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Multan

For the district, seeMultan District.For other uses, seeMultan (disambiguation).

Multan(Saraiki/Urdu:مُلْتَان;local pronunciation:[mɵlˈtäːnᵊ]ⓘ) is a city inPunjab,Pakistan, located on the bank of riverChenab.It is one of the five largest urban centres of Pakistan in 2024 and is the administrative centre ofMultan Division.It is a major cultural, religious and economic centre of Punjab region, Multan is one of the oldest cities of Asia with a history stretching deep into antiquity.

Multan
ملتان
Metropolis
Multan is located in Pakistan
Multan
Multan
Location in Pakistan
Coordinates:30°11′52″N71°28′11″E/ 30.19778°N 71.46972°E/30.19778; 71.46972
CountryPakistan
ProvincePunjab
DivisionMultan
Autonomous towns6
Union council4
Government
[3][4]
• TypeMetropolitan Corporation[1]
•MayorNone (Vacant)[2]
• Deputy MayorNone (Vacant)[2]
Area
[5]
• City3,721 km2(1,437 sq mi)
• Metro
560 km2(220 sq mi)
Population
(2017)[6]
• City1,827,001
• Density490/km2(1,300/sq mi)
Area code061
Website

Multan was part of theAchaemenid Empireof Iran in the early 6th century BC. The ancient city was besieged byAlexander the Greatduring theMallian Campaign.[7]Later it was conquered by the Umayyad military commanderMuhammad bin Qasimin 712 CE after the conquest of Sindh.[8]In 9th century it became a separate state,Emirate of Multanruled by the Arab rulers.[9]The region came under the rule of theGhaznavidsand the Mamluk Sultanate in medieval period. In 1445, it became capital of theLangah Sultanate.Multan province was one of the significant provinces of theMughal Empire.In 1848, it was conquered by the British fromSikh Empireand became part ofBritish Punjab.

The city was among the most important trading centres and a great centre of knowledge and learning in the medieval Islamic Indian subcontinent,[10]and attracted a multitude ofSufimystics in the 11th and 12th centuries, becoming a great centre of spirituality in entire South Asia and earning the city the sobriquet "City of Saints." The city, along with the nearby city ofUch,is renowned for its large number of Sufi shrines dating from that era.[11]

Etymology

The origin of Multan's name is unclear. An ancient known name of the city wasMalli-istan;Malliwas the name of a tribe that inhabited the region and city. The city name may have been derived from the deity of ancientMultan Sun Temple.[12]Some have suggested the name derives from theOld Persianwordmulastāna,'frontier land',[13]while others have ascribed its origin to theSanskritwordmūlasthāna,[14]

History

Main article:History of Multan

Origin

The region around Multan is home to several archaeological sites dating to the Early Harappan period of theIndus Valley civilizationbetween 3000 BC until 2800 BC.[15]According to the Hindu religious texts, Multan was founded by the sage Kashyapa.[16]These texts also assert that Multan was the capital of theTrigarta Kingdomruled by the Katoch dynasty during theKurukshetra Warthat is central to the Hindu epic poem, theMahabharata.[17][18][19]Ancient Multan was the centre of a solar-worshipping cult that was based at theMultan Sun Temple.[20]The Sun temple was visited by Greek admiralSkylax,who passed through the area in 515 BCE. The temple was also mentioned by the Greek historianHerodotusin 400 BC.[21]

Greek Invasion

Main article:Mallian campaign

Multan is believed to have been the Malli capital that was conquered byAlexander the Greatin 326 BCE as part of theMallian Campaign.TheMallian people,together with nearby tribes, gathered an army of 90,000 personnel to fight against an army of 50,000 Greeks. This was the largest army faced by Greeks in the entire subcontinent.[22]During the siege of the city's citadel, Alexander reputedly leaped into the inner area of the citadel, where he faced the Mallian leader.[23]Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his lung, leaving him severely injured.[24]After a fierce battle at the site of 'Khooni Burj' the Mallian army eventually surrendered, preventing further bloodshed.[25]During Alexander's era, Multan was located on an island in theRavi river,which has since shifted course numerous times throughout the centuries.[16]

In the mid-5th century CE, the city was attacked byWhite Huns,a group of BarbarianHephthalitenomads led byToramana.After a fierce fight they conquered Multan, but did not stay long.[26]

By the mid 7th century CE, Multan was conquered byChach of Alor,of the HinduRai dynasty.[27]Chach appointed athakurto govern from Multan, and used his army to settle boundary disputes withKashmir.[28]

Islamic conquest

Further information:Umayyad CaliphateandAbbasid Caliphate

Multan was first invaded by a Muslim army after the reign of the caliphAli,in 664 CE, when Mohalib, an Arab general, occupied the city.[29]The expedition, however, seems to have been directed towards exploration of the country as no attempt was apparently made to retain the conquest.[29]After his conquest of Sindh,Muhammad ibn Qasimin 712 CE captured Multan fromRaja Dahirfollowing a two-month siege.[30]Following ibn Qasim's conquest, the city's Subjects remained mostly non-Muslim for the next few decades under the Umayyad Caliphate.[31]

Emirate of Multan (9th and 10th century)

