calculated by the UVD-2M system using air pressures from in front and behind thecompressorof the engine. On both sides of the nose, there are gills to supply the engine with more air while on the ground and duringtakeoff.In the first variant of the MiG-21, thepitot tubeis attached to the bottom of the nose. After the MiG-21P variant, this tube is attached to the top of the air intake. Later versions shifted the pitot tube attachment point 15 degrees to the right, as seen from the cockpit, and had an emergency pitot head on the right side, just ahead of the canopy and below the pilot's eyeline.

MiG-21F-13 cockpit at the Aviation Museum in Bucharest, Romania

The cabin is pressurized and air-conditioned. On variants prior to the MiG-21PFM, the cabin canopy is hinged at the front. When ejecting, the SK-1 ejection seat connects with the canopy to provide a windbreak from the high-speed airflow encountered during high-speed ejections. After ejection, the canopy opens to allow the pilot to parachute to the ground. However, ejecting at low altitudes can cause the canopy to take too long to separate, sometimes resulting in pilot death. The minimum height for ejection in level flight was 110 m. Starting with the MiG-21PFM, a new ejection seat proved to be very reliable and did not need the canopy to protect the pilot which had never been fully satisfactory. The canopy is hinged on the right side of the cockpit.

On the underside of the aircraft, there are three air brakes, two at the front and one at the rear. The front air brakes have an area of 0.76 m2,[8]and a deflection angle of 35°. The rear air brake has an area of 0.47 m2[8]and a deflection angle of 40°.[8]The rear air brake is blocked if the airplane carries an external fuel tank. Behind the air brakes are the bays for the mainlanding gear.On the underside of the airplane, just behind the trailing edge of the wing are attachment points for twoJATOrockets. The front section of the fuselage ends atformer#28. The rear section of the fuselage starts at former #28a and is removable for engine maintenance.

Theempennageof the MiG-21 consists of avertical stabilizer,astabilatorand a small fin on the bottom of the tail to improve yaw control. The vertical stabilizer has a sweep angle of 60° and an area of 5.32 m2(on earlier version 3.8 m2) and arudder.The stabilator has a sweep angle of 57°, an area of 3.94 m2and a span of 2.6 m.[8]

The MiG-21 uses atricycletype undercarriage. On most variants, the main landing gear uses tires that are 800 mm in diameter and 200 mm in width. Only the MiG-21F variants use tires with the size 660×200 mm. The wheels of the main landing gear retract into the fuselage after rotating 87° and the shock absorbers retract into the wing. The nose gear retracts forward into the fuselage under the radar. The nose wheel can be lowered manually by simply unlocking its hatch from inside the cockpit. Thus, landing with undercarriage locked in the up position due to an internal failure was not a major issue, with a number of such successful landings on the nosewheel and ventral fuel tank or the airbrake.

Operational history

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A MiG-21 at the Mikoyan museum inAlaverdi, Armenia

India

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Overview

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MiG-21F-13 rear view with theafterburner
MiG-21 Bison of theIndian Air Force

India is the largest operator of MiG-21s. In 1961, theIndian Air Force(IAF) opted to purchase the MiG-21 over several other Western competitors. As part of the deal, the Soviet Union offered India full transfer of technology and rights for local assembly.[9]In 1964, the MiG-21 became the first supersonic fighter jet to enter service with the IAF. Due to limited induction numbers and lack of pilot training, the IAF MiG-21 played a limited role in theIndo-Pakistani War of 1965.[10]However, the IAF gained valuable experience while operating the MiG-21 for defensive sorties during the war.[10]The positive feedback from IAF pilots during the 1965 war prompted India to place more orders for the fighter jet and also invest heavily in building the MiG-21's maintenance infrastructure and pilot training programs.

Since 1963, India has introduced more than 1,200 MiG fighters into its air force. As of 2024, 40 MiG-21s are known to be in operation in the IAF.[11]At its peak, IAF operated 400 MiG-21s in 19 squadrons.[12]

In 2023, the IAF announced that it would replace its MiG-21 Bisons with indigenously builtTejasfighter jet.[13]

Safety record

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The plane has been plagued by safety problems. Since 1970 more than 170 Indian pilots[14]and 40 civilians have been killed in MiG-21 accidents, thus the unofficial nickname "flying coffin". Over half of the 840 aircraft built between 1966 and 1984 were lost to crashes.[15]At least 14 MiG-21s crashed between 2010 and 2013.[16]Poor maintenance and quality of replacement parts has been considered to be a factor in this phenomenon.[16]When inafterburner,the engine operates very close to its surge line and the ingestion of even a small bird can lead to an engine surge/seizure and flame out.[17][18][19][20][21]

Future

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In view of the several incidents that have occurred after the1999 Kargil War,the modernized MiG-21 Bison seems to have at present the role of an interceptor and possibly a limited role of a fighter aircraft.[22][23]

On 11 December 2013, India's second-generation supersonic jet fighter, MiG-21FL was decommissioned after being in service for 50 years.[24]

The Indian Air Force plans to decommission all MiG-21s by 2025.[19]

1971 Indo-Pakistan War

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Main article:Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
IAF MiG-21 firing its S-5 rockets over East Pakistan, 1971

The expansion of the IAF MiG-21 fleet marked a developing India-Soviet Union military partnership, which enabled India to field a formidable air force to counter Chinese and Pakistani threats.[25]The capabilities of the MiG-21 were put to the test during theBangladesh Liberation War.During the war, the MiG-21s played a crucial role in giving the IAF air superiority over vital points and areas in the western theater of the conflict.[26]

The 1971 war witnessed the first supersonic air combat in thesubcontinentwhen an Indian MiG-21FL claimed aPAFF-104A Starfighterwith its GSh-23 twin-barrelled 23 mm cannon.[27]By the time the hostilities came to an end, theIAFMiG-21FLs had claimed four PAFF-104As,twoPAFShenyang F-6s,one PAFNorth American F-86 Sabreand one PAFLockheed C-130 Hercules.But only two kills were confirmed (both F-104As).[citation needed]Two more F-104s were critically damaged by MiG-21 fighters.[28]Pakistan decommissioned all F-104s shortly after the end of the war.[29]According to one Western military analyst, the MiG-21FLs had clearly "won" the much anticipated air combat between the MiG-21FL and the F-104A Starfighter.[30][page needed]

Because of the performance of India's MiG-21s, several nations, includingIraq,approached India for MiG-21 pilot training. By the early 1970s, more than 120 Iraqi pilots were being trained by the Indian Air Force.[31]

