Amusic schoolis an educationalinstitutionspecialized in the study, training, and research ofmusic.Such an institution can also be known as aschool of music,music academy,music faculty,college of music,music department(of a larger institution),conservatory,conservatoriumorconservatoire(/kənˈsɜːrvətwɑːr/kən-SER-və-twar,French:[kɔ̃sɛʁvatwaʁ]). Instruction consists of training in the performance ofmusical instruments,singing,musical composition,conducting,musicianship,as well as academic and research fields such asmusicology,music historyandmusic theory.
Music instructioncan be provided within the compulsory general education system, or within specialized children's music schools such as thePurcell School.Elementary-school children can access music instruction also in after-school institutions such as music academies or music schools. In VenezuelaEl Sistemaof youth orchestras provides free after-school instrumental instruction through music schools callednúcleos.
The term "music school" can also be applied to institutions of higher education under names such asschool of music,such as theEastman School of Musicof theUniversity of Rochester;music academy,like theSibelius Academyor theRoyal Academy of Music,London;music facultyas the Don Wright Faculty of Music of theUniversity of Western Ontario;college of music,characterized by theRoyal College of Musicand theBerklee College of Music;music department,like the Department of Music at theUniversity of California, Santa Cruz;or the termconservatory,exemplified by theConservatoire de Parisand theNew England Conservatory.In other parts of Europe, the equivalents ofhigher school of musicoruniversity of musicmay be used, such as theHochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln(Cologne University of Music).
History
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Although music in general and music education may have been in existence for thousands of years, the earliest history is speculative.[1]Even when history starts to be recorded, music is mentioned more frequently than music education. Within the biblical tradition, Hebrew litany was accompanied with rich music, but theTorahor Pentateuch was silent on the practice and instruction of music in the early life of Israel. However, byI Samuel10, Alfred Sendrey suggests that we find "a sudden and unexplained upsurge of large choirs and orchestras, consisting of thoroughly organized and trained musical groups, which would be virtually inconceivable without lengthy, methodical preparation". This has led some scholars to believe that the prophetSamuelwas the patriarch of a school which taught not only prophets and holy men, but also sacred-rite musicians.[2]
Theschola cantorum (papal choir)in Rome may be the first recorded music school in history, whenGregory the Great(540–604) made permanent an existing guild dating from the 4th century (scholaoriginally referred more to a guild rather than school). The school consisted of monks, secular clergy, and boys.[3]Wells Cathedral School,England, founded as a Cathedral School in 909 AD to educate choristers, continues today to educate choristers and teaches instrumentalists.[4]
Saint Martial school,10th to 12th century, was an important school of composition at theAbbey of Saint Martial,Limoges.It is known for the composition oftropes,sequences,and earlyorganum.In this respect, it was an important precursor to theNotre Dame School.[5]The Notre Dame school (late 12th and early 13th century) developed the earliest repertory ofpolyphonicmusic to gain international circulation.[6]First records on the SpanishEscolania de Montserrat,a boys' choir linked to a music school, date back to 1307.
Renaissance
editTheAccademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia(National Academy of St Cecilia) is one of the oldest musical institutions in the world, based in Italy. It is based at the AuditoriumParco della MusicainRome,and was founded by the papal bull, Ratione congruit, issued by Sixtus V in 1585, which invoked two saints prominent in Western musical history: Gregory the Great, for whom the Gregorian chant is named, and Saint Cecilia, the patron saint of music. It was founded as a "congregation" or "confraternity" – a religious guild, so to speak – and over the centuries, has grown from a forum for local musicians and composers to an internationally acclaimed academy active in music scholarship (with 100 prominent music scholars forming the body of the Accademia) to music education (in its role as a conservatory) to performance (with an active choir and symphony orchestra).
