Morioka Domain(Thịnh cương phiên,Morioka-han)was atozamafeudal domainofEdo periodJapan.It was ruled throughout its history by theNanbu clan.[1]It was calledNanbu Domain(Nam bộ phiên,Nanbu han)during the early part of its history. It was located in northernMutsu Province,Honshū,covering the eastern half of what is nowAomori Prefectureand the northern two-thirds of what is nowIwate Prefectureand theKazuno Districtof what is nowAkita Prefecture.The domain was centered atMorioka Castlein the city ofMorioka.For most of its history, Morioka Domain had an officialkokudakaof 100,000koku,although its actual revenues were much higher. Towards the end of the Edo period, the domain’s status was raised to 200,000koku.
| Morioka Domain Thịnh cương phiên | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DomainofJapan | |||||||||
| 1599–1870 | |||||||||
 Map of Nanbu and Tsugaru clan holdings in the late Edo period. Morioka Domain in orange, Hachinohe Domain in pink and Shichinohe Domain in yellow; lands of the rival Tsugaru Domain are in green | |||||||||
| Capital | Morioka Castle | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
| • Coordinates | 39°41′59.81″N141°09′0.04″E/ 39.6999472°N 141.1500111°E | ||||||||
| • Type | Daimyō | ||||||||
| Historical era | Edo period | ||||||||
• Established | 1599 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1870 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Iwate Prefecture Aomori Prefecture Akita Prefecture | ||||||||
History
editThe Nanbu clan was a branch of theSeiwa Genjioriginally fromKai Province,who settled in what is now the town ofNanbu, Aomoriafter the conquest of theHiraizumi FujiwarabyMinamoto no Yoritomo.Along with theShimazu clanofSatsuma Province,the Nanbu clan has the distinction of being one of the two clans which held onto their territories for over 700 years, from theKamakura periodto theMeiji Restoration.
In July 1590, the 26th chieftain of the Nanbu clan,Nanbu Nobunao,made anoath of fealtytoToyotomi Hideyoshiat theSiege of Odawara,and was officially confirmed asdaimyōof seven districts of northern Mutsu province (Nukanobu, Hei, Kazuno, Kuji, Iwate, Shiwa and Tōno). Hideyoshi assisted in the suppression of theKunohe Rebellionof 1591 which secured Nobunao's position as head of all the branches of the Nanbu clan. However, Hideyoshi also recognised the independence of theTsugaru clan,former Nanbu retainers, and their control over the three districts ofTsugaru Peninsula,but gave the Nanbu clan the additional districts of Hienuki and Waga as compensation. Nanbu Nobunao relocated his seat fromSannohe Castleto the more central location of Morioka, and began work on Morioka Castle and its surroundingcastle townin 1592.
In 1600, following theBattle of Sekigahara,Nanbu Nobunao's sonNanbu Toshinaowas confirmed byTokugawa Ieyasuasdaimyōwith an assessedkokudakaof 100,000koku.This marks the official start of Morioka Domain under theTokugawa shogunate.[2]
In 1627, in order to strengthen its southern border against theDate clanofSendai Domain,a branch of the Nanbu clan fromNe CastlenearHachinohewas relocated toTōno,forming a subsidiary line.
In 1634,Nukanobu Districtwas divided into the four districts of Sannohe, Ninohe, Kunohe and Kita by order of theshōgunTokugawa Iemitsu,giving the Nanbu clan control over a total of 10 districts of Mutsu province.
In 1664, the 20,000kokuHachinohe Domainwas split from Morioka Domain as a nominally subsidiary domain.[3]However, relations between Morioka and Hachinohe were often strained and Hachinohe was considered independent, rather than a subsidiary. Morioka Domain was thus reduced to 80,000koku,but was able to develop new rice lands, and reverted to 100,000kokustatus in 1683. The 5thdaimyō,Nanbu Yukinobu,reduced the domain to 92,000kokuby setting up his two younger brothers ashatamotowith 5000kokuand 3000kokueach.