Main article:Emirate of Multan

AbbasidEmirate

Further information:Anarchy at Samarra

By the mid-800s, theBanu Munabbih(855–959) also known as theBanu Sama,who claimed descent fromMuhammad'sQurayshtribe came to rule Multan, and established the Emirate of Banu Munabbih, which ruled for the next century.[32]

During this era, the Multan Sun Temple was noted by the 10th century Arab geographer Al-Muqaddasi to have been located in a most populous part of the city.[20]The Hindu temple was noted to have accrued the Muslim rulers large tax revenues,[33][34]by some accounts up to 30% of the state's revenues.[31]During this time, the city's Arabic nickname wasFaraj Bayt al-Dhahab,( "Frontier House of Gold" ), reflecting the importance of the temple to the city's economy.[31]

The 10th century Arab historian Al-Masudi noted Multan as the city where Central Asian caravans from IslamicKhorasanwould assemble.[35]The 10th century Persian geographer Estakhri noted that the city of Multan was approximately half the size of Sindh's capitalMansura,but had more population and regional area, which along with Multan were the only two Arab principalities in South Asia. Arabic was spoken in both cities,[31]though the inhabitants of Multan were reported by Estakhri to also have been speakers of Persian,[35]reflecting the importance of trade with Khorasan. Polyglossia rendered Multani merchants culturally well-suited for trade with the Islamic world.[35]

The 10th centuryHudud al-'Alamnotes that Multan's rulers were also in control ofLahore,[35]though that city was then lost to the Hindu Shahi.[35]During the 10th century, Multan's rulers resided at a camp outside of the city namedJandrawār,and would enter Multan once a week on the back of an elephant for Friday prayers.[36]

IsmailiEmirate

Main article:Emirate of Multan

Multan became capital ofEmirate of Multanin 855. Al Masudi of Baghdad who visited Indus valley in 915 A.D mentioned in his book "Meadows of Gold" that it is one of the strongest frontier places of Muslims and in its neighbourhood there are a hundred and twenty thousand towns and villages ".[37]

By the mid 10th century, Multan had come under the influence of the Qarmatian Ismailis. The Qarmatians had been expelled fromEgyptandIraqfollowing their defeat at the hands of theAbbasidsthere. Qarmatians zealots had famously sackedMecca,[38]and outraged the Muslim world with their theft and ransom of theKaaba'sBlack Stone,and desecration of the Zamzam Well with corpses during the Hajj season of 930 CE.[39]

The governor of Jhang, Umar bin Hafas, was a clandestine supporter of the Fatimid movement and the Batiniya influence spread in Southern Punjab. Then, the Qarmatians who had established contacts with the Fatimids in Egypt set up an independent dynasty in Multan and ruled the surrounding areas.[40]

They wrested control of the city from the pro-Abbasid Amirate of Banu Munabbih,[41]and established the Emirate of Multan, while pledging allegiance to theIsmailiFatimid Dynastybased in Cairo.[34][35] During this period, Uch and Multan remained a central pilgrimage site for Vaishnavite and Surya devotees, and their admixture with Isma’īlīsm created the Satpanth tradition. Hence, the beginning of the eleventh century witnessed a sacral and political diversity in Uch that was both unique and precarious.[42]The Qarmatian Ismailis opposed Hindu pilgrims worshipping the sun,[43]and destroyed the Sun Temple and smashed its reveredAdityaidol in the late 10th century.[41]The Qarmatians built anIsmailicongregational mosque above the ruins to replace the city's Sunni congregational mosque that had been established by the city's early rulers.[31]

11th-16th century CE

Multan is famous for its large number of Sufi shrines, including the unique rectangular tomb ofShah Gardezthat dates from the 1150s and is covered in blue enameled tiles typical of Multan.
The shrine ofShamsuddin Sabzwaridates from 1330, and has a unique green dome.
TheMausoleum of Shah Ali Akbardating from the 1580s was built in the regional style that is typical of Multan's shrines.

Ghaznavid dynasty

Further information:Ghaznavids

Mahmud of Ghazniin 1005 led an expedition against Multan's Qarmatian rulerAbul Fateh Daud.The city was surrendered, and Fateh Daud was permitted to retain control over the city with the condition that he adhere toSunnism.[44]In 1007, Mahmud led another expedition to Multan against his former minister and Hindu convert, Niwasa Khan, who had renounced Islam and attempted to establish control of the region in collusion with Abul Fateh Daud of Multan.[44]

In 1010, Mahmud led his third and punitive expedition against Daud to depose and imprison him,[20][44]and suppressed Ismailism in favour of the Sunni creed.[45]He destroyed the Ismaili congregational mosque that had been built above the ruins of the Multan Sun Temple, and restored the city's old Sunni congregational mosque, built byMuhammad bin Qasim.[31]

The 11th century scholar Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi reported that the Ismaili community was still living in the city.[20]Following the Ghaznavid invasion of Multan, the local Ismaili community split, with one faction aligning themselves with the Druze religion,[20]which today survives in Lebanon,Syria,and the Golan Heights. Following Mahmud's death in 1030, Multan regained its independence from theGhaznavid empireand came under the sway of Ismaili rule once again.[44]Shah Gardez,who came to Multan in 1088, is said to have contributed in the restoration of the city.

