Wikipedia

Armed Forces of Turkmenistan

(Redirected fromMilitary of Turkmenistan)
Not to be confused withTurkish Armed Forces.

TheArmed Forces of Turkmenistan(Turkmen:Türkmenistanyň Ýaragly Güýçleri), known informally as theTurkmen National Army(Turkmen:Türkmenistanyň Milli goşun) is the national military ofTurkmenistan.It consists of theGround Forces,theAir Force and Air Defense Forces,Navy,and other independent formations (etc.Border Troops,Internal TroopsandNational Guard).

Armed Forces of Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan Armed Forces emblem
Founded27 January 1992;32 years ago(1992-01-27)
Service branchesService branches
Ground Forces
Air Forces
Navy
Independent formations
Border Troops
Internal Troops
National Guard
HeadquartersAshgabat[1]
WebsiteMilli GosunNational Army Newspaper
Leadership
Supreme Commander-in-ChiefSerdar Berdimuhamedow
Secretary of theState Security CouncilLieutenant GeneralBegench Gundogdyev
Minister of DefenceLieutenant GeneralBegench Gundogdyev
Chief of the General StaffColonel Akmurad Anamedov
Personnel
Military age18[2]
Conscription24 months (IISS 2012)
Active personnel36,500 (Army 33,000, Air Force 3,000, Navy 500)
Reserve personnelformerly 108,000, not since 2018 at least.[3]
Expenditure
Budget$800 million (FY10) (IISS 2018)
Percent of GDP3.6% (FY10)[2]
Industry
Foreign suppliersBelarus
Kazakhstan
North Korea
Russia
Turkey
Serbia[4]
United States
Related articles
RanksMilitary ranks of Turkmenistan

History

edit

Beginnings

edit

After the fall of theSoviet Union,significant elements of theSoviet Armed ForcesTurkestan Military Districtremained on Turkmen soil, including several motor rifle divisions. From V.I. Feskov et al. 2013 and Michael Holm's data, it appears that the three divisions were the 58th, 88th, and 209th District Training Centre (former 61 Training MRD) at Ashkhabad.[5][6]In June 1992, the newRussiangovernment signed a bilateral defense treaty withTurkmenistan,encouraging the new Turkmen government to create its own armed forces but stipulating that they were to be placed under joint command.[7]

The United StatesLibrary of Congress Country Studiessaid that 'the Treaty on Joint Measures signed by Russia and Turkmenistan in July 1992 provided for the Russian Federation to act as guarantor of Turkmenistan's security and made former Soviet army units in the republic the basis of the new national armed forces. The treaty stipulated that, apart from border troops and air force and air defense units remaining under Russian control, the entire armed forces would be under joint command, which would gradually devolve to exclusive command by Turkmenistan over a period of ten years. For a transitional period of five years, Russia would provide logistical support and pay Turkmenistan for the right to maintain special installations, while Turkmenistan would bear the costs of housing, utilities, and administration.'

TheCentre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies'sMoscow Defence Briefsaid that in 1992–93 Turkmenistan attempted to create a small national armed force based on the formerSoviet 52nd Army,which was located in the country and depended on support from Russia. Of the 300 formations and units, numbering 110,000 people, 200 were transferred to the command of Turkmenistan, 70 remained under Russia's jurisdiction, and 30 were either withdrawn or demobilized.[8]

In 1994, the chief of staff and first deputy minister of defense was Major GeneralAnnamurat Soltanov,a career officer who had served inCubaand Afghanistan; another deputy minister of defense, Major GeneralBegdzhan Niyazov,had been a law enforcement administrator prior to his appointment. Russian commanders included Major GeneralViktor Zavarzin,chief of staff and first deputy commander of the Separate Combined-Arms Army of Turkmenistan, and commander of the Separate Combined-Arms Army of Turkmenistan and deputy minister of defense Lieutenant GeneralNikolai Kormiltsev.Russian Major GeneralVladislav Shunevichserved together with Turkmen Major GeneralAkmurad Kabulovas joint commanders of the border troops in the Turkmen Border Guard. Under a 1993 bilateral military cooperation treaty, some 2,000 Russian officers served in Turkmenistan on contract, and border forces (about 5,000 in 1995) are under joint Russian and Turkmenistani command. Altogether, about 11,000 Russian troops remained in Turkmenistan in mid-1996.'[9]

