Wikipedia

Murrumbidgee River

TheMurrumbidgee River(/mʌrəmˈbɪdʒi/[6]) is a majortributaryof theMurray Riverwithin theMurray–Darling basinand the second longest river inAustralia.It flows through the Australian state ofNew South Walesand theAustralian Capital Territory,descending 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) over 1,485 kilometres (923 mi),[2]generally in a west-northwesterly direction from the foot of Peppercorn Hill in the Fiery Range of theSnowy Mountainstowards itsconfluencewith the Murray River nearBoundary Bend.

Murrumbidgee River
Murrumbidgee River atWagga Wagga
The Murrumbidgee is a major tributary of the Murray River
EtymologyAboriginalWiradjuri language:"big water"[1]
Nickname(s)'bidgee
Location
CountryAustralia
State/Territory
IBRA
Districts
Municipalities
Physical characteristics
SourcePeppercorn Hill
• locationSnowy Mountains,NSW
• coordinates35°35′7″S148°36′5″E/ 35.58528°S 148.60139°E/-35.58528; 148.60139
• elevation1,560 m (5,120 ft)
MouthconfluencewithMurray River
• location
nearBoundary Bend,NSW/Vic
• coordinates
34°43′43″S143°13′8″E/ 34.72861°S 143.21889°E/-34.72861; 143.21889
• elevation
55 m (180 ft)
Length1,485 km (923 mi)[2]
Basin size84,917 km2(32,787 sq mi)
Discharge
• locationWagga Wagga[3]
• average120 m3/s (4,200 cu ft/s)[3]
Discharge
• locationNarrandera
• average105 m3/s (3,700 cu ft/s)
Discharge
• locationBalranald
• average27 m3/s (950 cu ft/s)
Basin features
River systemMurray River,Murray–Darling basin
Tributaries
• leftGudgenby River,Cotter River,Goodradigbee River,Tumut River
• rightNumeralla River,Bredbo River,Molonglo River,Yass River,Lachlan River
ReservoirsTantangara Reservoir,Lake Burrinjuck
[4][5]

The wordMurrumbidgeeorMarrambidyameans "big water" in theWiradjuri language,one of the localAustralian Aboriginal languages.[7][8][1][9]The river itself flows through several traditionalAboriginal Australianlands, home to various Aboriginal peoples. In the Australian Capital Territory, the river is bordered by a narrow strip of land on each side; these are managed as the Murrumbidgee River Corridor (MRC).[10]This land includes manynature reserves,eight recreation reserves, a European heritage conservation zone and rural leases.

Flow

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The mainstream of the river system flows for 900 kilometres (560 mi).[11]The river's headwaters arise from the wet heath and bog at the foot of Peppercorn Hill situated alongLong Plainwhich is within the Fiery Range of theSnowy Mountains;and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north ofKiandra.From its headwaters it flows to its confluence with theMurray River.The river flows for 66 kilometres (41 mi) through the Australian Capital Territory nearCanberra,[12]picking up the important tributaries of theGudgenby,Queanbeyan,MolongloandCotter Rivers.The Murrumbidgee drains much of southern New South Wales and all of the Australian Capital Territory, and is an important source of irrigation water for theRiverinafarming area.

The reaches of the Murrumbidgee in theAustralian Capital Territory(ACT) are affected by the complete elimination of large spring snowmelt flows and a reduction of average annual flows of almost 50%, due toTantangara Dam.[13]Tantangara Dam was completed in 1960 on the headwaters of Murrumbidgee River and diverted approximately 99% of the river's flow at that point intoLake Eucumbene.[14][15]This has extremely serious effects on native fish populations and other native aquatic life and has led to serious siltation, stream contraction, fish habitat loss, and other problems. The Murrumbidgee where it enters the ACT is effectively half the river it used to be.[15][16]The reduced and significantly modified flow of the river is further exacerbated by dams on its tributaries, such asScrivener Dam,Cotter Dam,andGoogong Dam.