By the early 1100s, Multan was described by the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi as being a "large city" commanded by a citadel that was surrounded by a moat.[46]In the early 12th century, Multani poet Abdul Rahman penned theSandesh Rasak,[31]the only known Muslim work in the medievalApabhraṃśalanguage.[47]

Ghurid dynasty

Further information:Ghurid dynasty

In 1175,Muhammad Ghoriconquered Ismaili-ruled Multan,[36][48]after having invaded the region via the Gomal Pass from Afghanistan into Punjab, and used the city as a springboard for his unsuccessful campaign into Gujarat in 1178.[44]Multan was then annexed to theGhurid Sultanate,and became an administrative province of theMamluk Dynasty[32]— the first dynasty based in Delhi. Multan's Ismaili community rose up in an unsuccessful rebellion against the Ghaurids later in 1175.[20]

Mamluk dynasty

Following the death of the first Mumluk Sultan, Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1210, Multan came under the rule ofNasiruddin Qabacha,who in 1222, successfully repulsed an attempted invasion by Sultan Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu of the Khwarazmian Empire,[32]whose origins were rooted in Konye-Urgench in modern-day Turkmenistan.[32]Uch and Sindh were also in control of Qabacha.[22]

Qabacha also capturedLahoremany times and ruled all these regions. He repulsed a 40-day siege imposed on Multan city by Mongol forces who attempted to conquer the city.[49]He gathered a large army from Uch, Multan and Bukkhar (Sukkur) and Mongols were repulsed.[22]

Following Qabacha's death that same year, theTurkickingIltutmish,the third Sultan of the Mamluk dynasty, captured and then annexed Multan in an expedition.[32][44]The Punjabi poetBaba Faridwas born in the village of Khatwal near Multan in the 1200s.[48]

Qarlughids attempted to invade Multan in 1236,[50]while the Mongols tried to capture the city in 1241 after capturing Lahore – though they were repulsed.[44]TheMongolsunder Sali Noyan then successfully held the city to ransom in 1245–6,[50]before being recaptured by SultanGhiyas ud din Balban,the ninth Mamluk Sultan. Multan then fell to the Qarlughids in 1249, but was captured by Sher Khan that same year.[50]Multan was then conquered by Izz al-Din Balban Kashlu Khan in 1254, before he rebelled against Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban in 1257 and fled toIraqwhere he joined Mongol forces and captured Multan again, and dismantled its city walls.[50]The Mongols again attempted an invasion in 1279, but were dealt a decisive defeat.[48]

Khaljis invasion

Delhi SultanAlauddin Khaljidispatched his brotherUlugh Khanin 1296 to conquer Multan region which was governed by surviving family members of his predecessor. (SultanJalal-ud-din Khalji)

After usurping the throne of Delhi, Alauddin decided to eliminate the surviving family members of Jalaluddin, who were present in Multan. In November 1296, he sent a 30,000–40,000 strong army led by Ulugh Khan andZafar Khanto Multan who successfully captured the city after two months of siege.[51]

Amir Khusrau,the famous Indo-Persian Sufi singer, musician, poet and scholar visited Multan on the invitation of Khan Muhammad. Multan at the time was the gateway to India and was a center of knowledge and learning. Caravans of scholars, tradesmen and emissaries transited through Multan fromBaghdad,ArabiaandPersiaon their way to Delhi. Khusrau wrote that:

I tied the belt of service on my waist and put on the cap of companionship for another five years. I imparted lustre to the water of Multan from the ocean of my wits and pleasantries.[52]

Tughluq dynasty

Multan'sTomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alamis considered to be the earliest Tughluq era monument.[53]

In the 1320s Multan was conquered byGhiyath al-Din Tughluq,he was made the governor of Multan and South Punjab, Sindh regions and of Depalpur.[22]He was the founder of the TurkicTughluq dynasty,the third dynasty of theDelhi Sultanate.Earlier he spent his time in Multan and fought 28 battles against Mongols from there and saved the regions from advances of Mongols. He wrote in the jamia Masjid of Multan that he had fought 28 battles against Mongols and had survived, people gave him the title Ghazi ul Mulk.[22]

Ghiyath al din's son Muhammad bin Tughlaq was born in Multan. After Ghiyath's death he became the Sultan and ascended the throne in Delhi.[22]The countryside around Multan was recorded to have been devastated by excessively high taxes imposed during the reign of Ghiyath's son,Muhammad Tughluq.[35]In 1328, the Governor of Multan, Kishlu Khan, rose in rebellion against Muhammad Tughluq, but was quickly defeated.[54]

TheTomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alamwas completed during the Tughluq era, and is considered to be the first Tughluq monument.[53]The shrine is believed to have been originally built to be the tomb of Ghiyath ad-Din,[55]but was later donated to the descendants ofRukn-e-Alamafter Ghiyath became Emperor of Delhi.[56]

The renowned Arab explorerIbn Battutavisited Multan in the 1300s during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, and noted that Multan was a trading centre for horses imported from as far away as theRussian Steppe.[35]Multan had also been noted to be a centre for slave-trade, though slavery was banned in the late 1300s by Muhammad Tughluq's son,Firuz Shah Tughlaq.[35]