Kargil War

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Main article:Kargil War

One MiG-21 was shot down by a Pakistani soldier using a shoulder-firedMANPADSmissile during the Kargil war.[32]

Other clashes

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On 10 August 1999, two MiG-21FLs of the Indian Air Forceintercepted and shot downa PakistaniBréguet 1150 Atlanticmaritime patrol aircraft with anR-60missile after it allegedly entered Indianairspacefor surveillance, killing all on board.[33]

During the2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes,thePakistan Air Forceshot down an Indian MiG-21 and capturedits pilot.The MiG-21's debris had fallen in Pakistani-administered Kashmir. The pilot was later returned to India.[34][35]

Indonesia

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Indonesian Air ForceMiG-21in theYogyakarta Air Force Museum

TheIndonesian Air Forcepurchased 22 MiG-21s. In 1962, 20 MiG-21F-13s and MiG-21Us were received duringOperation Trikorain the Western New Guinea conflict. Indonesian MiG-21s never fought in any dogfights. Right after the U.S.-backed anti-communist forces took over the government, 13 Indonesian MiG-21s were delivered to the U.S. in exchange for T-33, UH-34D, and later, F-5 and OV-10 aircraft. All remaining MiG-21s were grounded and retired due to a lack of spare parts and the withdrawal of Soviet maintenance support.

The MiGs were added to the4477th Test and Evaluation Squadron( "Red Eagles" ), aUSAFaggressor squadron at Tonopah Test Range.[36]

Vietnam

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MiG-21F-13 inVietnam People's Air Forcemarkings exhibited at theNational Museum of the United States Air ForceinOhio.
A missile-armed VPAF MiG-21PF landing using the parachute
Vietnam People's Air ForceMiG-21 number 4324, flown by various pilots, was credited with 14 kills during theVietnam War.

The MiG-21 was designed for very shortground-controlled interception(GCI) missions. It became renowned for this type of mission in the skies overNorth Vietnam.[37]The first MiG-21s arrived directly from the Soviet Union by ship in April 1966. After being unloaded and assembled[38]they were given to theVietnam People's Air Force's (VPAF) oldest fighter unit, the 921st Fighter Regiment (921st FR), which had been created on 3 February 1964 as a MiG-17 unit. Because the VPAF's 923rd FR was newer and less experienced, they continued to operate MiG-17s, while the arrival of the MiG-19s (J-6versions) from China in 1969 led to North Vietnam's only MiG-19 unit, the 925th FR. On 3 February 1972, North Vietnam commissioned its fourth and last fighter regiment created during the war with South Vietnam, the MiG-21PFM (Type 94)-equipped 927th FR.[39]

Former MiG-17 pilotNguyen Nhat Chieuand hiswingmanTran Ngoc Siu interceptedUSAFF-105Dswhile onCAPduty overPhuc Yen Airbase(a.k.a. Noi Bai Airbase) on 7 July 1966, shooting down one piloted by Capt. Tomes with a salvo from Tran'sUB-16-57/S-5Munguided rocket-equipped MiG-21, while flight leader Nguyen was unable to establish a lock on another, wildly-evading F-105 with his R-3S AAM; this was the first instance of a VPAF MiG-21 shooting down a piloted enemy aircraft in the Vietnam War.[40]

Although 13 of North Vietnam'sflying acesattained their status while flying the MiG-21 (cf. three in the MiG-17), many VPAF pilots preferred the MiG-17 because the highwing loadingof the MiG-21 made it relatively less maneuverable and the lighter framed canopy of the MiG-17 gave better visibility.[41]However, this is not the impression British author Roger Boniface got when he interviewed Pham Ngoc Lan and aceNguyễn Nhật Chiêu(who scored victories flying both the MiG-17 and MiG-21).[42][43]Pham Ngoc Lan told Boniface that "The MiG-21 was much faster, and it had twoAtollmissiles which were very accurate and reliable when fired between 1,000 and 1,200 yards. "[44][45]And Chiêu asserted that "... for me personally, I preferred the MiG-21 because it was superior in all specifications in climb, speed and armament. The Atoll missile was very accurate and I scored four kills with the Atoll.... In general combat conditions, I was always confident of a kill over anF-4 Phantomwhen flying a MiG-21. "[46][47]

Although the MiG-21 lacked the long-range radar, missiles, and heavy bomb load of its contemporary multi-mission U.S. fighters, itsRP-21 Sapfirradar helped make it a challenging adversary in the hands of experienced pilots, especially when used in high-speed hit-and-run attacks under GCI control. MiG-21 intercepts ofRepublic F-105 Thunderchiefstrike groups were effective in downing US aircraft or forcing them to jettison their bomb loads.

Aerial combat victories 1966–1972

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The VPAF flew their interceptors with guidance from ground controllers, who positioned the MiGs in ambush battle stations to make "one pass, then haul ass" attacks.[48]The MiGs made fast and often accurate attacks against US formations from several directions (usually the MiG-17s performed head-on attacks and the MiG-21s attacked from the rear). After shooting down a few American planes and forcing some of the F-105s to drop their bombs prematurely, the MiGs did not wait for retaliation but disengaged rapidly. These "guerrilla warfare in the air" tactics[48]generally proved successful during the war. In December 1966, the MiG-21 pilots of the 921st FR downed 14 F-105 Thunderchiefs without any losses.[49]

The USAF and the US Navy had high expectations of the F-4 Phantom, assuming that their massive firepower, best available on-board radar, highest speed and acceleration properties, coupled with new tactics, would provide an advantage over the MiGs. But in confrontations with the lighter MiG-21, F-4s began to suffer losses. From May to December 1966, the USAF lost 47 aircraft, destroying only 12 VPAF fighters in return. From April 1965 to November 1968, over 268 air battles occurred over the skies of North Vietnam. North Vietnam claimed 244 downed U.S. aircraft while admitting to the loss of 85 MiGs. Of 46 air battles between F-4s and MiG-21s, losses amounted to 27 F-4 Phantoms and 20 MiG-21s.[50][better source needed]

After a million sorties and nearly 1,000 US aircraft losses,Operation Rolling Thundercame to an end on 1 November 1968.[51]A poor air-to-air combatloss-exchange ratioagainst the smaller, more agile enemy MiGs during the early part of the war eventually led the US Navy to create theirNavy Fighter Weapons School,also known as "TOPGUN",atNaval Air Station Miramar,California,on 3 March 1969.[52]The USAF quickly followed with its own version, called theDissimilar Air Combat Training(sometimes referred to asRed Flag) program atNellis Air Force Base,Nevada.These two programs employed the subsonicDouglas A-4 Skyhawkand supersonicF-5 Tiger II,as well as the Mach 2.4-capable USAFConvair F-106 Delta Dart,to mimick the MiG-21.[53]

