Miler Magrath

The Most Rev.Miler Magrath(alsoMiler McGrathorMyler McGrath,Irish:Maolmhuire Mag Raith;c. 1523– 14 November 1622) was a senior-ranking Irishprelateborn in theGaelictúathofFermanaghinUlster,the northernprovinceinIreland.He came from a family of hereditary historians to theO'Brien clan.He entered theFranciscan Orderand was ordained to theCatholic priesthood.TheVaticanlater appointed him theBishop of Down and Connorin Ireland,but he converted to the AnglicanChurch of Ireland,becoming the ProtestantArchbishop of Cashel.Magrath is viewed with contempt by bothProtestantand Catholic historians, owing to his ambiguous and corrupt activities during theReformation.He also served as a member of theParliament of Ireland.

TheMost Reverend Miler Magrath
Archbishop of Cashel
Native name	Irish:Maolmhuire Mag Raith
Appointed	3 February 1571
Term ended	14 November 1622
Predecessor	James MacCawell
Successor	Malcolm Hamilton
Previous post(s)	Bishop of Down and Connor(1565–1580)
Orders
Consecration	4 November 1565 byFrancesco Cardinal Pisani(Roman Catholic)
Personal details
Born	c. 1523 Fermanagh
Died	14 November 1622(1622-11-14)(aged 98–99)
Nationality	Irish
Denomination	Catholic/Anglican
Spouse	(1) Amy O'Meara (2)name unknown
Children	five sons and four daughters

Early life and Catholic Bishop of Down and Connor

Archbishop Magrath was probably born at or near the village ofPettigoin what is now the south-east ofCounty DonegalinUlster(he was not born at the current Termon McGrath Castle, just outside Pettigo, as that structure was not constructed untilcirca1611). At Magrath's birth, and during most of his lifetime, Pettigo and the surrounding 'Termon Magrath' lands, which includedSt Patrick's Purgatory,were part ofFermanagh,atúathor lordship inGaelic Ireland.Most of Fermanagh later became part ofCounty Fermanagh.Magrath became aFranciscanpriestand spent his early life in Rome – "on the Capitoline"– whence he was sent on a mission to Ireland. It was believed that, on passing through England, he displayed his Catholic letters of authorisation to demand bribes for accepting the Reformation. In any case, he appears to have satisfied the authorities that his position as a Catholic bishop in Ireland would not preclude his valid assent to theAct of Supremacy.

In October 1565, Magrath was appointed as the Roman CatholicBishop of Down and Connor,although thetemporalitieswere ruled over by his kinsmanShane O'Neill,chief of theO'Neill clan,whom he visited in 1566.

In May 1567, he attended on theLord Deputy of Ireland,Sir Henry Sidney,atDrogheda,where he agreed to conform to the reformed faith and to hold his See fromthe Crown.In 1569, John Merriman was appointed the Protestant Bishop of Down and Connor: Magrath held on to the Catholic See, before he was finally deprived of Down and Connor by Rome in 1580 forheresyand other matters; thus he had enjoyed dual appointments as both aCatholicand aChurch of Irelandprelatefor nine years.

Anglican Bishop - Clogher and Cashel

In 1570, Magrath was appointed bythe Crownas the ProtestantBishop of Clogher,including thetemporalities,and visited England, where he fell ill of a fever. In February 1571, he was then appointedArchbishop of CashelandBishop of Emly(no new appointment was made to Clogher until 1605). In the same year he imprisoned some Franciscan priests at Cashel. In a rage, the rebel crusaderJames Fitzmaurice Fitzgeraldthreatened to burn to ashes everyone and everything connected withArchbishopMagrath if they were not released. The friars were immediately liberated by Edward Butler. In 1572 Magrath brought charges against Butler's elder brother,The 10th Earl of Ormonde,but they were given no credence. In 1575, as he went on his way to Dublin, he was attacked and badly injured by thekerneof a hostile clan.

Until the end of theDesmond Rebellionsin 1583, Magrath remained in his province, while assisting the English government on the one hand and intriguing with the Catholic rebels on the other. In October 1582, he travelled to England bearing letters of strong recommendation, which cited his ability to provide valuable information on the rebels. He complained that Cashel was only worth £98 and – in spite of the misgivings ofWilliam Cecil,Lord Burghley – was granted the See ofWaterford and Lismorein commendam,which he held until 1589, and then again from 1592 upon the death of Bishop Wetherhead. Despite his allegiance to the authorities, Magrath never arrested the new Catholic Archbishop of Cashel, Dr Kearney, who lived peacefully under his nose. However, Magrath continued to court favour with the authorities, and in 1584 he did arrest the CatholicBishop of Emly,Maurice MacBrien,who died two years later in custody inDublin Castle.In March 1589 he wrote commending the Kerry plantation undertakerSir William Herbert,who was a controversial figure on the Protestant side.

In 1591 Magrath visited England without leave, and grave charges were pressed against him in his absence. During his visit he sought to convert to Protestantism the condemned Gaelic Prince ofBreifne,Brian O'Rourke,who scorned the bishop at the foot of the gallows-ladder before his execution in London. At about this time Magrath's cousin,Dermot Creagh,was the CatholicBishop of Cork and Cloynewith Legatine authority inMunster,and they remained on mutual terms. Magrath appears to have feared that his soul was in jeopardy, and with a view to repentance and reconciliation with Rome, took care that his cousin would not be captured, while at the same time feeding information to the Crown about his whereabouts.

Nine Years War

In 1596, during theNine Years War,Archbishop Magrath andthe 10th Earl of Ormondwere involved in a conference atFaughartwith the Northern chiefs, offering them the possession ofUlster,apart fromCounty Louth,CarrickfergusandNewryas these areas were held by English garrisons. The offer was rejected, but was the basis for County Louth being considered part ofLeinsterfrom that time forward.