Timurid dynasty

Further information:Timurid Empire

In 1397, Multan was besieged byTamerlane's grandsonPir Muhammad.[57]Pir Muhammad's forces captured the city in 1398 following the conclusion of the 6-month-long siege.[48]Khizr Khan the governor of Multan allied with Amir Timur. Timur captured Lahore and gave its control to Khizr khan as reward for his support.[58]Also in 1398, the elder Tamerlane and Multan's GovernorKhizr Khantogether sacked Delhi.[48]The sack of Delhi lead to major disruptions of the Sultanate's central governing structure.[48]Khizr Khan ruled the subcontinent on the name of Timur.[58]In 1414, Multan's Khizr Khan captured Delhi fromDaulat Khan Lodi,and established the short-livedSayyid dynasty— the fourth dynasty of theDelhi Sultanate.[48]

A contemporary writerYahya Sirhindimentions in hisTakhrikh-i-Mubarak Shahithat Khizr Khan was a descendant ofMuhammad.[59]

Langah Sultanate

Main article:Langah Sultanate

Multan then passed to theLangah,who established the Langah Sultanate in Multan under the rule of Budhan Khan, who assumed the title Mahmud Shah.[32]The reign of Shah Husayn, grandson of Mahmud Shah, who ruled from 1469 to 1498 is considered to be most illustrious of the Langah Sultans.[32]Multan experienced prosperity during this time, and a large number of Baloch settlers arrived in the city at the invitation of Shah Husayn.[32]The Sultanate's borders stretched encompassed the neighbouring regions surrounding the cities of Chiniot and Shorkot, including present dayFaisalabad.[32]Shah Husayn successfully repulsed attempted invasion by the Delhi Sultans led byTatar Khanand Barbak Shah.[32]

Multan's Langah Sultanate came to an end in 1525 when the city was invaded by rulers of the Arghun dynasty,[32]who were either ethnic Mongols,[60]or of Turkic or Turco-Mongol extraction.[61]

Suri dynasty

Further information:Sur Empire

In 1541, thePashtunkingSher Shah Suricaptured Multan, and successfully defended the city from the advances of the Mughal EmperorHumayun.[62]In 1543, Sher Shah Suri expelledBalochdynasty,who under the command of Fateh Khan Mirrani had overrun the city.[62]Following its recapture, Sher Shah Suri ordered construction of a road between Lahore and Multan to connect Multan to his massiveGrand Trunk Roadproject.[62]Sher Shah Suri also built (or renovated)Delhi-Multan road,the ancient trade route had existed since the time of King Ashoka or earlier. To improve transit in the areas between Delhi and Multan, leading toKandaharandHeratin Afghanistan, eventually toMashhadcapital ofKhorasanprovince of Iran.[63]It then served as the starting point for trade caravans from medieval India departing towards West Asia.[62]

Medieval trade

The 15th centuryMultani CaravanseraiinBaku,Azerbaijan,was built to house visiting Multani merchants in the city.[64]

Multan served as medieval Islamic India's trans-regional mercantile centre for trade with the Islamic world.[10]It rose as an important trading and mercantile centre in the setting of political stability offered by the Delhi Sultanate, the Lodis, and Mughals.[10]The renowned Arab explorerIbn Battutavisited Multan in the 1300s during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, and noted that Multan was a trading centre for horses imported from as far away as theRussian Steppe.[35]Multan had also been noted to be a centre for slave-trade, though slavery was banned in the late 1300s by Muhammad Tughluq's son,Firuz Shah Tughlaq.[35]

The extent of Multan's influence is also reflected in the construction of theMultani CaravanseraiinBaku,Azerbaijan— which was built in the 15th to house Multani merchants visiting the city.[64]Legal records from the Uzbek city ofBukharanote that Multani merchants settled and owned land in the city in the late 1550s.[10]

Multan would remain an important trading centre until the city was ravaged by repeated invasions in the 18th and 19th centuries in the post-Mughal era.[10]Many of Multan's merchants then migrated toShikarpurinSindh,[10]and were found throughout Central Asia up until the 19th century.[10]

Mughal period (Province of Multan)

Main article:Subah of Multan

Following the conquest of UpperSindhby the Mughal EmperorAkbar,Multan was attacked and captured by Akbar's army under the command ofBairam Khanin 1557,[65]thereby re-establishing Mughal rule in Multan. TheMughalscontrolled the Multani region from 1524 until around 1739. Emperor Akbar establishedprovince of Multanat Multan city, which was one of his original twelvesubahs(imperial top-level administrative provinces) roughly covering southern Punjab, parts of Khyber and Balochistan borderingKabul Subah,Lahore Subah,Ajmer Subah,Thatta Subah,Kandahar subahand the PersianSafavid empire.It was one of Mughal Empire's largest provinces by land area and population.[66]

In 1627, Multan was encircled by walls that were built on the order ofMurad Baksh,son ofShah Jahan.[46]Upon his return from an expedition to Balkh in 1648, the future emperorAurangzebwas appointed Governor of provinces of Multan and Sindh – a post he held until 1652.[48]

In 1680, the renowned Punjabi poet,Bulleh Shah,who is regarded as a saint by both Sufis andSikhs,was born in Uch, Multan province.[67]

In the second half of the 17th century, Multan's commercial fortunes were adversely affected by silting and shifting of the nearby river, which denied traders vital trade access to theArabian Sea.[68]Multan witnessed difficult times as the Mughal Empire waned in power following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707.