Military policy of Niyazov

edit

Turkmenistan's military is considered to be the most neutral of all former republics of theSoviet Union.The country's military did not sign theTashkent Treatyin May 1992,[10]becoming an observer in theCouncil of Ministers of Defense of the CIS.Turkmenistan's first military doctrine was adopted in 1994 enforcing this.[11]The neutral policy of Turkmenistan was also emphasized in relation to the1996 Afghan War,maintaining an even relationship with both theTalibanand theAfghan government.[12]Following theSeptember 11 terrorist attacks,coalition troops did not appear on Turkmen territory. President Niyazov refused to provide theGerman governmentwith a base to store German aircraft, arguing that the country intends to continue to follow the principles of neutrality.

In 2002, a "labor army"was created by Niyazov's orders which saw the creation of specialized labor military units. Soldiers in these units began to be sent from military units to enterprises, construction sites and hospitals as cheap labor, being removed from the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense.[13][14]

Since 2006

edit

Jane's Information Groupsaid in 2009 that "Turkmenistan's military is, even by the standards of Central Asia, poorly maintained and funded."[15]

Weeks after he was inaugurated for a first term, PresidentGurbanguly Berdimuhamedovannounced his decision to endorse the country's second military doctrine, officially declaring neutrality and stating that the border withAfghanistanwill be a national security priority. In 2016, a new military doctrine was adopted by Berdimuhamedov.[16]In November 2018, President Berdimuhamedov reiterated this at a session of the State Security Council.[17]

Military hierarchy

edit

State Security Council

edit
Main article:State Security Council of Turkmenistan

Defense Ministry

edit

TheMinistry of Defense of Turkmenistanis a government agency of the armed forces which is the executive body in implementing defense policies in Turkmenistan. It was founded in January 1992 with the assistance of theRussian Armed Forces.Most of the original employees were retired Soviet officials in theCommunist Party of the Turkmen SSR.

General Staff

edit

Structure

edit
  • Land Forces Command
  • Department of the Missile Forces and Artillery
  • Department of the Air Force and Air Defense Forces Command
  • Department of Communication Troops
  • Department of Engineering Troops
  • Department of training specialists for the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan
  • Department of Specialized Formations

List of Chiefs of Staff

edit
Main article:Chief of the General Staff (Turkmenistan)

The Chief of the General Staff of Turkmen Armed Forces is the highest-ranking military officer in the military, being responsible for maintaining the operational command of the military and its three major branches.

Military organization

edit

The territorial Armed Forces of Turkmenistan are divided into 5 military districts in accordance with the administrative division of the country into 5regions:[18][19]

Each military district includes district military command and control bodies, military units, individual military units and subunits, military commissariats of etraps and cities with etrap rights. The Territorial Defence Troops of Turkmenistan also serve regional purposes.

Ground Forces

edit
T-90SA and T-72UMG units.

TheTurkmen Ground Forcesinherited several motor rifle divisions from theSoviet Armed ForcesTurkestan Military District,forming the basis for the branch. Among them was the58th Motor Rifle DivisionatKyzyl-Arvat.[20]Today the ground forces include the2nd,3rd,11th,and22ndMotor RifleDivisions.[21]The11th Motor Rifle Division "Sultan Sanjar"is the former Soviet 88th Motor Rifle Division, with its headquarters at Kushka/Serhetabat. It was reported in January 2007 that on theCaspian Seaand the coastal zone to a depth of 350 kilometers, and on the Turkmen-Iranian border is located about 90% of the Army (22nd Motorized Division on the Caspian coast, 2nd and 3rd motorized divisions on the Turkmen-Iranian border, 11th Motorized Division on the Tajik-Afghan border).[22]