In 1808, the Tokugawa shogunate assigned the Nanbu clan responsibility for the defence of a portion of southernEzo.[4]The nominalkokudakafor Morioka clan was raised to 200,000koku[5]and their status from "castle-holdingdaimyō"to" province-holdingdaimyō".However, this increase in status came without any actual increase in territory, and the additional actual revenues from trading posts established in Ezo was small. The result was to plunge the domain’s finances, already suffering from repeated crop failures due to inclement weather and reduction in output from its copper mines, into the red.
In 1819, the subsidiaryShichinohe Domainwas created out of 6000kokuof new rice land combined with a 5000-kokuhatamotoholding.[6]
In 1821, theSōma Daisaku incident,in which a retainer of the Nanbu clan attempted to assassinate thedaimyōof Tsugaru Domain occurred. The Nanbu clan and the Tsugaru clan had been enemies for centuries. This was the same year during which the domain faced its most serious crisis. The 11thdaimyō,Nanbu Toshimochi,died at the age of 13 before he could be formally received in audience byshōgunTokugawa Ienari.Fearing that this could be used by the shogunate as a cause forattainder,the domain leaders substituted a cousin of similar age and appearance to take his place.
In 1840, ahan schoolwas established, and began promoting studies inrangaku(western science), especially western medicine.
During theBakumatsu period,in 1857 the 14thdaimyōof Morioka,Nanbu Toshihisa,married the third daughter ofTokugawa NariakiofMito Domain.With the start of theBoshin War,the domain initially attempted to remain neutral, but bowed to pressure fromSendai Domainand joined theŌuetsu Reppan Dōmei.[7]Morioka forces attacked the pro-Imperial Tsugaru Domain andAkita Domain.[8]As a result, the newMeiji governmenttreated Nanbu clan harshly at the end of the war by seizing the territory and expelling the Nanbu clan to the vacantShiroishi Castle,where a new 130,000kokudomain was created out of former Sendai Domain lands in early 1868.[9]
Six months later, the Nanbu petitioned to return to Morioka, to which the government agreed provided that they paid a penalty of 700,000 goldryō.Although this sum proved impossible amount to raise, the Nanbu were allowed to return shortly before theabolition of the han system.The lands of former Morioka Domain became Morioka Prefecture, which subsequently became part of Iwate Prefecture in January 1872.
List ofdaimyōs
edit
Nanbu clan(tozama) 1599–1871
| Name | Tenure | Courtesy title | Court Rank | Kokudaka | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nanbu Toshinao(Nam bộ lợi thẳng) | 1599–1632 | Shinano-no-kami( tin nùng thủ ) | Senior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従 bốn vị hạ ) | 100,000koku |
| 2 | Nanbu Shigenao(Nam bộ trọng thẳng) | 1632–1664 | Yamashiro-no-kami( thành phố núi thủ ) | Senior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従 năm vị hạ ) | 100,000koku |
| 3 | Nanbu Shigenobu(Nam bộ trọng tin) | 1664–1692 | Daizen-no-taifu( đại thiện đại phu ) | Senior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従 bốn vị hạ ) | 80,000 ->100,000koku |
| 4 | Nanbu Yukinobu(Nam bộ hành tin) | 1692–1702 | Shinano-no-kami( tin nùng thủ ) | Senior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従 bốn vị hạ ) | 100,000koku |