Dar al-Amanera

Under Mughal rule, Multan enjoyed 200 years of peace in a time when the city became known asDar al-Aman("Abode of Peace"). During the Mughal era, Multan was an important centre of agricultural production and manufacturing of cotton textiles.[68]Multan was a centre for currency minting,[68]as well as tile-making during the Mughal era.[69]

Multan was also host to the offices of many commercial enterprises during the Mughal era,[68]even in times when the Mughals were in control of the even more coveted city ofKandahar,given the unstable political situation resulting from frequent contestation of Kandadar with the PersianSafavid Empire.[68]

Afsharid invasion

Nader Shahconquered the region as part of his invasion of the Mughal Empire in 1739. Despite invasion, Multan remained northwest India's premier commercial centre throughout most of the 18th century.[68]

Durrani and Maratha invasions

In 1752Ahmad Shah Durranicaptured Multan, the city which was also his birthplace,[70]and the city's walls were rebuilt in 1756 byNawab Ali Mohammad Khan Khakwani,[46]who also built theAli Muhammad Khan Mosquein 1757. In 1758, theMarathasunderRaghunathraobriefly seized Multan,[71][72]appointingAdina Beg Khanas theNawab of Punjab,though the city was recaptured by Durrani in 1760. After repeated invasions following the collapse of the Mughal Empire, Multan was reduced from being one of the world's most important early-modern commercial centres, to a regional trading city.[68]

Sikh empire

In 1772, Ahmed Shah Durrani's sonTimur Shahlost Multan to Sikh forces.[48]However, Multan's association with Sikhism predates this, as the founder of the Sikh religion,Guru Nanak,is said to have visited the city during one of his journeys.[73]

The city had reverted toAfghanrule under the suzerainty ofNawab Muzaffar Khanin 1778.[74]In 1817,Ranjit Singhsent a body of troops to Multan under the command of Diwan Bhiwani Das to receive from Nawab Muzaffar Khan the tribute he owed to the Sikh Darbar. In 1818, the armies ofKharak SinghandMisr Diwan Chandlay around Multan without making much initial headway, until Ranjit Singh dispatched the massiveZamzamacannon, which quickly led to disintegration of the Multan's defences.[75]Misr Diwan Chand led Sikh armies to a decisive victory over Muzaffar Khan. Muzzafar Khan and seven of his sons were killed before the Multan fort finally fell on 2 March 1818 in theBattle of Multan.[76][77]

The conquest of Multan established Ranjit Singh's superiority over the Afghans and ended their influence in this part of the Punjab.[78]Diwan Sawan Mal Choprawas appointed to govern the city, remaining in his post for the following 25 years.[78]Following the Sikh conquest, Multan declined in importance as a trading post,[68]however the population of Multan rose from approximately 40,000 in 1827 to 60,000 by 1831.[78]Sawan Mal adopted a policy of low taxation which generated immense land revenues for the state treasury.[79]Following the death of Ranjit Singh, he ceased paying tribute to a successor and instead maintained alliances of convenience with selected Sikh aristocrats.[79]He was assassinated in 1844, and succeeded by his sonDiwan Mulraj Chopra,who unlike his father was seen as a despotic ruler by the local inhabitants.[79]

1848 Multan Revolt

The 1848 Multan Revolt and subsequentSiege of Multanbegan on 19 April 1848 when local Sikhs loyal to Diwan Mulraj Chopra murdered two emissaries of theBritish Raj,Vans Agnewand Lieutenant Anderson.[80]The two British visitors were in Multan to attend a ceremony for Sardar Kahan Singh, who had been selected by theBritish East India Companyto replace Diwan Mulraj Chopra as ruler of Multan.[81]

Rebellion engulfed the Multan region under the leadership of Mulraj Chopra andSher Singh Attariwalla.[80]The Multan Revolt triggered the start of theSecond Anglo-Sikh War,[81]during which thesajjada nashinof theShrine of Bahauddin Zakariyasided with the British to help defeat the Sikh rebels.[82]The revolt eventually resulted in the fall of theSikh Empirein 1849.[83]

British Raj

Multan's Ghanta Ghar dates from the British colonial period, and was built in theIndo-Saracenicstyle.