In 1599, Magrath was taken prisoner by Con, son of his kinsmanHugh, 2nd Earl of Tyrone.Theearlordered Magrath's release on the grounds that only the Holy Father had authority to lay hands on his "friend and ally".Magrath promised that he would return to Catholicism, except that he had to see to his children, and Con released him on conditions: a money payment, with O'Meara's son(related to Magrath's wife) to act as surety in person.

In 1600, Magrath went to London and convincedRobert Cecilof his loyalty, although appearing a turbulent person, and was granted a pension. While at court he accusedSir Henry Lee of Ditchleyof treason, with the "most indecent and contumelious words",and Lee's cousin,Thomas Lee(a captain in the Irish service who was later hanged for his involvement with the coup attempt ofthe 2nd Earl of Essex), wrote to Cecil seeking the opportunity to meet the charges.

Magrath returned to Ireland with the English-backed pretender tothe earldom of Desmond.He claimed poverty owing to the war, but Cecil soon complained that he was allowing the AnglicanChurch of Irelandto lie like "an hogsty"and soughtSir George Carewto remonstrate with him over this neglect.

The New Era

UnderJames I,Magrath's holding of four bishoprics and seventy spiritualities was criticised bySir John Davies,then attorney-general of Ireland. In 1607, theArchbishop of Dublin,Thomas Jones,criticised his spiritual administration, and Magrath resignedWaterford and Lismoresix months later. The estate of Lismore had been sold by him toSir Walter Raleighfor a nominal price, although he kept the capitular seal of Cashel. He was ultimately compelled to accept the Sees ofKillalaandAchonryinConnacht,which were of little worth: in 1610, he complained he had not received their possession, and the full grant was not made until 1611.

In 1608, a jury found that he had declared his kinsman, the fugitive rebelLord Tyrone,wronged over the Bann fishery (a property right relating to the ancient authority of English law in Ireland, which the Crown had successfully contested in a precedent-setting case), and had credited O'Neill with, "a better right to the crown of Ireland than any Irishman or Scottishman [ie. James I] whatsoever".Despite the sensitivity of the matter, the indictment was not proceeded with. In a further assertion of his identity, Magrath rowed with theBishop of Derryin 1609 over the possession of Termon Magrath, the lands of which were granted in the following year to Magrath's son, James.

Magrath moved to Ulster (where he erected a building, which still stands at Templecrone, County Donegal), and had William Knight appointed his co-adjutor at Cashel; Knight soon left the country after disgracing himself by drunken behaviour in public. It was reckoned that the revenues and manors of the See of Cashel were entirely wasted. The Lord Deputy,Sir Arthur Chichester,had a poor opinion of Magrath, describing him as "stout and wilful", but held back for fear of his influence amongst the Ulster Irish, and Stafford too spoke of his oppressions.

In 1612, the underground Irish Provincial of the Franciscan Order still held out hope of Magrath's reconciliation with Rome; in 1617 it was thought he might exchange theRock of Cashelfor theCapitoline,where he had spent his youth. Magrath's last known involvement in public life was on his attendance at Parliament in Dublin in 1613. He died ten years later, in his 100th year, after 52 years as a bishop.

Legacy

Magrath has remained a figure of controversy inIrish history.On the Protestant side, he is widely blamed for the rapacious financial corruptions which gave theReformation in Irelanda black eye from which it has never recovered. He was further scorned for being a drunkard. On the Catholic side, he was viewed as anapostatepriest and a collaborator with a violentlyAnti-Catholicmonarchy.

Given the treachery through which he lived, and whatever one might say about his real allegiances, Magrath possessed a knack for survival. The forbearance shown by his most bitter critics at Court, even when they were certain that he was obstructing the persecution of Catholics, is an indication of his great power and influence. In any case, the wide freedom allowed to him and his great skill in manipulating both sides at once shows how very tricky were the times.

As for being a drunkard, perhaps his longevity gives the lie to that charge.

Magrath married a Roman Catholic, Áine Ni Meara, daughter of John O'Meara ofLisany,inCounty Tipperary;and had issue, Turlough, Redmond, James, Brian, Marcus, Mary, Cicely, Anne, and Ellis. Upon his wife's death, Magrath remarried.

In popular culture

• Around1577,a caustic satire against Irish Anglican bishops Magrath,Matthew SheynandWilliam Casey,and a fourth no longer recognizable, was composed asIrish bardic poetryby theFranciscanpriest-poetFriarEoghan Ó Dubhthaigh(Owen O'Duffy). In the poem, which begins,Léig dod chomortus dúinn( "No more of your companions for us" ), much of the satire aimed at Archbishop Magrath burlesques the fact that his first name, "Maolmhuire", means"The Servant of Mary"in theIrish language,when he had renounced the veneration of theBlessed Virginin exchange for an earthly wife. The poet suggests that he deserved the name"Maol gan Mhuire"( "The Servant without Mary" ) much better.

Bibliography

• Richard Bagwell,Ireland under the Tudors3 vols. (London, 1885–1890).
• Eoghan O'Duffy, tr. byJohn O'Daly(1864),The Apostasy of Myler Magrath, Archbishop of Cashel,Cashel,County Tipperary.
• John O'Donovan (ed.)Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters7 vols. (1851).
• Dictionary of National Biography22 vols. (London, 1921–1922).
• 'Archbishop Magrath: The Scoundrel of Cashel' – 1 Oct 1974 byRobert Wyse Jackson

External links

• CERC
• [1]Account of Miler Magrath byPhilip O'Sullivan Beare
• [2]Seamus J King's Talk given to Cashel Historical Society in 1986 on Miler McGrath
• Origins of the McGrath Familyby Michael F. McGraw(incl. descent from Miler Magrath)