The number of vehicles is around 2,000, the number of tanks is around 700 and the number of artillery pieces is around 560.[23]Turkmen ground forces equipment includes 702T-72,[24]and 10T-90,ordered in 2009 for approximately $30 million.[25][26]AIFV / APC includeBTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80- 829,[24]BMP-1/BMP-2- 930,[24]BRM-112, andBRDM-2- 170. In 2021 Turkmenistan is to receive batch ofLazar 38x8 armored vehicle from Serbia.[27]

Air Force

edit
Further information:Turkmen Air Force

The IISS in 2012 said theAir Forcehad 3,000 personnel with 94 combat capable aircraft.[28]The total number of aircraft is around 120.[23]It said there were two fighter/ground attack squadrons with MiG-29/MiG-29UB (total of 24 both types),Sukhoi Su-17Fitter-Bs (65) and twoSukhoi Su-25Frogfoots (with 41 more being refurbished). It reported one transport squadron withAntonov An-26'Curl' (1), and Mi-8s and Mi-24s (8 and 10 listed in service respectively). Training units hadSukhoi Su-7Fitter-As (3 listed in service) and L-39 Albatross. Air defence missile units had SA-2, SA-3, and SA-5

A Turkmenistan Antonov An-74TK-200

Units:

  • 99th Aviation Base (former 67th Mixed Aviation Regiment) (Mary-2 airbase) with MiG-29 and Su-25.[21]
  • 47th Separate Mixed Aviation Squadron (Аk-Tepe/Ashkabad) with Аn-26/24, Mi-24 and Mi-8.
  • 107th Fighter Aviation Regiment (Ak-Tepe) with 38 MiG-23 and 20 MiG-25 (not operational).
  • 31st Separate Aviation Squadron (Chardzhou/Turkmenabad) with MiG-21, Su-7, L-39, Yak-28 and Аn-12 (not operational). Former 366th Independent Helicopter Squadron.
  • 55th Fighter Aviation Regiment (Balkanabat) with MiG-23М (not operational). Former 179th Fighter Aviation Regiment.
  • 56th Storage Base (Kyzyl-Arvat) with MiG-23. Former 217th Fighter/Bomber Aviation Regiment.
  • 1st Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment 'Turkmenbashi' (Bikrova/Ashkabad) with2K11 Krug.
  • 2nd Radio-Technical Brigade
edit
Flag of theTurkmen Navy

TheTurkmen naval forcesare currently directed by the defense ministry and consist of around 700 servicemen and sixteen patrol boats.[29]TheCongressional Research Service,citing theInternational Institute for Strategic Studies,reports a number of six patrol boats.[23]

The International Institute for Strategic Studies reported in 2007 that Turkmenistan intended to form a navy and had a minor base atTurkmenbashywith oneUSCG Point class cutterand fiveKalkan-class patrol vessels.[24]Jane's Fighting Ships2001-2002 reported that the Point-class cutter was theMerjin,PB-129, (exPoint Jackson,82378), which was transferred on 30 May 2000.

The country acquired fourmissile boatsin 2011.[23]In 2014 it acquired 10Tuzla-class patrol boatswhich were all delivered by 2015.