By December 1848, the British had captured portions of Multan city's outskirts, and destroyed theMultan Fortwhile bombarding the city.[84]In January 1849, the British had amassed a force of 12,000 to conquer Multan.[80]On 22 January 1849, the British had breached the walls of the Multan Fort, leading to the surrender of Mulraj and his forces to the British.[80]The British conquest of the Sikh Empire was completed in February 1849, after the British victory at theBattle of Gujrat.Between the 1890s and 1920s, the British laid a vast network of canals in the Multan region, and throughout much of central and Southern Punjab province.[85]Thousands of "Canal Towns"and villages were built according to standardized plans throughout the newly irrigated swathes of land.[85]

After independence of 1947

Multan lost its very important position as soon as the British stronghold over the sub-continent grew stronger and stronger. Although peace prevailed in the region but no real progress was made. After independence was achieved in 1947, Multan had become less significant politically. Though it was still 3rd largest district and division of the country but city and the large population of South Punjab region lacked self governance. The site of the Old Fort was in ruins. Thorny bushes and ditches were in plenty whispering the awful tale of its ruination. Majority of the roads were unmetalled and the sewerage system too defective to explain.[86]

The predominantly Muslim population supportedMuslim LeagueandPakistan Movement.[87]After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minorityHindusandSikhsmigrated to India en masse, while some Muslim refugees from the newly independentRepublic of Indiasettled in the city. Today, it is one of the country's six largest urban centres and remains an important settlement in theSouthern Punjab.[86]

Geography

Topography

Multan is located in Punjab, and covers an area of 560 square kilometres (220 sq mi). The nearest important cities areDera Ghazi KhanandBahawalpur.Multan is located near few rivers of central Pakistan. TheSutlej Riverseparates it from Bahawalpur and theChenab RiverfromMuzaffar Garh.The area around the city is a flat, alluvial plain surrounded by orchards and deserts that is also used formangofarms.

Multan is surrounded bySulaiman mountain rangewhich is the extension of SouthernHindu Kushmountain range of Pakistan and Afghanistan. The most well-known peak of the Sulaiman mountains is the twin-peakedTakht-e-Sulaimanor "Throne of Prophet Solomon" at 3,487 metres (11,440 ft).

Climate

Main article:Climate of Multan

Multan features ahot desert climate(Köppen climate classificationBWh) with extremely hot summers and mild winters. The normal annual precipitation measures 186 millimetres (7.3 in).

Multan is known for having some of the hottest weather in Pakistan. The highest recorded temperature is approximately 52 °C (126 °F), and the lowest recorded temperature is approximately −1 °C (30 °F).[88][89]

Climate data for Multan (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.3
(82.9) 		32.0
(89.6) 		39.0
(102.2) 		45.0
(113.0) 		48.9
(120.0) 		52.0
(125.6) 		52.2
(126.0) 		45.0
(113.0) 		42.5
(108.5) 		40.8
(105.4) 		36.0
(96.8) 		29.0
(84.2) 		52.2
(126.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.7
(67.5) 		23.3
(73.9) 		28.7
(83.7) 		35.8
(96.4) 		40.9
(105.6) 		41.6
(106.9) 		39.0
(102.2) 		37.4
(99.3) 		36.4
(97.5) 		34.0
(93.2) 		28.1
(82.6) 		22.5
(72.5) 		32.3
(90.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.7
(54.9) 		16.2
(61.2) 		21.5
(70.7) 		28.6
(83.5) 		33.4
(92.1) 		35.3
(95.5) 		34.1
(93.4) 		32.4
(90.3) 		31.0
(87.8) 		26.8
(80.2) 		20.3
(68.5) 		14.9
(58.8) 		25.6
(78.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.7
(42.3) 		9.0
(48.2) 		14.6
(58.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		25.9
(78.6) 		28.9
(84.0) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.2
(82.8) 		25.7
(78.3) 		19.5
(67.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		7.2
(45.0) 		18.9
(66.1)
Record low °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		3.3
(37.9) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.5
(56.3) 		18.5
(65.3) 		21.1
(70.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		8.9
(48.0) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−2.2
(28.0)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 7.5
(0.30) 		17.6
(0.69) 		20.3
(0.80) 		14.3
(0.56) 		13.5
(0.53) 		17.6
(0.69) 		49.1
(1.93) 		43.5
(1.71) 		32.8
(1.29) 		7.6
(0.30) 		1.3
(0.05) 		6.1
(0.24) 		231.2
(9.09)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 1.6 2.4 2.6 2.8 1.7 1.9 3.0 3.1 1.6 0.9 0.3 0.9 22.8
Mean monthlysunshine hours 181.5 190.2 241.1 266.2 283.1 252.7 248.5 253.9 257.6 262.1 216.4 198.4 2,851.7
Source:NOAA[90]

Multan's climate is primarily influenced by:

  • Western Disturbanceswhich generally occurs during the winter months between December and February. The Western Disturbance provokes moderate rainfall, withhailstormsalso sometimes occurring.
  • Deforestation,dust storms occur during summer months. The region has seen large scale deforestation in last decades resulting in dust storms. Multan's dust storm sometimes produce violent wind.[91]
  • Heat wavesoccur during the hottest months of May and June, and can result in temperatures approaching 50 °C (122 °F)
  • South West Monsoonoccurs following the hottest months of the year, and lasts between June and September. Monsoon rains moderate temperatures, and can sometimes produce heavy rain storms.
  • Continental airprevails during the remaining months generally yields clear weather with little to no precipitation.[88][89]

Cityscape

Multan Cityscape

Multan's urban typology is similar to other ancient cities in South Asia, such asPeshawar,Lahore,and Delhi, all of which were founded near a major river, and included an old walled city, as well as a royal citadel.[84]Unlike those cities, Multan has lost its royal citadel, as it was largely destroyed by the British in 1848, which negatively impacted the urban fabric of the city.[84]