The culmination of the air struggle over Vietnam in early 1972 was 10 May, when VPAF aircraft completed 64 sorties, resulting in 15 air battles. The VPAF claimed 7 F-4s were shot down (the U.S. confirmed five F-4s were lost.[54]) The F-4s, in turn, managed to destroy two MiG-21s, three MiG-17s and one MiG-19. On 11 May, two MiG-21s, playing the "bait", brought four F-4s to 2 MiG-21s circling at low altitude. The MiGs quickly stormed the Phantoms and 3 missiles shot down two F-4s. On 13 May, a MiG-21 unit intercepted a group of F-4s and a second pair of MiGs made a missile attack before being hit by two F-4s. On 18 May, VPAF aircraft made 26 sorties, eight of which resulted in combat, downing four F-4s without any VPAF losses.

Over the course of the air war, between 3 April 1965[55]and 8 January 1973, each side would ultimately claim favorable kill ratios. In 1972, the number of air battles between American and Vietnamese planes stood at 201. The VPAF lost 54 MiGs (including 36 MiG-21s and one MiG-21US) and claimed 90 U.S. aircraft shot down, including 74 F-4 fighters and two RF-4C reconnaissance jets (MiG-21s shot down 67 enemy aircraft while MiG-17s shot down 11 and MiG-19s downed another 12[citation needed]).

One MiG-21 was shot down on 21 February 1972 by a USAF F-4 Phantom based atUdorn RTAFB,Thailandand piloted by Major Lodge with 1st Lt Roger Locher as hisweapon systems officer(WSO). This was claimed as the first-ever USAF MiG kill at night, and the first in four years at that time.

Two MiG-21s were claimed shot down by USAFBoeing B-52 Stratofortresstail gunners;the only confirmed air-to-air kills ever made by the B-52. The first aerial victory was scored on 18 December 1972 by tail gunner Staff Sgt Samuel Turner, who was awarded theSilver Star.[56][57]The second took place on 24 December 1972, when A1C Albert E. Moore downed a MiG-21 over theThai Nguyenrailroad yards. Both actions occurred duringOperation Linebacker II,also known as theChristmas Bombings.[58]These air-to-air kills were not confirmed by VPAF.

VPAF MiG-21 No.4326, which shot down 13 aircraft during the war

The biggest threat to North Vietnam during the war had always been theStrategic Air Command's B-52 bombers.Hanoi's MiG-17 and MiG-19 interceptors could not deal with the B-52s at their flying altitude. In the summer of 1972, the VPAF was directed to train 12 MiG-21 pilots for the specific mission of shooting the B-52 bombers, with two-thirds of the pilots specifically trained in night attacks.[59]On 26 December 1972, just two days after tail gunner Albert Moore downed a MiG-21, a VPAF MiG-21MF (number 5121)[60]from the 921st Fighter Regiment, flown by MajorPhạm Tuânover Hanoi, claimed the first aerial combat kill of a B-52.[61]The B-52 had been above Hanoi at over 30,000 feet (9,100 m) when Major Tuân launched two Atoll missiles from 2 kilometres away and claimed to have destroyed one of the bombers flying in the three-plane formation.[61]Other sources argue that the Atoll missiles failed to hit their mark, but as it was disengaging, a B-52 from a three-bomber cell in front of his target took a hit from asurface-to-air missile(SAM), exploding in mid-air: this may have caused Tuân to think his missiles destroyed the target he had been aiming for.[62]

The Vietnamese claimed another kill on 28 December 1972 by a MiG-21 from the 921st FR, this time flown by Vu Xuan Thieu. Thieu is said to have perished in the explosion of a B-52 hit by his own missiles, having approached the target too closely.[63]In this case, the Vietnamese version appears to be erroneous: while one MiG-21 kill was claimed by Phantoms that night (this may have been Thieu's MiG), no B-52s were lost for any reason on the date of the claimed kill.[64]

Year-by-year kill claims involving MiG-21s[1]
  • 1966:U.S. claimed six MiG-21s destroyed; North Vietnam claimed sevenF-4 Phantom IIsand 11F-105 Thunderchiefsshot down by MiG-21s.
  • 1967:U.S. claimed 21 MiG-21s destroyed; North Vietnam claimed 17 F-105 Thunderchiefs, 11 F-4 Phantom IIs, twoRF-101 Voodoos,oneA-4 Skyhawk,oneVought F-8 Crusader,oneEB-66 Destroyerand three unidentified types shot down by MiG-21s.
  • 1968:U.S. claimed nine MiG-21s destroyed; North Vietnam claimed 17 US aircraft shot down by MiG-21s.
  • 1969:U.S. destroyed three MiG-21s; oneRyan FirebeeUAV destroyed by a MiG-21.
  • 1970:U.S. destroyed two MiG-21s; North Vietnam claimed one F-4 Phantom and oneCH-53 Sea Stallionhelicopter shot down by MiG-21s.
  • 1972:U.S. claimed 51 MiG-21s destroyed; North Vietnam claimed 53 US aircraft shot down by MiG-21s, including twoB-52 Stratofortressbombers. Soviet General Fesenko, the main Soviet adviser to the North Vietnamese Air Force in 1972,[63]recorded 34 MiG-21s destroyed in 1972.[63]According to VPAF, in 1972, they lost 29 MiG-21s, 5 MiG-19s and 16 MiG-17s in aircombat[65]

On 3 January 1968, a single MiG-21 pilot, Ha Van Chuc, entered battle with 36 American planes and claimed one F-105 Thunderchief.[66]

During the war, the VPAF claimed 103 F-4 Phantoms were shot down by MiG-21s, and that they lost 60 MiG-21s in air combat (54 by Phantoms).[67][1]

According to Russian data, the VPAF MiG-21s claimed 165 air victories, with the loss of 65 aircraft (including a few by accident or friendly fire) and 16 pilots. The losses of MiG-21 pilots were the lowest of all airplanes.[68]

Arab–Israeli conflicts

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IsraeliMirage IIIshot down by an Egyptian MiG-21 during theYom Kippur War