A study suggests a section of the upper river's channels are relatively new in geological terms, dating from the earlyMiocene(the Miocene era being from 23 to 5 million years ago). It is suggested that the Upper Murrumbidgee is ananabranchof theTumut River(that once continued north along Mutta Mutta Creek) when geological uplift nearAdaminabydiverted its flow. FromGundagaionwards the rivers flow within its ancestral channel.[17]

In June 2008 theMurray-Darling Basin Commissionreleased a report on the condition of theMurray–Darling basin,with theGoulburnand Murrumbidgee Rivers rated in a very poor condition in the Murray-Darling basin with fish stocks in both rivers were also rated as extremely poor, with only 13 of the original 22 native fish species still found in the Murrumbidgee River.[18]

History

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The Murrumbidgee River runs through the traditional lands of the Ngarigo, Ngunnawal,Wiradjuri,Nari NariandMuthi MuthiAboriginal peoples.[citation needed]

Exploration

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The Murrumbidgee River was known to Europeans before they first recorded it. In 1820 the explorerCharles Throsbyinformed the Governor of New South Wales that he anticipated finding "a considerable river of salt water (except at very wet seasons), called by the natives Mur-rum-big-gee". In the expedition journal, Throsby wrote as a marginal note:"This river or stream is called by the natives Yeal-am-bid-gie...".[19]The river he had stumbled upon was in fact theMolonglo River,Throsby reached the actual river in April 1821.[20]

In 1823,Brigade-Major John Ovensand CaptainMark Curriereached the upper Murrumbidgee when exploring south ofLake George.[21]In 1829,Charles Sturtand his party rowed down the lower half of the Murrumbidgee River in a stoutly built, large row-boat, from Narrandera to the Murray River, and then down the Murray River to the sea. They rowed back upstream, against the current to their starting point.[22]Sturt's description of their passage through the junction of the Murrumbidgee and Murray Rivers is dramatic. His description of wild strong currents in the Murrumbidgee—in the middle of summer(14 January 1830), when flows are declining and close to the seasonal summer/autumn minimum, is in contrast to the reduced flow seen at the junction today in mid-summer:

The men looked anxiously out ahead; for the singular change in the river had impressed on them an idea, that we were approaching its termination...We were carried at a fearful rate down its gloomy and contracted banks... At 3 p.m., Hopkinson called out that we were approaching a junction, and in less than a minute afterwards, we were hurried into a broad and noble river...such was the force with which we had been shot out of the Morumbidgee, that we were carried nearly to the bank opposite its embouchure,whilst we continued to gaze in silent astonishment on the capacious channel [of the Murray River] we had entered...

The Murrumbidgee basin was opened to settlement in the 1830s and soon became an important farming area.

Charles Sturt Monument located at Wagga Beach inWagga Wagga

Ernest Favenc,when writing on Australian exploration, commented on the relatively tardy European discovery of the river and that the river retained a name used byIndigenous Australians:

Here we may remark on the tenacity with which the Murrumbidgee River long eluded the eye of the white man. It is scarcely probable that Meehan and Hume, who on this occasion were within comparatively easy reach of the head waters, could have seen a new inland river at that time without mentioning the fact, but there is no record traceable anywhere as to the date of its discovery, or the name of its finder. When in 1823 Captain Currie and Major Ovens were led along its bank on to the beautiful Maneroo country by Joseph Wild, the stream was then familiar to the early settlers and called the Morumbidgee. Even in 1821, when Hume found the Yass Plains, almost on its bank, he makes no special mention of the river. From all this we may deduce the extremely probable fact that the position of the river was shown to some stockrider by a native, who also confided the aboriginal name, and so it gradually worked the knowledge of its identity into general belief. This theory is the more feasible as the river has retained its native name. If a white man of any known position had made the discovery, it would at once have received the name of some person holding official sway.[23]

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The river was once used as a transport route, with paddle steamers navigating the river as far asGundagai.The river trade declined with the coming of the railways. Paddle steamers last used the Murrumbidgee in the 1930s. To allow the steamers and towed barges to pass, there were opening bridges atHay,Balranald,andCarathool[24][25]