Multan's old neighbourhood homes exemplify Muslim concerns regarding privacy and defense against the city's harsh climate.[84]The urban morphology is characterized by small and privatecul-de-sacsbranching off of bazaars and larger arteries.[84]

A distinct Multani style of architecture began taking root in the 14th century with the establishment of funerary monuments,[84]and is characterized by large brick walls reinforced by wooden anchors, with inward sloping roofs.[84]Funerary architecture is also reflected in the city's residential quarters, which borrow architectural and decorative elements from Multan's mausolea.[84]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
188168,674—
189174,562+8.6%
190187,394+17.2%
191199,243+13.6%
192184,806−14.5%
1931119,457+40.9%
1941143,000+19.7%
1951190,000+32.9%
1961358,000+88.4%
1972539,000+50.6%
1981732,000+35.8%
19981,197,384+63.6%
20171,827,001+52.6%
Source:[92][93][94]
Multan's is home to a significant Christian minority.
Multan's Sufi shrines are often decorated during annualUrsfestivals. Pictured is the Wali Muhammad Shah shrine.

Multan city had a population of 1,078,245 in the 1998 census. As of the 2017 census, Multan's population jumped to 1.827 million.[6]Multan had a sex ratio of 950 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 74.69%: 77.50% for males and 71.74% for females. 440,112 (24.09%) were under 10 years of age.[95]

Language

At the time of the 2017 census, 42.10% of the population spokeSaraiki,29.25%Punjabi,26.77%Urduand 1.18%Pashtoas their first language.[95]

Religion

Islam is the predominant religion, with 98.54% of the population, and with Christians making up 1.36%. 1,617 people are Hindus and 80 are Sikhs.[96]

Religious groups in Multan City (1868–2023)[a]
Religious
group 		1868[98] 1881[99][100][101] 1891[102]: 68  1901[103]: 44  1911[104]: 20  1921[105]: 23  1931[106]: 26  1941[97]: 32  2017[107] 2023[96]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 24,828 54.44% 36,294 52.85% 39,765 53.33% 46,899 53.66% 55,686 56.11% 55,864 65.87% 72,134 60.38% 81,613 57.16% 1,808,475 98.99% 2,208,159 98.54%
Hinduism[b] 19,812 43.45% 29,962 43.63% 32,130 43.09% 36,947 42.28% 38,341 38.63% 25,339 29.88% 41,999 35.16% 56,602 39.65% 1,728 0.09% 1,617 0.07%
Christianity 195 0.43% — — 1,672 2.24% 1,777 2.03% 2,105 2.12% 1,955 2.31% 1,823 1.53% 680 0.48% 15,766 0.86% 30,380 1.36%
Sikhism 83 0.18% 661 0.96% 961 1.29% 1,588 1.82% 2,659 2.68% 1,573 1.85% 2,960 2.48% 2,665 1.87% — — 80 0%
Jainism — — 46 0.07% 24 0.03% 134 0.15% 388 0.39% 28 0.03% 424 0.35% 499 0.35% — — — —
Zoroastrianism — — — — 9 0.01% 49 0.06% 58 0.06% 47 0.06% 117 0.1% — — — — 2 0%
Judaism — — — — 0 0% — — 6 0.01% 0 0% 0 0% — — — — — —
Ahmadiyya — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 928 0.05% 503 0.02%
Others 684 1.5% 1,711 2.49% 1 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 929 0.65% 104 0.01% 206 0.01%
Total population 45,602 100% 68,674 100% 74,562 100% 87,394 100% 99,243 100% 84,806 100% 119,457 100% 142,768 100% 1,827,001 100% 2,240,947 100%

Civic Administration

Administrators who are government servants have the powers of Nazims (Mayor).Multan Districtis spread over an area of 3,721 square kilometres, comprising fourtehsils:Multan City,Multan Saddar,ShujabadandJalalpur Pirwala.

The area under Multan Development Authority (MDA) is 560 square kilometres, covering almost all important establishments like BZU, Pak Arab fertilizers and industrial estates, etc.[108]In 2022 the MDA increased its metropolitan area limit from 280 square kilometres to 560 square kilometres, adding an extra population of 375,000 with a grand total population of 2.2 million, making the city the 4th most populous city of Pakistan.

In 2005 Multan was reorganised as aCity Districtcomposed of six autonomous towns:

Residential areas

Transportation

Motorways

Multan is connected to operational motorwaysM4on northside connecting toFaisalabadandM5on south side connectingSukkar.M4 is further connected toM3connecting Lahore andM2connectingIslamabadandPeshawarto Multan. While M5 will be connecting to Karachi viaKarachi-Lahore Motorway in future.

Multan is situated along the under-construction 6-laneKarachi–Lahore Motorway (M3)connecting Southern and northern Pakistan that is being built as part of the $54 billionChina Pakistan Economic Corridor.Currently, Lahore to Multan travel time is 4 hours on motorway M3 and M4.

The 6-lane, 392-kilometre long M-5 section of the motorway is built betweenSukkurand Multan at a cost $2.89 billion.[109]The M-5 is open since 2019.[110]It is connecting Multan to Sukkar and will connect to Karachi when Sukkar-Karachi Motorway will be opened.