In 2012, Turkmenistan announced its first naval exercises in the Caspian Sea programmed for early September. NamedHazar-2012(Hazaris the Turkic name of the Caspian Sea), these tactical exercises came after a summer of somewhat heightened tensions with Azerbaijan overnatural gas fieldsin a contested part of the sea.[30]

Other security forces

edit

Türkmen Edermen

edit
Main article:Türkmen Edermen

The Special Task Force "Türkmen Edermen"(Valiant Turkmen inEnglish) is a composite military unit drawn from the armed forces and national law enforcement agencies such as theMinistry of Internal Affairs,theState Border Service,and theMinistry for National Security.[31]

Presidential Security Service

edit
A vehicle of the security service in 2011

ThePresidential Security Service(Turkmen:Prezidentiniň howpsuzlyk gullugy) is responsible for ensuring the protection and security of the president. Established in November 1990, it is a directly reporting body of the President of Turkmenistan and not part of the Ministry of Defense.[32]Duringstate visitsto foreign countries, the service provides at least 10 agents to protect the president.[33]The Presidential Security Service is currently composed of 2,000 employees.[34]

Border Guard

edit

TheState Border Service of Turkmenistanis a public service department in the government of the country and is under the command of theMinistry for National Security of Turkmenistan.The main tasks of the service include the following: protecting of the national border of the country, combatinginternational terrorismanddrug trafficking,targeting illegal migration andhuman trafficking,and protecting oil and gas platforms and pipelines in theCaspian Sea.The head of the service is a member of the Council of Border Guard Commanders of theCommonwealth of Independent States(CIS).[35]

Internal Troops

edit

TheInternal Troopsis under the auspices of theMinistry of Internal Affairs.It is designed to maintain law and order and enforce thestatus quoin terms of state sovereignty. It aides the Turkmen National Police in its everyday activities, being organized similarly to the ground forces.[36]