Floods

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Murrumbidgee River in major flood in December 2010 and flood marker showing the height of the 1974 floods inWagga Wagga

The river has risen above 7 metres (23 ft) at Gundagai nine times between 1852 and 2010, an average of just under once every eleven years. Since 1925, flooding has been minor with the exception of floods in 1974 and in December 2010, when the river rose to 10.2 metres (33 ft) at Gundagai.[26]In the 1852 disaster, the river rose to just over 12.2 m (40 ft). The following year the river again rose to just over 12.5 m (41 ft). The construction ofBurrinjuck Damfrom 1907 has significantly reduced flooding but, despite the dam, there were major floods in 1925, 1950, 1974 and 2012.[27][28]

The most notable flood was in 1852 when the town ofGundagaiwas swept away and 89 people, a third of the town's population, were killed. The town was rebuilt on higher ground.[29]

In 1925, four people died and the flooding lasted for eight days.[30][31][32]

The reduction in floods has consequences for wildlife, particularly birds and trees. There has been a decline in bird populations andblack boxflood plain eucalypt forest trees are starting[when?]to lose their crowns.[33]

Major flooding occurred during March 2012 along the Murrumbidgee River including Wagga Wagga, where the river peaked at 10.56 metres (34.6 ft) on 6 March 2012.[34]This peak was 0.18 metres (0.59 ft) below the 1974 flood level of 10.74 metres (35.2 ft).[28]

Wetlands

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Major wetlands along the Murrumbidgee or associated with the Murrumbidgee catchment include:[35]

Tributaries

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Main article:Tributaries of the Murrumbidgee River
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Bridge over the Murrumbidgee atCarrathool.
Swimming hole on the Murrumbidgee atHay
Aerial photo ofTuggeranong Town Centre,with Murrumbidgee River behind, Bullen Range is behind andTidbinbillaTracking Station is visible too.

The Murrumbidgee River has about 90 namedtributariesin total; 24 rivers, and numerous creeks and gullies. The ordering of the basin, from source to mouth, of the major tributaries is:

Rivers of the Murrumbidgee River basin
Catchment river Elevation at
confluence[36]		 River mouth Coordinates[37][38] River length[36]
Tributary
Tributary
Tributary
Murrumbidgee River 55 m (180 ft) Murray 34°43′43″S143°13′8″E/ 34.72861°S 143.21889°E/-34.72861; 143.21889(Murrumbidgee River) ~900 km (559 mi)
Numeralla River 706 m (2,316 ft) Murrumbidgee 36°3′56″S149°9′1″E/ 36.06556°S 149.15028°E/-36.06556; 149.15028(Numeralla River) 94 km (58 mi)
Kybeyan River 745 m (2,444 ft) Numeralla 36°13′13″S149°21′25″E/ 36.22028°S 149.35694°E/-36.22028; 149.35694(Kybeyan River) 36 km (22 mi)
Big Badja River 735 m (2,411 ft) Numeralla 36°10′27″S149°20′52″E/ 36.17417°S 149.34778°E/-36.17417; 149.34778(Big Badja River) 94 km (58 mi)
Bredbo River Murrumbidgee
Strike-a-Light River Bredbo
Gudgenby River Murrumbidgee
Naas River Gudgenby
Orroral River Gudgenby
Cotter River Murrumbidgee
Paddys River Cotter
Tidbinbilla River Paddys
Gibraltar Creek Paddys
Molonglo River Murrumbidgee
Jerrabomberra Creek Molonglo
Sullivans Creek Molonglo
Queanbeyan River Molonglo
Goodradigbee River 345 m (1,132 ft) Murrumbidgee 35°00′S148°38′E/ 35.000°S 148.633°E/-35.000; 148.633(Goodradigbee River) 105 km (65 mi)
Yass River 345 m (1,132 ft) Murrumbidgee 34°52′36″S148°46′55″E/ 34.87667°S 148.78194°E/-34.87667; 148.78194(Yass River) 139 km (86 mi)
Tumut River 220 m (722 ft) Murrumbidgee 35°1′18″S148°10′51″E/ 35.02167°S 148.18083°E/-35.02167; 148.18083(Tumut River) 182 km (113 mi)
Goobarragandra River 272 m (892 ft) Tumut 35°20′S148°15′E/ 35.333°S 148.250°E/-35.333; 148.250(Goobarragandra River) 56 km (35 mi)
Doubtful Creek 1,290 m (4,232 ft) Tumut 36°06′S148°26′E/ 36.100°S 148.433°E/-36.100; 148.433(Doubtful Creek) 15 km (9 mi)
Lachlan River 68 m (223 ft) Murrumbidgee 34°22′S143°47′E/ 34.367°S 143.783°E/-34.367; 143.783(Lachlan River) ~1,440 km (895 mi)
Crookwell River 430 m (1,411 ft) Lachlan 34°16′39″S149°7′53″E/ 34.27750°S 149.13139°E/-34.27750; 149.13139(Crookwell River) 78 km (48 mi)
Abercrombie River 378 m (1,240 ft) Lachlan 34°01′S149°28′E/ 34.017°S 149.467°E/-34.017; 149.467(Abercrombie River) 130 km (81 mi)
Bolong River 569 m (1,867 ft) Abercrombie 34°08′S149°37′E/ 34.133°S 149.617°E/-34.133; 149.617(Bolong River) 60 km (37 mi)
Isabella River 479 m (1,572 ft) Abercrombie 34°00′S149°39′E/ 34.000°S 149.650°E/-34.000; 149.650(Isabella River) 51 km (32 mi)
Boorowa River 303 m (994 ft) Lachlan 33°57′S148°50′E/ 33.950°S 148.833°E/-33.950; 148.833(Boorowa River) 134 km (83 mi)
Belubula River 263 m (863 ft) Lachlan 33°33′S148°28′E/ 33.550°S 148.467°E/-33.550; 148.467(Belubula River) 165 km (103 mi)

Population centres

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River crossings

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The list below notes past and present bridges that cross over the Murrumbidgee River. There were numerous other crossings before the bridges were constructed and many of these still exist today.

Downstream from Wagga Wagga

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Crossing Image Coordinates Built Location Description Notes
Balranald Bridge 34°38′47.2″S143°33′56.6″E/ 34.646444°S 143.565722°E/-34.646444; 143.565722 1973 Balranald Sturt Highway
Matthews Bridge 34°28′40″S144°18′03.4″E/ 34.47778°S 144.300944°E/-34.47778; 144.300944 1957 Maude Work started on

a replacement for

this bridge in 2020.[39]

Hay Bridge 34°30′58.4″S144°50′32.4″E/ 34.516222°S 144.842333°E/-34.516222; 144.842333 1973 Hay Cobb Highway
Carrathool Bridge 34°26′57.4″S145°25′02.3″E/ 34.449278°S 145.417306°E/-34.449278; 145.417306 1924 Carrathool
Darlington Point Bridge 34°34′01.2″S146°00′09.5″E/ 34.567000°S 146.002639°E/-34.567000; 146.002639 1979 Darlington Point Kidman Way
Euroley Bridge 34°38′19.6″S146°22′25.8″E/ 34.638778°S 146.373833°E/-34.638778; 146.373833 2003 Yanco
Narrandera Rail Bridge 34°45′30.7″S146°32′08.5″E/ 34.758528°S 146.535694°E/-34.758528; 146.535694 1885 Narrandera Tocumwal railway line Not in use[40]
Narrandera Bridge 34°45′20.8″S146°32′53.7″E/ 34.755778°S 146.548250°E/-34.755778; 146.548250 Newell Highway
Collingullie Bridge 35°01′59.3″S147°06′29.6″E/ 35.033139°S 147.108222°E/-35.033139; 147.108222 Collingullie