| 5 | Nanbu Nobuoki(Nam bộ tin ân) | 1702–1705 | Bingo-no-kami( bị sau thủ ) | Senior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従 năm vị hạ ) | 100,000koku |
| 6 | Nanbu Toshitomo(Nam bộ lợi làm) | 1705–1725 | Shinano-no-kami( tin nùng thủ ) | Senior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従 bốn vị hạ ) | 100,000koku |
| 7 | Nanbu Toshimi(Nam bộ lợi coi) | 1725–1752 | Daizen-no-daifu( đại thiện đại phu ) | Senior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従 bốn vị hạ ) | 100,000koku |
| 8 | Nanbu Toshikatsu(Nam bộ lợi hùng) | 1752–1779 | Daizen-no-taifu( đại thiện đại phu ) | Senior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従 bốn vị hạ ) | 100,000koku |
| 9 | Nanbu Toshimasa(Nam bộ lợi chính) | 1780–1784 | Daizen-no-taifu( đại thiện đại phu ) | Senior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従 bốn vị hạ ) | 100,000koku |
| 10 | Nanbu Toshitaka(Nam bộ lợi kính) | 1784–1820 | Daizen-no-taifu( đại thiện đại phu ) | Senior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従 bốn vị hạ ) | 100,000 ->200,000koku |
| 11 | Nanbu Toshimochi(Nam bộ lợi dụng) | 1820–1825 | Daizen-no-taifu( đại thiện đại phu ) | Senior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従 bốn vị hạ ) | 200,000koku |
| 12 | Nanbu Toshitada(Nam bộ lợi tế) | 1825–1847 | Shinano-no-kami( tin nùng thủ ) | Senior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従 bốn vị hạ ) | 200,000koku |
| 13 | Nanbu Toshitomo(Nam bộ lợi nghĩa) | 1847–1848 | Kai-no-kami( giáp phỉ thủ ) | Senior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従 bốn vị hạ ) | 200,000koku |
| 14 | Nanbu Toshihisa(Nam bộ lợi mới vừa) | 1848–1868 | Minō-no-kami( mỹ nùng thủ ),Jijū( hầu 従) | Senior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従 bốn vị hạ ) | 200,000koku |
| 15 | Nanbu Toshiyuki(Nam bộ lợi cung) | 1868–1871 | Kai-no-kami( giáp phỉ thủ ) | Senior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従 năm vị hạ ) | 200,000koku |
Genealogy
edit
I. Nanbu Toshinao, 1stdaimyōof Morioka (cr. 1599)(1576–1632; r. 1599–1632)
- II. Shigenao, 2nddaimyōof Morioka(1606–1664; r. 1632–1664)
- III. Shigenobu, 3rddaimyōof Morioka(1616–1702; r. 1664–1692)
- IV. Yukinobu, 4thdaimyōof Morioka(1642–1702; r. 1692–1702)
- V. Nobuoki, 5thdaimyōof Morioka(1678–1707; r. 1702–1705)
- VII. Toshimi, 7thdaimyōof Morioka(1708–1752; r. 1725–1752)
- IX. Toshimasa, 9thdaimyōof Morioka(1751–1784; r. 1780–1784)
- X. Toshitaka, 10thdaimyōof Morioka(1782–1820; r. 1784–1820)
- son
- Nobusuke
- XI (a). Toshimichi I, 11thdaimyōof Morioka(1808–1821; r. 1820–1821)
- Nobusuke
- son
- Nobutoro
- XI (b). Toshimichi II, 12thdaimyōof Morioka(1803–1825; r. 1821–1825)
- Nobutoro
- VI. Toshitomo, 6thdaimyōof Morioka(1689–1725; r. 1705–1725)
- VIII. Toshikatsu, 8thdaimyōof Morioka(1724–1780; r. 1752–1779)
- Toshinori (1746–1814)
- XII. Toshitada, 12thdaimyōof Morioka(1797–1855; r. 1825–1847)
- XIII. Toshitomo, 13thdaimyōof Morioka(1824–1888; r. 1847–1848)
- XIV. Toshihisa, 14thdaimyōof Morioka(1827–1896; r. 1848–1868)
- XV. Toshiyuki, 15thdaimyōof Morioka, 41st family head, 1st Count(1855–1903; Lord: 1868–1869; Governor: 1869–1871; 41st family head: 1868–1903; Count: cr. 1884)