The MiG-21 was also used extensively in Middle Eastern conflicts of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s by theEgyptian Air Force,Syrian Air ForceandIraqi Air Force.The MiG-21 first encountered IsraeliMirage IIICJs on 14 November 1964, but it was not until 14 July 1966 that the first MiG-21 was shot down. Another six Syrian MiG-21s were shot down by Israeli Mirages on 7 April 1967. MiG-21s also facedMcDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIsandDouglas A-4 Skyhawks,but were later outclassed by the more modernMcDonnell Douglas F-15 EagleandGeneral Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon,both acquired by Israel starting in the mid-1970s.[citation needed]During this period, Syrian pilots flying MiG-21s also independently discovered theCobra maneuver,which became a standard defensive maneuver under the name "zero speed maneuver" (Syrian: مناورة السرعة صفر).[69]

During the opening attacks of the 1967Six-Day War,theIsraeli Air Force(IAF) struck Arab air forces in four attack waves. In the first wave, Israeli pilots claimed to have destroyed eight Egyptian aircraft in air-to-air combat, of which seven were MiG-21s; Egypt claimed five kills scored by MiG-21PFs.[70]During the second wave, Israel claimed four more MiG-21s downed in air-to-air combat, with the third wave resulting claimed air victories over two Syrian and one Iraqi MiG-21. The fourth wave destroyed many more Syrian MiG-21s on the ground. Overall, Egypt lost around 100 out of about 110 MiG-21s they had, almost all on the ground; Syria lost 35 of its 60 MiG-21F-13s and MiG-21PFs in the air and on the ground.[1]

Between the end of the Six-Day War and the start of theWar of Attrition,IAF Mirage fighters scored six confirmed kills of Egyptian MiG-21s, and Egyptian MiG-21s scored two confirmed and three probable kills against Israeli aircraft. Between the end of the Six-Day War to the end of the War of Attrition, Israel claimed a total of 25 destroyed Syrian MiG-21s; the Syrians claimed three confirmed and four probable kills of Israel aircraft, although Israel denied these.[1]

High losses to Israeli aircraft and continuous bombing during the War of Attrition caused Egypt to ask the Soviet Union for help. In March 1970, Soviet pilots and SAM crews arrived with their equipment. On 13 April, during the air battle over the Red Sea coast, the Soviet MiG-21MFs, according to some data, shot down two Israeli F-4 fighters[71][72]On 18 April, one Israeli scout RF-4E "Phantom" was damaged by a Soviet MiG-21MF.[72]On 16 May, an Israeli aircraft was shot down in air combat, probably by a Soviet MiG-21.[73]On 22 June 1970, a Soviet pilot flying a MiG-21MF shot down an Israeli A-4E. After that, several more successful intercepts were carried out by Soviet pilots and another Israeli A-4 was shot down on 25 June.[72]

In response, Israel planned an ambush, calling itOperation Rimon 20.On 30 July, Israeli F-4s lured Soviet MiG-21s into an area where they were ambushed by Israeli Mirages.Asher Snir,flying a Mirage IIICJ, destroyed a Soviet MiG-21;Avihu Ben-NunandAviam Sela,both piloting F-4Es, each got a kill, and an unidentified pilot in another Mirage scored a fourth kill against a Soviet-flown MiG-21; the IAF suffered only a damaged Mirage. Three Soviet pilots were killed and theSoviet Unionwas alarmed by the losses. Yet though it was amorale-boosting achievement,Rimon 20did not change the course of the war. After the operation, other IAF aircraft were lost to Soviet MiG-21s and SAMs. And a week later, on 7 August, the Soviets responded by deploying more aircraft to Egypt and luring Israeli fighter jets into an ambush of their own, "Operation Kavkaz", downing two Israeli Mirage IIICJs.[74]In all, during March and August 1970, Soviet MiG-21 pilots and SAM crews destroyed 21 Israeli aircraft (eight bySA-3missile systems and 13 by MiG-21s) at a cost of 5 MiG-21s shot down by the IAF, helping to convince the Israelis to sign aceasefire.[75][unreliable source?]

In September 1973, a large air battle erupted between Syria and Israel; Israel claimed a total of 12 Syrian MiG-21s destroyed, while Syria claimed eight kills scored by MiG-21s and admitted five losses.[citation needed]

During theYom Kippur War,Israel claimed 73 kills against Egyptian MiG-21s (65 confirmed). Egypt claimed 27 confirmed kills and eight probables against Israeli aircraft by its MiG-21s.[1]However, according to most Israeli sources, these were exaggerated claims, as Israeli air-to-air combat losses for the entire war did not exceed fifteen.[76][77]

On the Syrian front, 6 October 1973 saw a flight of Syrian MiG-21MFs shoot down an Israeli A-4E and Mirage IIICJ, losing three of their own to IsraeliIAI Neshers.On 7 October, Syrian MiG-21MFs downed two Israeli F-4Es, three Mirage IIICJs and an A-4E while losing two of their MiGs to Neshers and one to an F-4E, as well as two to friendly SAM fire. Iraqi MiG-21PFs also operated on this front, and on that same day destroyed two A-4Es while losing one MiG. On 8 October 1973, Syrian MiG-21PFMs downed three F-4Es, but six of their MiG-21s were lost. By the end of the war, Syrian MiG-21s claimed a total of 30 confirmed kills against Israeli aircraft; 29 MiG-21s were claimed (26 confirmed) as destroyed by theIDF.[1]

Later on 26 April 1974, an unusual occurrence involvingPakistanifighter pilotFlight Lieutenant Sattar Alvitook place while he was on deputation to the No. 67A Squadron of the Syrian Air Force. Alvi, flying a Syrian MiG-21F-13 (Serial No. 1863) out of Syria'sAl-Dumayr Air Basewith a fellowPAFpilot, was on aerial patrol near theGolan Heightswhen he spotted two Israeli Mirage-IIICJs intruding in Syrian airspace. According to modern Pakistani sources, Alvi and his flight leader engaged them, and after a brief dogfight, shot down one of the Mirages, flown by Captain M. Lutz. The Israeli pilot later succumbed to wounds he sustained during ejection.[78][79]However, no major sources from the time reported on such an incident,[80][81][82]and there is no mention of "Captain Lutz" inIsrael's Ministry of Defense's record of Israel's casualties of war.[83]

Between the end of the Yom Kippur War and the start of the1982 Lebanon War,Israel received modern F-15s and F-16s which were far superior to the old Syrian MiG-21MFs. According to the IDF, these new aircraft shot down 24 Syrian MiG-21s over this period, though Syria did claim five IAF kills by MiG-21s armed with outdatedK-13 missiles;Israel denied that it had suffered any losses.[1]