Wagga Wagga to Burrinjuck

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Crossing Image Coordinates Built Location Description Notes
Gobbagombalin Bridge 1997 Wagga Wagga Olympic Highway [41]
Wiradjuri Bridge 1995 Hampden Avenue, replaced the Hampden Bridge
Hampden Bridge 1895 Demolished in 2014 [42]
Murrumbidgee River
Rail Bridge		 2006 Main Southern railway line.Replaced the previous bridge built in 1881
Eunony Bridge 1975

and

2020

Eunony Bridge Road, top bridge decking replaced in 2020 with the original pylons
Low Bridge 35°04′42.3″S147°49′17.7″E/ 35.078417°S 147.821583°E/-35.078417; 147.821583 Mundarlo
Sheahan Bridge 35°04′05.9″S148°05′42.8″E/ 35.068306°S 148.095222°E/-35.068306; 148.095222 1977

and

2009

Gundagai The bridge was duplicated in 2009.[43]Photograph showsHume Highway;looking south from Gundagai, bridge in mid distance.
Gundagai Rail Bridge 35°04′23.7″S148°06′16.2″E/ 35.073250°S 148.104500°E/-35.073250; 148.104500 1902 Tumut railway line,now disused
Prince Alfred Bridge 35°04′27.8″S148°06′24.8″E/ 35.074389°S 148.106889°E/-35.074389; 148.106889 1867 Prince Alfred Road, former Hume Highway. Main iron spans at southern end still in use for local traffic. Northern wooden spans now disused and in dilapidated condition.
Gobarralong Bridge 34°59′34.2″S148°14′13.2″E/ 34.992833°S 148.237000°E/-34.992833; 148.237000 Gobarralong
Jugiong Bridge 34°49′30.3″S148°19′55.6″E/ 34.825083°S 148.332111°E/-34.825083; 148.332111 Jugiong

Upstream from Burrinjuck

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Crossing Image Coordinates Location Description Notes
Taemas Bridge 35°00′12.7″S148°50′53.2″E/ 35.003528°S 148.848111°E/-35.003528; 148.848111 Wee Jasper 1930
Uriarra Crossing 35°14′38.0″S148°57′07.1″E/ 35.243889°S 148.951972°E/-35.243889; 148.951972 Uriarra
Cotter Road bridge 35°19′22.2″S148°57′01.4″E/ 35.322833°S 148.950389°E/-35.322833; 148.950389 Australian Capital Territory Cotter Road, near the confluence with theCotter River
Point Hut crossing 35°27′07.1″S149°04′25.4″E/ 35.451972°S 149.073722°E/-35.451972; 149.073722 Gordon
Tharwa Bridge 35°30′30.9″S149°04′13.9″E/ 35.508583°S 149.070528°E/-35.508583; 149.070528 Tharwa 1895
Angle Crossing 35°34′59.0″S149°06′32.6″E/ 35.583056°S 149.109056°E/-35.583056; 149.109056 Williamsdale Angle Crossing Road, aford
Bumbalong Bridge 35°51′31.266″S149°08′4.780″E/ 35.85868500°S 149.13466111°E/-35.85868500; 149.13466111 Colinton Little known and little used, low-level bridge that links the otherwise isolated locality ofBumbalongto the locality of Colinton. Bumbalong Road connects the local road from the bridge to theMonaro Highwayat Colinton.
Billilingra Bridge 36°00′04.2″S149°07′59.6″E/ 36.001167°S 149.133222°E/-36.001167; 149.133222 Billilingra
Binjura Bridge 36°10′13.4″S149°05′28.1″E/ 36.170389°S 149.091139°E/-36.170389; 149.091139 Binjura
Bolaro Bridge 35°58′50.0″S148°50′24.5″E/ 35.980556°S 148.840139°E/-35.980556; 148.840139 Bolaro
Yaouk Bridge 35°49′34.1″S148°48′10.9″E/ 35.826139°S 148.803028°E/-35.826139; 148.803028 Yaouk
Tantangara Bridge 35°47′58.2″S00°40′34.0″E/ 35.799500°S 0.676111°E/-35.799500; 0.676111 Tantangara Tantangara Road, immediately downstream from theTantangara Reservoirwall
Tantangara Dam 35°47′43.7″S148°39′47.5″E/ 35.795472°S 148.663194°E/-35.795472; 148.663194 Tantangara Tantangara Reservoir was constructed between 1958 and 1960. No public access to the dam to cross the river.
Long Plain Bridge Long Plain