Equipment

edit
Military equipment of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan
Name Photo Origin In service Notes
Tanks
T-72 'Ural' Early Soviet Union N/A [37]
T-72 'Ural' Late N/A [37]
T-72A Early N/A [37]
T-72A Late N/A [37]
T-72AV N/A [37]
T-72UMG Ukraine N/A [37]
T-90S Russia N/A [37]
Armoured Fighting Vehicles
BRDM-2 Soviet Union N/A [37]
Infantry Fighting Vehicles
BMP-1(P) Soviet Union N/A [37]
BMP-1U 'Shkval' Ukraine N/A [37]
BMP-2 Obr. 1980 Soviet Union N/A [37]
BMP-2D N/A [37]
BMP-3 Russia N/A [37]
BTR-80A N/A [37]
BTR-80U 'Grom' Ukraine N/A [37]
Lazar-3 Serbia N/A [Ministry for National Security].[37]
Armoured Personnel Carriers
BTR-70 Soviet Union N/A [37]
BTR-80 N/A [37]
Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicles
KamAZ-63968 Typhoon Russia N/A [37]
BMC Kirpi Turkey N/A [State Border Service and Ground Forces].[37]
BMC Vuran N/A [State Border Service].[37]
Infantry Mobility Vehicles
Otokar Ural Turkey N/A [Ministry of Internal Affairs].[37]
Otokar Cobra N/A [State Border Service].[37]
BMC Amazon N/A [State Border Service].[37]
INKAS Titan-DS United Arab Emirates N/A [State Border Service and Ground Forces].[37]
NIMR Ajban 440A N/A [37]
NIMR Ajban LRSOV N/A [37]
Al Shibl 2 Saudi Arabia N/A [37]
Plasan StormRider Israel N/A [Ministry for National Security].[37]
IMI CombatGuard N/A [37]
Bars Belarus N/A [37]
Iveco LMV Italy N/A [Ministry for National Security].[37]
PMV Survivor II Austria N/A [State Border Service and Ministry of Internal Affairs].[37]
KLTV South Korea N/A [State Border Service].[37]
Dongfeng EQ2050 China N/A [37]
Tactical Vehicles And Technicals
Polaris DAGOR United States N/A [37]
Polaris MRZR N/A [37]
Polaris MV850 ATV 4x4 N/A [37]
Polaris MV850 ATV 6x6 N/A [37]
Toyota Land Cruiser Japan N/A [37]
Combat Engineering Vehicle
IMR-2(M) Soviet Union N/A [37]
Bridgelayer
MTU-55 Soviet Union N/A [37]
Tracked Amphibious Transport
PTS-2 Soviet Union N/A [37]
Minelayer
GMZ-3 Soviet Union N/A [37]
Chemical Cleaning Vehicle
TMS-65U Soviet Union N/A [37]
Self-Propelled Anti-Tank Missile Systems
9P133 Malyutka Soviet Union N/A [37]
9P149 Shturm-S N/A [37]
Caracal Shershen-Q Belarus N/A [37]
Towed Artillery
100mmMT-12 Soviet Union N/A [37]
122mmD-30 N/A [37]
152mmD-20 N/A [37]
152mm2A65 Msta-B N/A [37]
152mm2A36 Giatsint-B N/A [37]
Self-Propelled Artillery
122mm2S1 Gvozdika Soviet Union N/A [37]
152mm2S3 Akatsiya N/A [37]
Multiple Rocket Launchers
122mm9P122 'Grad-P' Soviet Union N/A [37]
122mmBM-21 'Grad' N/A [37]
122mmBM-21A BelGrad Belarus N/A [State Border Service and Ground Forces].[37]
122mmRM-70 Czech Republic N/A [37]
220mmBM-27 Uragan Soviet Union N/A [37]
300mmBM-30 Smerch Russia N/A [37]
Artillery Rockets
9K52 Luna-M Soviet Union N/A (Likely to have been decommissioned).[37]
Ballistic Missiles
R-17 Scud-B Soviet Union N/A (Likely to have been decommissioned),[37]
(Self-Propelled) Anti-Aircraft Guns
23mmZU-23 Soviet Union N/A [State Border Service and Ground Forces].[37]
23mmZSU-23-4 Shilka N/A [37]
Static Surface-To-Air Missile (SAM) Systems
S-125 Soviet Union N/A Range: 22km], (Three sites protecting the capital Ashgabat).[37]
S-200 N/A [Range: 300km], (Two sites protecting Türkmenbaşy and Mary).[37]
Self-Propelled Surface-To-Air Missile (SAM) Systems
9K35 Strela-10M Belarus N/A [Range: 5km].[37]
9K33 Osa Soviet Union N/A [Range: 15km].[37]
FM-90 China N/A [Range: 15km].[37]
S-125-2BM Belarus N/A [Range: 22km].[37]
Pechora-2M Russia N/A [Range: 22km].[37]
2K12 Kub Soviet Union N/A [Range: 25km].[37]
KS-1A China N/A [Range: 50km].[37]
2K11 Krug Soviet Union N/A [Range: 55km].[37]
FD-2000 China N/A [Range: 125km].[37]
Electronic Warfare Systems
Rohde & Schwarz EW System Germany N/A [37]
Radars
P-14 'Tall King' Soviet Union N/A [37]
P-18 'Spoon Rest D' N/A [37]
P-35/37 'Bar Lock' N/A [37]
P-80 'Back Net' N/A [37]
PRV-11 'Side Net' N/A [37]
36D6 'Tin Shield' N/A [37]
SNR-125 'Low Blow' N/A (For S-125).[37]
SNR-125-2BM Belarus N/A (For S-125-2BM ''PF 50 Alebarda'').[37]
SNR-125-2M Russia N/A (For Pechora-2M), (Not yet seen).[37]
5N62 'Square Pair' Soviet Union N/A (For S-200).[37]
1S32 'Pat Hand' N/A (For 2K11 Krug).[37]
SURN 1S91 N/A (For 2K12 Kub).[37]
Kolchuga Ukraine N/A [37]
YLC-2V China N/A (For FD-2000).[37]
HKJM2 N/A (For FD-2000).[37]
HT-233 N/A (For FD-2000), (Not yet seen).[37]
H-200 N/A (For KS-1A), (Not yet seen).[37]
YLC-18 N/A [37]
DWL-002 N/A [37]
TS-504 N/A [37]
Surveillance Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Aeronautics Defense Orbiter 2B Israel N/A [37]
Elbit Skylark N/A (Used in conjunction with a ground-based rapid mine laying system).[37]
Selex ES Falco XN Italy N/A [37]
Busel M Belarus N/A [37]
Busel M40 N/A (License-produced in Turkmenistan).[37]
Boeing Insitu ScanEagle 2 United States N/A [37]
Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles
CASC Rainbow CH-3A China N/A (Armed with two AR-1 AGMs).[37]
WJ-600A/D N/A (Armed with two CM-502KG AGMs).[37]
Bayraktar TB2 Turkey N/A (Armed with four MAM-C or MAM-L (with an 15+km range) PGMs).[37]
Busel MB2 Belarus N/A (Armed with F1 grenades and PTAB-2.5 and PFAB-05 small bombs, while license-produced in Turkmenistan).[37]
Loitering Munitions
SkyStriker Israel N/A [37]
Busel MB1 Belarus N/A (Documented by a few sources, not yet seen).[37]
Vertical Take-Off And Landing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
DJI Phantom 4 China N/A [37]
MD4-1000 Germany N/A [37]
Target Drones
La-17 Soviet Union N/A (Believed to have been decommissioned).[37]
ASN-9 ''Ba-9'' China N/A [37]
S300 N/A [37]