Multan is also connected to the city ofFaisalabadvia the M-4 motorway,[111][112]which in turn is connected to theM-1and M-2 motorways that provide access to Islamabad and Peshawar. Further links with theKarakoram Highwaywill provide access toXin gian g,China, and Central Asia.

Construction of the M3 motorway was also done at a cost of approximately $1.5 billion,[113]and was launched in November 2015.[114]The motorway is a branch off of the M-4 motorway and connects Lahore to the M-4 atAbdul Hakeem.The M4 is now operational.

Rail

Multan Cantonment railway stationserves as the city's main railway station.

Multan is connected by rail with all parts of the country and lies on the main track between Karachi,Peshawar,Lahore andQuetta.TheMain Line-1 Railwaythat links Karachi and Peshawar passes through Multan district is being overhauled as part of theChina Pakistan Economic Corridor.As part of the project, railways will be upgraded to permit train travel at speeds of up to 160 kilometres per hour, versus the average 60 to 105 km per hour speed currently possible on existing track,[115]The project is divided into three phases, with the Peshawar to Multan portion to be completed as part of the project's first phase by 2018,[116]and the entire project is expected to be complete by 2021.[116][needs update]

From Multan, links toKhanewal,LodhranandMuzafargarhare offered by rail.[117]Multan Cantonment railway stationis the main railway station of Multan.

Bus rapid transit (Metro Bus)

TheMultan Metrobusis abus rapid transitline which commenced service in January 2017,[118]at a cost of 28.8 billionrupees.[119]The BRT route serves 21 stations over the course of 18.5 kilometres, of which 12.5 kilometres are elevated.[120]14 stations are elevated, while the remainder are at street level. The BRT route begins atBahauddin Zakariya Universityin northern Multan, and heads southward to pass by the eastern edge of Multan's old city at the Daulat Gate before turning east to finally terminate at theKumharanwala Chowkin eastern Multan.

The route will be served initially by 35 buses, serving up to 95,000 passengers per day (or less than this but mostly students are using it).[120]The Multan Metrobus is planned to ultimately have total of 4 BRT lines covering 68.82 kilometres,[121]which will be complemented by feeder lines.[121]

Air

Multan International Airportoffers flights throughout Pakistan, and direct flights toBahrain,Oman,Qatar,Saudi Arabia,and theUnited Arab Emirates.

Multan International Airportis located 10 km west of Multan's city centre, in the Multan Cantonment. The airport offers flights throughout Pakistan, as well as to the Persian Gulf States.

In March 2015, a new terminal building was formally inaugurated by Pakistani Prime MinisterNawaz Sharif.[122]Following the opening of the new terminal, passenger traffic soared from 384,571 in 2014–2015, to 904,865 in 2015–2016.[123]

Education

Main article:List of educational institutions in Multan

Bahauddin Zakariya Universityis the main source of higher education for this region, which is the 2nd largest university of Punjab.

Other universities include Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture Multan, Air University Multan Campus, the NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nishat School and College[124]Nishtar Medical University, Emerson University, Multan Public School, University of Education campus, Times Institute, Multan Medical and Dental College, Institute of Southern Punjab, Bakhtawar Amin Medical College and Women University Multan.[125]In July 2021, Pakistan opened its first ever government-run school for transgender students in the city of Multan.

Heritage

Thetomb of Khawaja Awais Kaghadisplays use of traditional Multan tile-work on both its exterior and interior.

Prahladpuri Temple

Main article:Prahladpuri Temple, Multan

ThePrahladpuri Templeis located on top of a raised platform inside the Fort of Multan, adjacent to tomb of Hazrat Baha’ul Haq Zakariya. A mosque has been subsequently built adjacent to temple.[126]

The original temple of Prahladpuri is said to have been built by Prahlad, son ofHiranyakashipu,the king of Multan (Kashya-papura).[127]

Notable saints of Multan

See also:Mausoleums of Multan
The shrine of Pir Adil Shah.

Sports

TheMultan Cricket Stadiumhas hosted many international cricket matches.Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadiumis the other stadium in Multan which is usually used for football along with other sports activities.

Multan is home to theMultan Sultans,the franchise ofPakistan Super League.Multan Tigers, the domestic cricket team which had participated in domestic limited over tournaments was also based in the city. Multan and its division has produced many international cricketers likeInzamam-ul-Haq,Waqar Younis,Mushtaq Ahmed,Elahi Brothers,Mohammad Zahid,Sohaib Maqsood,Rahat Ali,Asmavia IqbalandSania Khan.[128]

Professional teams of Multan
Club League Sport Venue Established
Multan Sultans Pakistan Super League Cricket Multan Cricket Stadium 2018
Multan Tigers National One Day Championship/National T20 Cup Cricket Multan Cricket Stadium 2004

Notable people

Main article:List of people from Multan

Sister cities

See also

Notes

  1. ^1881–1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Multan, which included Multan Municipality and Multan Cantonment.[97]: 36 

    2017-2023: Combined urban populations of Multan City Tehsil and Multan Saddar Tehsil.
  2. ^1931–1941: IncludingAd-Dharmis

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