Images

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  • Second photo of source and area of Murrumbidgee
  • Water oozing from heath at source area of Murrumbidgee
  • Tantangara Dam
  • Yaouk Bridge
  • Murrumbidgee at Bolaro
  • Tharwa Bridge looking south;Tharwais to the right
  • Point Hut Crossing, ACT, looking south
  • Junction with Cotter, in moderate flood
  • Uriarra Crossing, ACT, in moderate flood
  • Approach to Taemas Bridge
  • Taemas Bridge, from north
  • Jugiong Bridge
  • The Prince Alfred bridge crosses the Murrumbidgee River at Gundagai, photographed c. 1885
  • The Murrumbidgee atGundagai
  • Murrumbidgee River Crossing at Mundarlo
  • Eunony Bridge viewed from Eunanoreenya looking towardsGumly Gumly
  • FormerWagga Wagga railway bridge
  • New concrete railway bridge at Wagga Wagga
  • Hampden Bridge at Wagga Wagga
  • Wiradjuri Bridge
  • Gobbagombalin (Gobba) Bridge

Distances along the river

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ab"Murrumbidgee River".Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW.Geographical Names Board of New South Wales.Retrieved8 June2008.
  2. ^ab"Longest Rivers".Geoscience Australia.Australian Government. September 2008.Retrieved18 March2017.
  3. ^abGreen, D (2011).Water resources and management overview: Murrumbidgee catchment(PDF).NSW Office of Water. p. 14. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 17 April 2018.Retrieved4 April2016.
  4. ^"Our Catchment".Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Authority.Government of New South Wales. 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 27 January 2014.Retrieved22 January2013.
  5. ^"Map of Murrumbidgee River".Bonzle.Retrieved22 January2013.
  6. ^Macquarie ABC Dictionary.The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. 2003. pp. 647, 853.ISBN1-876429-37-2.
  7. ^"Marrambidya Wetland".Visit Wagga.Retrieved17 December2021.
  8. ^Booth, Alison (8 May 2021)."An affecting tale of dispossession".The Canberra Times.Retrieved17 December2021.
  9. ^Room, Adrian (2003).Placenames of the World.McFarland.p. 246.ISBN0-7864-1814-1.
  10. ^"Murrumbidgee River Corridor"(PDF).Territory & Municipal Services.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 13 April 2015.Retrieved23 January2014.
  11. ^"Murrumbidgee River Catchment".Catchment Case Studies.NSW Department of Environment and Conservation. 1995. Archived fromthe originalon 19 April 2006.Retrieved13 July2006.
  12. ^"Interim recreation study for the natural areas of the ACT"(PDF).ACT Government.April 2004. p. 23. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 26 July 2008.Retrieved8 June2008.
  13. ^Expert panel environmental flow assessment of the upper Murrumbidgee River (Report). NSW Environmental Protection Authority. 1997.
  14. ^Lintermans, Mark."The re-establishment of endangered Macquarie perch Macquaria australasica in the Queanbeyan River, New South Wales, with an examination of dietary overlap with alien trout"(PDF).Environment ACT and Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 7 August 2008.Retrieved8 June2008.
  15. ^ab"eflow panel 1997"
  16. ^Lintermans, Mark; Australian Capital Territory. Department of Urban Services; Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology (Australia); Australian Capital Territory. Environment ACT (2000).The status of fish in the Australian Capital Territory: a review of current knowledge and management requirements.Environment ACT.ISBN978-1-86331-473-2.