Personnel

edit

Ranks

edit
Main article:Military ranks of Turkmenistan
The corps of drums of theBerdimuhamed Annayev 1st Specialized Military School.

Military education

edit
Main article:Turkmen military academies

Founded in 1993 and 2007 respectively, theMilitary Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Turkmenistanand theMilitary Academy of Turkmenistanare the senior most military academies of their kind inTurkmenistan.Other military academies include the Turkmen Police Academy, the Turkmen National Security Institute, and the Turkmen Naval Institute. Border guards are trained at special institutes in military universities.[38]

Personnel awards

edit
  • Medal "Edermenlik"[39]
  • Medal "For impeccable service to the Fatherland"
  • Medal "Turkmen Edermen"
  • Breastplate "Valiant Border Guard"[40]
  • Myalikguly Berdymuhamedov Medal[41]

* Uniforms *

edit
Turkmen honour guards in winter uniform.

Military uniforms are sewn in the following factories of the Ministry of Textile Industry on the orders of the Ministry of Defense of Turkmenistan:[42]

  • Ruhabat Textile Complex
  • Geokdepe Textile Complex
  • Turkmenbashi Textile Complex
  • Ahal Sewing Production Association
  • Bayramali Textile Complex
  • Turkmen-Kalkan Joint Venture

The semi-woolen fabrics that are not produced in Turkmenistan are supplied through the Turkmendokma Foreign Trade Enterprise of the Ministry of Textile Industry.

Conscription

edit

Service in the armed forces is required for all males under 27 years of age.[43]Minister of DefenceDangatar Kopekovstated in 1992 that legislation was drafted to where draft dodgers would face "very severe measures, including criminal responsibility". Despite this, desertion is rampant, and was at a 20% rate in 1994.[44]For many military units, it has often been accepted that commanders extort bribes for an early demobilization of conscripts.[45]

There have been reported cases of mistreatment of army conscripts on duty andHazing.[46]

Women in the National Army

edit

Women under the age of 21 who have a secondary education and have volunteered for military service can qualify for higher educational studies at the military institute.[47]In 2016, Senior Lieutenant Jahan Yazmuhammedova became the first female paratrooper in the Armed Forces, serving in the152nd Independent Air Assault Battalion.[48]A parade in 2019 was the first parade in which female siblings (Captains Shirin and Aknabat Velikurbanov) took part in the parade as part of the same contingent.[49]The contingent in question was led by Major Nabat Nurgeldyeva, who was in her 16th parade.