The 1982 Lebanon War began on 6 June 1982, and during the conflict the IAF claimed to have destroyed about 45 Syrian MiG-21MFs. Syria confirmed the loss of 37 MiG-21s, including 24 MiG-21bis and 10 MiG-21MF downed and 2 MiG-21bis and 1 MiG-21MF written off[84]Syria claimed two confirmed and 15 probable kills of Israeli aircraft.[1]Two Israeli F-15s and one F-4 were damaged in combat with MiG-21s.[85][86]In the largest air battle since the Korean War, one Israeli F-15 was heavily damaged by a Syrian MiG-21 firing aR-60 (missile),but was able to make back to base for repairs.[86][dead link‍]

Syrian civil war

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See also:List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian Civil War

Beginning in July 2012, at which point theSyrian civil warhad lasted a year without aerial action, theSyrian Air Forcestarted operations against Syrian insurgents. MiG-21s were among the first combat-ready aircraft used in bombings, rocket attacks andstrafing runs,with numerous videos showing the attacks.[87]

The rebels had access toheavy machine guns,different anti-aircraft guns and Russian and ChineseMANPADS,up to modern designs such as theFN-6.The first loss of a MiG-21 during the Syrian civil war was recorded on 30 August 2012. The MiG, registration number 2271, was likely downed by heavy machine gun fire on takeoff or landing atAbu al-Duhur Military Airbase,under siege by rebels.[88][failed verification]A few days later, on 4 September 2012, another MiG-21 (registration number 2280) was shot down in similar circumstances at the same base, also likely on takeoff or landing by rebels using byKPV14.5 mm machine guns; the downing was recorded on video.[89]

On 10 November 2014, Syrian Air Force MiG-21bis number 2204 was shot down, and its pilot killed, by rebels either using a MANPADS or antiaircraft guns, near the town ofSabburah,45 km east ofHamaAirbase where it was likely based. Video and photo evidence of the crash site later emerged.[citation needed]

Four months after a MiG-23 was shot down and during which time the Syrian Air Force suffered no losses from enemy fire, one of its MiG-21s was shot down on 12 March 2016 by theJaysh al-Nasrfaction overHamanearKafr Nabudah.While theSyrian Observatory for Human Rights,as suggested by video evidence, reported that the warplane had been downed by two MANPADS, Jaysh al-Nasr militants claimed to have shot it down with anti-aircraft guns.[90]The pilot appeared to have bailed out of the stricken MiG, but died from ground fire or other causes.[citation needed]

On 4 March 2017, a Syrian MiG-21bis from No. 679 squadron, operating out of Hama Airbase and piloted by Col. Mohammad Sawfan, was shot down byAhrar al-Shamrebels, crashing inTurkishterritory near the border. Col. Sawfan successfully ejected but was arrested and taken to a hospital inAntakya,Turkey. A recording between the pilot and ground controller clearly showed Sawfan's disorientation due to a malfunctioning compass, followed by a failure of the entire navigation system. He could not find his way back to base as ordered and inadvertently flew within range of rebel anti-aircraft guns.[citation needed]After being suspended for a number of years, Sawfan was allowed to return to service.

Libyan–Egyptian War

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Egypt received AmericanSidewindermissiles, fitting them to their MiG-21s and successfully using them in combat against Libyan Mirages and MiG-23s during the briefEgyptian–Libyan Warof July 1977.

Libya vs Egypt conflicts: MiG-21s in air-to-air combat[1]
Date Side Aircraft scoring kill Victim
22 July 1977 Libyan Arab Republic Air Force Mirage 5DE 1 MiG-21MF
23 July 1977 Egyptian Air Force MiG-21MFs 3 (or 4) LARAF Mirages + 1 LARAFMiG-23MS
1979 Egyptian Air Force MiG-21MF 1 LARAF MiG-23MS

Iran–Iraq War

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During theIran–Iraq War,23 Iraqi MiG-21s were shot down byIranian F-14s,as confirmed by Iranian, Western and Iraqi sources[91]and another 29 Iraqi MiG-21s were downed by F-4s.[92] However, from 1980 to 1988, Iraqi MiG-21s shot down 43 Iranian fighter aircraft.[93]

Libya

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Libyan Civil War (2011)

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Libyan MiG-21s saw limited service during the2011 Libyan civil war.[citation needed]On 15 March 2011, one MiG-21bis and one MiG-21UM flown bydefectingLibyan Air Forcepilots flew fromGhardabiya AirbasenearSirtetoBenina Airportto join the rebellion'sFree Libyan Air Force.On 17 March 2011, the MiG-21UM experienced a technical fault and crashed after taking off from Benina.[94]

Libyan Civil War (2014–2020)

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In theSecond Libyan Civil War (2014–2020),theLibyan National Army,under the command ofKhalifa Haftaris loyal to the legislative body inTobruk,which is theLibyan House of Representatives,internationally recognised until October 2015. It fights against the now internationally recognizedGovernment of National Accordand theShura Council of Benghazi Revolutionariesas well asIslamic State in Libyawhich are common enemies for both theGovernment of National Accordand theLibyan National Army.Both theLibyan National Armyand theGovernment of National Accordfield small airforces. As such, a number of former Libyan Arab Air Force (LARAF) MiG-21s were returned to service with the Tobruk-basedLibyan National Army,thanks to spare parts and technical assistance from Egypt and Russia, while a number of former Egyptian Air Force MiG-21s were pressed into service as well.[citation needed] MiG-21s under the control of the LibyanHouse of Representativeshave been used extensively to bomb forces loyal to the rivalGeneral National CongressinBenghaziduring the2014 Libyan Civil War.[95][96]

On 29 August 2014, an LNA MiG-21bis, serial number 208, after a bombing mission over Derna, crashed inBaydaaccording to an official statement as a result of a technical failure of the plane, while IslamistShura Council of Benghazi Revolutionariesclaimed it was shot down. The pilot did not eject and died in the crash.[97][98]

On 2 September 2014 an LNA MiG-21bis, serial number 800, crashed in a city block ofTobruk,due to pilot error during a pull-up maneuver.[99]It is unclear whether the pilot had been on a bombing mission on the way to Derna, further East, or had been performing an aerial ceremony for the MiG-21 pilot who died a few days earlier.[citation needed]