  17. ^Sharp, K. R. (2004). "Cenozoic volcanism, tectonism, and stream derangement in the Snowy Mountains and northern Monaro of New South Wales".Australian Journal of Earth Sciences.51(1):67–83.Bibcode:2004AuJES..51...67S.doi:10.1046/j.1400-0952.2003.01045.x.
  18. ^Sustainable Rivers Audit(PDF).Murray-Darling Basin Commission. June 2008. pp. 14, 50. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 19 July 2008.Retrieved21 June2008.
  19. ^Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1931 (ABS cat. no. 1301.0)
  20. ^Reed, A. W.,Place-names of New South Wales: Their Origins and Meanings,(Reed: 1969).
  21. ^"Discovery of the Monaro".Cooma-Monaro Shire Council.Archived fromthe originalon 18 October 2015.
  22. ^Sturt, Charles(2004) [1833].Two Expeditions into the Interior of Southern Australia(txt).Retrieved26 August2006– via Project Gutenberg.
  23. ^Favenc, Ernest(2004) [1908]. "Chapter 4".The Explorers of Australia and their Life-work(txt).Retrieved26 August2006– via Project Gutenberg.
  24. ^New bridgesMain RoadsSeptember 1979 pages 3-5
  25. ^Bascule and Swing Span Bridges – Movable Span Bridge StudyGHD Grouppages 144, 147-149
  26. ^"Evacuation begins".The Daily Advertiser.5 December 2010.Retrieved5 December2010.
  27. ^Butcher, Cliff (2002). "Chapter 9 Floods".Gundagai: A track winding back.Gundagai, NSW, Australia: A. C. Butcher. pp.84–98.ISBN0-9586200-0-8.
  28. ^ab"Murrumbidgee River & Floods".Wagga Wagga City Council.Retrieved11 March2012.
  29. ^"1852, June, Gundagai flood".Emergency New South Wales.Ministry of Police and Emergency Services. Archived fromthe originalon 27 March 2011.Retrieved23 April2013.
  30. ^"Disastrous Floods. – Many Families Homeless – Four Men Drowned".The Argus.Melbourne. 29 May 1925. p. 11.Retrieved18 July2014– via National Library of Australia.
  31. ^"HEAVY LOSSES AT GUNDAGAI".The Argus.Melbourne. 29 May 1925. p. 11.Retrieved20 February2016– via National Library of Australia.
  32. ^Australian Government Emergency Management databaseArchived24 September 2006 at theWayback Machine
  33. ^Troy, Michael (23 October 2001)."Report warns of damage to Murrumbidgee River"(transcript).7.30 Report.Australia:ABC1.Retrieved22 January2013.
  34. ^Kwek, Glenda (7 March 2012)."Wagga 'dodges a bullet' as severe weather warning issued for Sydney".The Sydney Morning Herald.Retrieved11 March2012.
  35. ^NSW Department of Natural Resources Murrumbidgee RegionArchived23 February 2006 at theWayback Machine
  36. ^ab"Search Rivers and Creeks".Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia.
  37. ^"Place name search".Geographical Name Register.Geographical Names Board of New South Wales.
  38. ^"Gazetteer of Australia Place Name Search".Geoscience Australia.Australian Government.
  39. ^"New Bridge for Maude".Hay Shire Council.Retrieved18 August2023.
  40. ^"Narrandera Rail Bridge".Narrandera Tourism.Narrandera Shire Council.Retrieved22 July2020.
  41. ^"Wagga's Gobbagombalin bridge proves its worth".The Daily Advertiser.9 December 2010.Retrieved2 April2015.
  42. ^Owen, Brodie (20 August 2014)."Hampden Bridge erased from Wagga's landscape".The Daily Advertiser.Retrieved20 August2014.
  43. ^Transport for NSW, N. S. W."Sheahan Bridge duplication".Transport for NSW.Retrieved27 April2021.
  44. ^Heaton, J. H., 1984,The Bedside Book of Colonial Doings,Published in 1879 asAustralian Dictionary of Dates containing the History of Australasia from 1542 to May, 1879,Angus & Robertson Publishers Sydney, pp.215-216
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