References

edit
  1. ^Military Technology, World Defence Almanac 2008, p.255
  2. ^ab"Turkmenistan Military 2014, CIA World Factbook".Archivedfrom the original on 24 December 2014.Retrieved24 December2014.
  3. ^John Pike."Turkmenistan- Army".Archivedfrom the original on 24 December 2014.Retrieved24 December2014.
  4. ^"Prvi put van Srbije: Lazar 3 prikazan u punom sjaju FOTO".B92.Archivedfrom the original on 3 February 2023.Retrieved28 September2021.
  5. ^"36th Army Corps".ww2.dk.Retrieved16 March2023.
  6. ^"Turkestan Military District".ww2.dk.Retrieved16 March2023.
  7. ^Stephen Foye, 'Russian-Turkmen Defense Accord,'RFE/RLDaily Report, no. 109, (10 June 1992), p.1, viaJanne E. Nolan(ed.), Global Engagement, Brookings, Washington D.C., 1994, p. 369.
  8. ^"Colonel Oleg BELOSLUDTSEV, Candidate of Historical Sciences, and Colonel Alexander GRIBOVSKY, Russia's Military-Political Relations with Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, Center for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies".mdb.cast.ru.Archived fromthe originalon 25 March 2018.Retrieved16 March2023.
  9. ^Glenn E. Curtis (ed.), Russia: A Country study,Federal Research Division,Library of Congress,research completed July 1996 (Chapter 9)
  10. ^"Russia Frustrated by Refusal of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan to Cooperate on Security | Eurasianet".Archivedfrom the original on 3 February 2023.Retrieved28 December2020.
  11. ^"Turkmen Leader Plans to Adopt New Military Doctrine".Archivedfrom the original on 3 February 2023.Retrieved7 May2020.
  12. ^Pannier, Bruce (23 June 2016)."Neutral Turkmenistan Chooses A Side In Afghan Conflict".Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.Archivedfrom the original on 3 February 2023.Retrieved28 December2020.
  13. ^Welle ( dw ), Deutsche."Туркменские солдаты хотят в" дубайские роты "| DW | 04.02.2010".Deutsche Welle(in Russian).Archivedfrom the original on 20 November 2019.Retrieved1 August2020.
  14. ^""LABOUR ARMY" IN THE ALARMING TIME OF THE NEWS | Turkmenistan.ru ".turkmenistan.ru.Retrieved28 December2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  15. ^Josh Kucera, 'Centre of Attention: Central Asia,'Jane's Defence Weekly,14 October 2009
  16. ^"Archived copy".Archived fromthe originalon 23 September 2020.Retrieved27 February2022.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. ^"President: Turkmen military doctrine is of defensive nature | MENAFN.COM".menafn.Archivedfrom the original on 4 October 2021.Retrieved7 May2020.
  18. ^"Военный баланс в Центральной Азии".Archivedfrom the original on 4 October 2021.Retrieved3 May2020.
  19. ^"Ашхабада в войсках артиллерии после. Армии мира".Archivedfrom the original on 3 February 2023.Retrieved3 May2020.
  20. ^"58th Motorised Rifle Division".ww2.dk.Archivedfrom the original on 9 January 2016.Retrieved8 October2015.
  21. ^abVad777,TurkmenistanArchived8 February 2012 at theWayback Machine
  22. ^"Анатолий Цыганок: Рычаги силы государств Большого Кавказа".polit.ru(in Russian). Archived fromthe originalon 18 September 2008.Retrieved16 March2023.
  23. ^abcdJim Nichol (Congressional Research Service) (16 May 2011)."Turkmenistan: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests"(PDF).fas.org.Archived(PDF)from the original on 14 October 2012.Retrieved24 July2012.
  24. ^abcdIISS(2007).The Military Balance 2007.London: Routledge for the IISS. pp. 326–327.ISBN978-1-85743-437-8.
  25. ^"EurasiaNet News Briefs - Turkmenistan: Berdymukhamedov Mulls Russian Hi-Tech Deals".Eurasianet.org. 9 December 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2012.Retrieved7 February2010.
  26. ^"Procurement (Turkmenistan) - Sentinel Security Assessment - Russia and the CIS".Janes. 21 October 2009.Retrieved7 February2010.