Part of the2019 Western Libya offensive,on 9 April 2019, aLibyan National ArmyMiG-21 made a low altitude diving rocket attack, probably firingS-24rockets on Mitiga airport in Tripoli, making limited damages to one of the runways.[100] On 14 April 2019, aLibyan National ArmyMiG-21MF was shot down by asurface-to-air missile,probably aMANPADSfired by the forces of the Libyan Government of National Accord (GNA) south of Tripoli. Video evidence confirmed the MiG-21 came under fire from anti-aircraft guns, small arms and twoSAMs,one of which apparently hit the target. The pilot, Colonel Jamal Ben Amer ejected safely and recovered to LNA-held territory by a Mi-35 helicopter. LNA sources confirmed the loss but blamed a technical problem.[101][102][103][104]

Horn of Africa

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During theOgaden Warof 1977–78,Ethiopian Air ForceF-5As engagedSomali Air ForceMiG-21MFs in combat on several occasions. In one lopsided incident, two F-5As piloted by Israeli advisers or mercenaries engaged four MiG-21MFs. The MiGs were handled incompetently by the Somali pilots, and the F-5As destroyed two while the surviving pilots collided with each other avoiding anAIM-9.[1][page needed]

Ethiopia claimed to have shot down 10 Somali MiG-21MFs; while Somalia also claimed to have destroyed several Ethiopian MiG-21MFs, three F-5Es, oneCanberrabomber and threeDouglas DC-3s.[1]Ethiopian MiG-21s were deployed largely in the ground attack role, and proved instrumental during the final offensive against Somali ground forces.[1][page needed]

Ethiopian pilots who had flown both the F-5E and the MiG-21 and received training in both the US and the USSR considered the F-5 to be the superior fighter because of its manoeuvrability at low to medium speeds, its superior instrumentation and the fact that it was far easier to fly, allowing the pilot to focus on combat rather than controlling his airplane.[105]This effect was enhanced by the poor quality of pilot training provided by the Soviets, which provided limited flight time and focussed exclusively on taking off and landing, with no practical training in air combat.[105][106]

Angola

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DuringAngola'slong-running civil war,MiG-21s of theCuban Air Forcewere frequently deployed to attack ground targets manned by rebel forces or engageSouth African Air ForceMirage F1sconducting cross-border strikes. Most MiG-21 losses over Angola were attributed to accurate ground fire, such as an example downed byNational Union for the Total Independence of Angola(UNITA) insurgents nearLuenawith an AmericanFIM-92 Stinger.[107]

Despite extensive losses toman-portable air-defense systems,MiG-21s were instrumental during theBattle of Cuito Cuanavale;Cuban pilots became accustomed to flying up to three sorties a day. Both the MiG-21MF and the MiG-21bis were deployed almost exclusively in thefighter/bomberrole. As interceptors, they were somewhat unsuccessful due to their inability to detect low-flying South African aircraft.[108]On 6 November 1981, a Mirage F1CZ achieved South Africa's first confirmed air-to-air kill since theKorean Warwhen it destroyed Cuban Lieutenant Danacio Valdez's MiG-21MF with 30mm cannon fire.[109]On 5 October 1982, Mirages escorting anEnglish Electric Canberraon routine reconnaissance overCahamawere engaged by at least two MiG-21bis. A South African radar operator picked up the attacking MiGs and was able to alert the Mirage pilots in advance, instructing them to change course immediately. As they jettisoned their auxiliary tanks, however, they were pinpointed by the Cubans, who opened pursuit. In a viciousdogfight,SAAF Major John Rankin closed range and maneuvered into the MiGs' rear cones. From there, one of his twoR.550 Magicmissiles impacted directly behind the lead MiG and forced it down. The second aircraft, piloted by Lieutenant Raciel Marrero Rodriguez, could not detect the Mirage's proximity until it had entered his turn radius and was perforated by Rankin's autocannon. This damaged MiG-21 landed safely atLubango.[109]

Contacts between MiG-21s and SAAF Mirage F1s orMirage IIIsbecame increasingly common throughout the 1980s. Between 1984 and 1988, thirteen MiG-21s were lost over Angola.[110]On 9 August 1984, a particularly catastrophic accident occurred when the 9th Fighter Training Squadrons and the 12th Fighter Squadrons of the Cuban Air Force attempted to carry out an exercise in poor weather. A single MiG-21bis and three MiG-23s were lost.[108][dead link‍]

On 14 December 1988, anAngolan Air ForceMiG-21bis, serial number C340, strayed off course and being low on fuel executed an emergency landing on an open field inSouth West Africa,modern-dayNamibia,where it was seized by local authorities. Since Angola did not request its return after theSouth African Border War,the MiG was restored byAtlas Aviationand until September 2017 it was displayed atSwartkops Air Force Base,Pretoria.[111]The jet was returned to Angola, flying in an AngolanIl-76cargo plane, as a sign of goodwill on 15 September 2017.[112]

Democratic Republic of the Congo

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The MiG-21MFs of the 25th Fighter Aviation Regiment of theNational Air Force of Angolaflew ground sorties during theSecond Congo War,sometimes being piloted by mercenaries.[113]Some six MiG-21s were imported into the country during theFirst Congo Warfor the Congo Air Force, but do not appear to have seen operational service. (Cooper and Weinert, "African MiGs: Volume 1: Angola to Ivory Coast" ).

Yugoslavia

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AYugoslav Air ForceMiG-21F-13

Yugoslaviapurchased its first batch of MiG-21s in 1962 from theSoviet Union.From 1962 to the early 1980s, Yugoslavia purchased 261 MiG-21s, of ten different variants. There were 41 MiG-21f-13, 36 MiG-21PfM, 25 MiG-21M, 6 MiG-21MF, 46 MiG-21bis, 45 MiG-21bisK, 12 MiG-21R, 18 MiG-21U, 25 MiG-21UM, and 7 MiG-21US.[114]Yugoslav Air force units that operated MiG-21s were the204th Fighter-Aviation RegimentatBatajnica Air Base(126th, 127th and 128th fighter-aviation squadrons), 117th fighter-aviation regiment atŽeljava Air Base(124th and 125th fighter-aviation squadron and 352nd recon squadron), 83rd fighter-aviation regiment atSlatina Air Base(123rd and 130th fighter aviation squadron), 185th fighter-bomber-aviation squadron (129th fighter-aviation squadron) at Pula and 129th training center at Batajnica air base.