- Toshinaga, 2nd Count, 42nd family head(1882 – k.i.a. in Manchuria, 1905; 42nd family head and 2nd Count: 1903–1905)
- Toshiatsu, 3rd Count, 43rd family head(1884–1930; 43rd family head and 3rd Count: 1905–1930)
- Mizuko (1908–1980), m.Nanbu (Ichijō) Toshihide, 4th Count, 44th family head(1907–1980; 44th family head: 1930–1980; 4th Count: 1930–1947)
- Toshihisa (1932–1980)
- Toshifumi, 46th family head(b. 1970; 46th family head: 2009–)
- Toshiaki, 45th family head(1935–2009; 45th family head: 1980–2009)
- Toshihisa (1932–1980)
- Mizuko (1908–1980), m.Nanbu (Ichijō) Toshihide, 4th Count, 44th family head(1907–1980; 44th family head: 1930–1980; 4th Count: 1930–1947)
- Toshinori (1746–1814)
Bakumatsu period holdings
editLike most domains in thehan system,Morioka Domain consisted of discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assignedkokudaka,based on periodiccadastralsurveys and projected agricultural yields.[11][12]At the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, the domain consisted of the following holdings:
- Mutsu Province
- 68 villages in Ninohe District
- all of Kita District
- Mutsu Province(Rikuchū Province)
- 85 villages in Iwate District
- 68 villages in Hienuki District
- 69 villages in Waga District
- 138 villages in Hei District
- 70 villages in Kakuno District
- 71 villages in Shiwa District
- 11 villages in Kunohe District
- Mutsu Province(Iwashiro Province)
- 8 villages in Date District
- Ezo(Iburi Province)
- southeastern Muroran District
- Horobetsu District
- southwest Abuta District
In popular culture
editIn fiction, the Morioka domain is the setting for sections of the novelMibugishiden,as well as the filmThe Twilight Samurai.[citation needed]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^Taniguchi, Makoto and Takayuki Shiraiwa. (2005).The orphan tsunami of 1700,pp. 44–45.
- ^Nihonshi yōgoshū(Tokyo: Yamakawa shuppansha, 2000), p. 104.
- ^(in Japanese)"Hachinohe-han" on Edo 300 HTMLArchived2016-03-03 at theWayback Machine(accessed 15 August 2008)
- ^Noguchi Shin'ichi (2005).Aizu-han.(Tokyo: Gendai shokan), p. 194.
- ^(in Japanese)"Morioka-han" on Edo 300 HTML(accessed 15 August 2008)
- ^(in Japanese)"Shichinohe-han" on Edo 300 HTMLArchived2016-03-04 at theWayback Machine(accessed 15 August 2008)
- ^Hoshi,Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei,pp. 88–89.
- ^Onodera,Boshin nanboku sensō to Tōhoku seiken,p. 149.
- ^Nanbu chūiNam bộ trung úy, p. 4. (Accessed fromNational Diet LibraryArchived2010-02-11 at theWayback Machine,15 August 2008)
- ^Genealogy (jp)
- ^Mass, Jeffrey P.and William B. Hauser. (1987).The Bakufu in Japanese History,p. 150.
- ^Elison, George and Bardwell L. Smith (1987).Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century,p. 18.
References
edit- The content of this article was largely derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia.
- Papinot, E. (1910).Historical and Geographic Dictionary of Japan.Tuttle (reprint) 1972.
- Sasaki Suguru tá 々 mộc khắc (1977).Boshin sensō: haisha no Meiji ishinMậu Thìn chiến tranh: Bại giả の Minh Trị Duy Tân. Tokyo: Chūōkōronsha trung ương công luận xã.
- Noguchi, Shin'ichi (2005).Aizu-han.Tokyo: Gendai shaken
External links
edit- Morioka on "Edo 300 HTML"(in Japanese)
- Hachinohe on "Edo 300 HTML"(in Japanese)