  27. ^"Набавка нових" Лазара 3 "за Војску Србије, вредност уговора 3,7 милијарди динара".Archivedfrom the original on 22 March 2021.Retrieved22 March2021.
  28. ^IISS 2012 p.290
  29. ^"Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's".Retrieved24 December2014.
  30. ^"The First Naval Exercises of Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea".The Gazette of Central Asia.Satrapia. 30 August 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 15 April 2014.Retrieved30 August2012.
  31. ^"GB orders, inspects snap exercise of special service group Turkmen Edermen – News Central Asia (nCa)".newscentralasia.net.6 September 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 1 October 2020.Retrieved10 May2020.
  32. ^"Закон Туркменистана" Об оперативно-розыскной деятельности "".base.spinform.ru.Archivedfrom the original on 13 October 2022.Retrieved13 October2022.
  33. ^"Кое-что о президентской охране".Пикабу.15 June 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 3 February 2023.Retrieved7 May2020.
  34. ^"Some facts about the Presidential security team | Chronicles of Turkmenistan".14 June 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 15 April 2019.Retrieved7 May2020.
  35. ^"Совет командующих Пограничными войсками".skpw.ru.Archived fromthe originalon 18 May 2015.Retrieved11 January2022.
  36. ^"Закон Туркменистана" О внутренних войсках Туркменистана "".base.spinform.ru.Archivedfrom the original on 15 April 2019.Retrieved3 May2020.
  37. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdcecfcgchcicjckclcmcncocpcqcrcsctcucvcwcxcyczdadbdcdddedfdgdhdidjOryx."Friendship Through Arms: Turkmenistan's Fighting Vehicles".Oryx.Retrieved31 March2023.
  38. ^"Turkmen border guards will be trained in special university | Turkmenistan.ru".[permanent dead link‍]
  39. ^"Law of Turkmenistan" About the state awards of Turkmenistan "".cis-legislation.Archivedfrom the original on 4 October 2021.Retrieved28 December2020.
  40. ^"Государственные награды".Официальный сайт посольства Туркменистана на Украине. Archived fromthe originalon 21 February 2014.Retrieved15 February2014.
  41. ^"Independence Day Celebrations in Turkmenistan – Interpretation of Symbolism – News Central Asia (nCa)".newscentralasia.net.30 October 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 19 June 2021.Retrieved28 December2020.
  42. ^goşun, Milli."Harby eginbaşlar harby gullukçylaryň ilkinji aýratynlyklarynyň biridir".Milli goşun(in Turkmen).Archivedfrom the original on 3 February 2023.Retrieved25 December2020.
  43. ^"Spring conscription into the army for two-year service came to the end in Turkmenistan".ORIENT: NEWS AGENCY.3 July 2019.Retrieved19 December2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  44. ^"Country report and updates".War Resisters' International.Archivedfrom the original on 28 November 2020.Retrieved19 December2020.
  45. ^"Взятки за демобилизацию. Особенности службы в туркменской армии".Радио Азатлык(in Russian). 12 November 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 2 December 2020.Retrieved29 December2020.
  46. ^"В Туркменистане погибли пятеро солдат срочной службы и курсант военного института".Хроника Туркменистана(in Russian). 17 September 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 24 February 2021.Retrieved29 December2020.
  47. ^goşun, Milli."Türkmenistanyň Goranmak ministrliginiň Beýik Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy adyndaky Harby institutyna 2020-2021-nji okuw ýylynda okuwa kabul etmegiň TERTIBI".Milli goşun(in Turkmen).Retrieved24 December2020.
  48. ^goşun, Milli."Ilkinji zenan desantçy".Milli goşun(in Turkmen).Retrieved24 December2020.
  49. ^"Yhlasly zenan harby gullukçylarymyz dabaraly harby ýörişde".

Further reading

edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_Turkmenistan&oldid=1256129627"