During the early stages of the 1990s'Yugoslav wars,theYugoslav militaryused MiG-21s in a ground-attack role, while Croatian and Slovene forces did not yet have air forces at that point in the conflict. Aircraft from air bases in Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina were relocated to air bases in Serbia. Detailed records show at least seven MiG-21s were shot down by AA defenses inCroatiaandBosnia.[115]A MiG-21piloted by Serbian Yugoslav Air Force pilot shot down an EC helicopter in 1992.[116]

Croatia acquired three MiG-21s in 1992 through defections by Croatian pilots serving with theJNA,[117]two of which were lost in subsequent actions – one to Serbian air defenses, the other afriendly fireaccident.[118]In 1993, Croatia purchased about 40 MiG-21s in violation of an arms embargo,[118]but only about 20 of these entered service, while the rest were used for spare parts. Croatia used them alongside the sole remaining defector for ground attack missions in operationsFlash(during which one was lost) andStorm.The only air-to-air action for Croatian MiGs was an attempt by two of them to interceptSoko J-22 OraosofRepublika Srpska's air forceon a ground attack mission on 7 August 1995. After some maneuvering, both sides disengaged without firing.[118]

The remaining Yugoslav MiG-21s were flown to Serbia by 1992 and continued their service in the newly created Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During the 1999NATO bombing of Yugoslavia,three MiG-21s were destroyed on the ground.[115]The type continued to serve with theSerbian Air Forceuntil 25 September 2020, when the country's last active MiG-21 crashed in the village ofBrasina,nearMali Zvornik,killing both pilots. The aircraft, a MiG-21UM that left the assembly line in December 1986, was the last MiG-21 ever produced in the Soviet Union.[119]

Romania

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A Romanian Air Force MiG-21 LanceR C during a training exercise.

In 1962,Romanian Air Force(RoAF) received the first 12 MiG-21F-13, followed by another 12 of the same variant in 1963. Deliveries continued over the next years with other variants: 38 aircraft of MiG-21RFM (PF) variant in 1965, 7 MiG-21U-400/600 in 1965–1968, 56 MiG-21RFMM (PFM) in 1966–1968, 12 MiG-21R in 1968–1972, 68 MiG-21M plus 11 MiG-21US in 1969–1970, 74 MiG-21MF/MF-75 in 1972–1975, and 27 MiG-21UM in 1972–1980 plus another 5 of the same variant in 1990, for a total number of 322 aircraft.[120]

Beginning in 1993, Russia did not offer spare parts for the MiG-23 and MiG-29 for the RoAF. Initially, this was the context for the modernization of the Romanian MiG-21s withElbit Systems,and because it was easier to maintain these fighter jets. In 1995–2002, a total of 111 MiG-21s were modernized, of which 71 were M and MF/MF-75 variants modernized under the LanceR A designation (for ground attack), 14 were UM variant as LanceR B designation (trainer), and another 26 MF/MF-75 variant were modernized under LanceR C designation (air superiority).[120]Today, only 36 LanceRs are operational for the RoAF. It can use both Western and Eastern armament such as the R-60M, R-73, Magic 2, or Python III missiles.

MiG-21 LanceR simulator cockpit view

The MiG-21s are to be retired in 2024, after another twoF-16squadrons will be ready following the purchase of 32 more F-16s fromNorway.[121]The firstF-16 squadronwas completed in 2021 with the arrival of the last F-16 purchased fromPortugal.[122]

Despite being one of the newest MiG-21 fleets in service, the Romanian MiG-21 LanceR fleet was grounded due to difficulties maintaining the aircraft, and since 1996 it has had an accident rate of over 30 per 100,000 hours. Serviceability rates below 50% are not uncommon.[123]

The Romanian Air Force has suffered numerous events in recent years with its arsenal of MiG-21s. On 12 June 2017, a MiG-21 crashed inConstanța County,with Adrian Stancu, the pilot, managing to escape in time.[124]On 7 July 2018, Florin Rotaru died during an airshow inBorceawith some 3,000 attendants while piloting a MiG-21 that suffered technical difficulties, choosing to deflect the plane and die to protect the attendants rather than ejecting himself in time.[125]On 20 April 2021, during a training flight, a MiG-21 crashed in an uninhabited zone inMureș County.The pilot, Andrei Criste, managed to eject safely and survived the crash.[126]

On the March 2nd 2022, A MiG-21 LanceR crashed during adverse weather conditions near the village of Gura Dobrogei,CogealacCommune.[127]On 15 April 2022, the RoAF suspended all MiG-21 LanceR flights due to the high rate of accidents, and announced that it planned to speed up the acquisition of the ex-Norwegian F-16s.[128]On 23 May, the LanceRs resumed flights for a period of one year, until 15 May 2023.[129]On 15 May 2023, a retirement ceremony was held for the aircraft at the71st Air Base,and at the86th Air Base.From there, the MiG-21 took off to their final destination at the95th Air Base.[130]

Bulgaria

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Bulgarian Air ForceMiG-21bis

TheBulgarian Air Forcereceived a total of 224 MiG-21 aircraft. From September 1963 the 19th Fighter Regiment of the Air Force received 12 MiG-21F-13s. Later some of these aircraft were converted for reconnaissance as MiG-21F-13Rs, which were submitted to the 26th Reconnaissance Regiment in 1988. In January 1965 the 18th Fighter Regiment received a squadron of 12 MiG-21PFs, some of which also were converted and used as reconnaissance aircraft (MiG-oboznachevnieto 21PFR). The 26 Regiment reconnaissance aircraft from this squadron were removed from service in 1991, the 15 Fighter Regiment in 1965 received another 12 MiG-21PF fighters and in 1977–1978 operated another 36 refurbished aircraft. This unit received two more aircraft in 1984 and operated them until 1992.

MiG-21bisBulgarian Air Force

For reconnaissance, a regiment received 26 specialized reconnaissance MiG-21Rs in 1962, and in 1969–1970, 19 Fighter Aviation Regiment received 15 MiG-21m aircraft, which operated in 21 Fighter Aviation Regiment and were removed from active service in 1990. An additional 12 MiG-21MF fighters were received in 1974–1975, with a reconnaissance version of the MiG-21MFR provided to the 26th Reconnaissance Regiment and used until 2000, when removed from active service.

From 1983 to 1990, the Bulgaria Air Force received 72 MiG-21bis. Of these, 30 (six new and renovated) are under option with ACS and provided to the 19th Fighter Regiment; the rest are equipped with the "Lazur". This batch was taken out of service in 2000.

Besides fighters, the Air Force has received 39 MiG-21U trainers (one in 1966), five MiG-21US in 1969–1970 and 27 MiG-21UM (new) during 1974–1980, another six refurbished ex-Soviet examples in 1990. In 1982, three MiG-21UM trainers were sold to Cambodia and in 1994 another 10 examples. MiG-21UMs were also sold to India. Other training aircraft were removed from active service in 2000. A total of 38 aircraft were lost in the period 1963–2000.

The last flight of aBulgarian Air ForceMiG-21 took off fromGraf Ignatievo Air Baseon 31 December 2015. On 18 December 2015, there was an official ceremony for the retirement of the type from active duty.[131]

Known MiG-21 aces

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U.S. Air Force MiG-21 with American markings used for training of American pilots in flight

Several pilots have attainedace status(five or more aerial victories/kills) while flying the MiG-21.Nguyễn Văn Cốcof the VPAF, who scored nine kills in MiG-21s is regarded as the most successful.[132]Twelve other VPAF pilots were credited with five or more aerial victories while flying the MiG-21:Phạm Thanh Ngân,[1]Nguyễn Hồng NhịandMai Văn Cường(both eight kills);Đặng Ngọc Ngự[1](seven kills),Vũ Ngọc Đỉnh,[1]Nguyễn Ngọc Độ,[1]Nguyễn Nhật Chiêu,[1]Lê Thanh Đạo,[1]Nguyễn Đăng Kỉnh,[1]Nguyễn Đức Soát,[1]andNguyễn Tiến Sâm[1](six kills each), andNguyễn Văn Nghĩa[1](five kills).

Additionally, threeSyrianpilots are known to have attained ace status while flying the MiG-21. Syrian airmen: M. Mansour[133]recorded five solo kills (with one additional probable), B. Hamshu[133]scored five solo kills, and A. el-Gar[133]tallied four solo and one shared kill, all three during the 1973–1974 engagements against Israel.

Due to the incomplete nature of available records, there are several pilots who have unconfirmed aerial victories (probable kills), which when confirmed would award them "Ace" Status: S. A. Razak[134]of the Iraqi Air Force with four known kills scored during theIran–Iraq War(until 1991; sometimes referred to as the Persian Gulf War), A. Wafai[135]of the Egyptian Air Force with four known kills against Israel.

For specific information on kills scored by and against MiG-21s sorted by country, seeMikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 operators.
See also:List of Syrian flying acesandList of Egyptian flying aces

Variants

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Main article:List of Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 variants

Operators

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Main article:List of Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 operators
MiG-21 operators
Current
Former
Captured
Serbian Air ForceMiG-21UM.
Croatian Air Force MiG-21UMD inunique promotional paint scheme.
Croatian MiG-21bis 1996.
Egyptian MiG-21PFM in 1982

Current operators

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This list does not include operators of Chinese copies / licensed manufactured versions known as theChengdu J-7/F-7.

Former operators

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A Bulgarian MiG-21 taxis atGraf Ignatievo Air Base,Bulgaria during a bilateral exercise between the U.S. andBulgarian Air Force.
Bulgarian Air ForceMiG-21UB
Czechoslovak Air ForceMiG-21R
Two-seatPolish Air ForceMiG-21UM with 3rd Tactical Squadron markings
Bangladesh Air ForceMig-21UBM
DerelictMalagasyMiG-21UMs
MiG-21U (MK-103) in the Aviation Museum ofCentral Finland.
Slovak Air ForceMiG-21MA on display inLiptovský Mikuláš,2011.
Polish Air Force MiG-21bis in 1999.

Civilian operators

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According to theUnited States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA),there were 44 privately owned MiG-21s in the U.S. in 2012[178]

By 2013,Draken Internationalhad acquired 30 MiG-21bis/UM aircraft, mostly from Poland.[179]In 2017, it operated 30 MiGs.[180]

Use as suborbital space launch platform

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In 2012, Premier Space Systems in Hillsboro, Oregon, US, conducted flight tests for NanoLaunch, a project to launch suborbitalsounding rocketsfrom MiG-21s flying over thePacific Ocean.[181]The company was dissolved in 2018[182]

Specifications (MiG-21bis)

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Data fromJane's all the world's aircraft, 1992–93[183]

General characteristics

  • Crew:1
  • Length:14.7 m (48 ft 3 in) excluding pitot boom
  • Wingspan:7.154 m (23 ft 6 in)
  • Height:4.1 m (13 ft 5 in)
  • Wing area:23 m2(250 sq ft)
  • Airfoil:root:TsAGI S-12 (4.2%);tip:TsAGI S-12 (5%)[184]
  • Gross weight:8,725 kg (19,235 lb) with twoR-3Smissiles
  • Max takeoff weight:8,800 kg (19,401 lb) unprepared or metal planking runway
9,800 kg (21,605 lb) paved runway with standard wheels and tyres
10,400 kg (22,928 lb) paved runway with larger wheels and tyres
  • Powerplant:1 ×Tumansky R-25-300afterburning turbojet, 40.18 kN (9,030 lbf) thrust dry, 69.58 kN (15,640 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed:2,175 km/h (1,351 mph, 1,174 kn) / M2.05 at 13,000 m (43,000 ft)
1,300 km/h (810 mph; 700 kn) / M1.06 at sea level
  • Landing speed:250 km/h (160 mph; 130 kn)
  • Range:660 km (410 mi, 360 nmi) clean at 11,000 m (36,000 ft)
604 km (375 mi; 326 nmi) at 11,000 m (36,000 ft) with twoR-3Smissiles
793 km (493 mi; 428 nmi) at 10,000 m (33,000 ft) with twoR-3Smissiles and 800 L (210 US gal; 180 imp gal)drop-tank
  • Service ceiling:17,500 m (57,400 ft)
  • Time to altitude:17,000 m (56,000 ft) in 8 minutes 30 seconds
  • Thrust/weight:0.76
  • Take-off run:830 m (2,720 ft)
  • Landing run with SPS and brake parachute:550 m (1,800 ft)

Armament

  • Guns:1 × internal23 mmGryazev-Shipunov GSh-23Lautocannonwith 200 rounds
  • Hardpoints:5 (4 underwing + 1 ventral, reserved for fuel droptanks), with provisions to carry combinations of:
    • Rockets:4 ×S-24or4×UB-16-57rocket pods (4×16 57mm rockets)
    • Missiles:
    • Bombs:2 × 500 kg (1,100 lb) and 2 × 250 kg bombs

See also

edit

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^"AZ" – abbreviation for Russian "Авиационный Завод" – АЗ (Aviation Plant).
  2. ^Now calledNizhny Novgorod.

Citations

edit
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  • Wilson, Stewart.Combat Aircraft since 1945.Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2000.ISBN1-875671-50-1.
  • Wragg, David (2011).The World Air Power Guide.Casemate Publishers.ISBN978-1-84468-784-8.
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