The termconservatoryhas its origin in 16th-centuryRenaissanceItaly, where orphanages (conservatori) were attached to hospitals. The orphans (conservati'saved') were given a musical education there, and the term gradually applied to music schools.[7][8]These hospitals-conservatories were among the first secular institutions equipped for practical training in music. By the 18th century, Italian conservatories were already playing a major role in the training of artists and composers.[9]
16th–18th centuries
editIn the city ofNaples,aconservatoriowas strictly a secular place for teaching and learning specializing in music education. There were already fourconservatories in Naplesactive in the 16th and 18th century:
- I poveri di Gesù Cristo('The Paupers of Jesus Christ'), founded in 1599 by Marcello Fossataro, already included in their official record amagister musicæandmagisterlyræin 1633;
- Santa Maria di Loretowas founded in 1535, where the composerGiovan Battista Pergolesi(1710–1736) studied;
- La pietà dei turchiniwas founded in 1583 and the earliest findings suggest musical activity around the year 1615;
- Sant'Onofrio a porta Capuanawas founded in 1578, was the first conservatory in the world. Here the composerGiovanni Paisiello(1740–1816) studied and then taught, started teaching music in the mid-1600 and in the following decades will give more priority to theopera buffa;
- plus one only for girls calleddell'Annunziata.[10]
It is in these very institutions that the so-calledScuola Musicale Napoletanawas developed, thanks to the work of musicians and educators likeAlessandro Scarlatti(1660–1725) andFrancesco Durante(1684–1755), who was also Pergolesi's and Paisiello's teacher.
ThePalermo Conservatorywas founded by the viceroy De Castro in 1617; the teaching of music was introduced there many decades later, with lessons in choral singing and violin.
18th-19th centuries
editIt was the example set in Naples, where admission was by competitive examination and tuition was free, that was then copied, with modifications, in many European cities, includingParis(1795),Bologna(1804),Milan(1807),Warsaw(1810),FlorenceandPrague(1811),Vienna(1821), London (1822), the Hague (1826),Liège(1827); a bit later two conservatories were founded in Russia by Rubinstein brothers – Anton inSaint Petersburg(1862) and Nikolai inMoscow(1866). The second half of the 19th century saw the network expanding to the Americas, Rio de Janeiro (1847), Boston (1853), Baltimore and Chicago (1868), Havana (1885), and Buenos Aires (1893). Establishments for advanced training in music were organized in the 1940s in several Asian and African countries, including Iraq, Lebanon, and Kenya.[9]
To this extent, projects likeEl Sistemaare more in line with the tradition set in Italy (where tuition at conservatories remains still free) than in an English-speaking country, where students have a very selective access tobursaries(see theRoyal Academy of Musicor theRoyal College of Musicin the UK).
Primary and secondary education
editSpecialist music schools
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Specialist music schools exist in many countries and whose purpose is to identify, and assist, children with exceptional potential, to benefit from world-class specialist training as part of a broad and balanced education, which will enable them, if they choose, to proceed towards self-sustaining careers in music.[11]These schools may be formally[12]or informally attached to a conservatory. Entry is typically between the ages of ages 8 and 18 and admission is through competitive audition. Schools may be public or independent; where schools are independent, pupils may be in receipt of governmental[13]or private scholarships. Typically as students progress through the school the time spent on music increases and on academic subjects decrease. These schools usually teach only instrumentalists but may also include choristers.
Some schools (like conservatories) are broader and may cover theperforming arts:music, drama, dance.[14]
Music schools within schools
editMany music schools are located within existing schools. The pattern is quite diverse and may include:
Specialist music units in Scotland, where students are drawn from an area wider than the host schools catchment. Students will receive specialist music tuition within the music school but are fully integrated within the host school for other lessons. Entry to the specialist music unit or school is by competitive audition, which also effectively gives entry to the host school.[15]
Many public or independent schools containmusic departments,some of which achieve high standards. These are sometimes referred to as Music schools.Music Collegesin England are schools that get additional private and governmental money to specialize in music. Entry is to the host school and musical ability is not an admission requirement.[16]Schools which perform highly may specialize in an additional area for example sports or technology.
Music schools also frequently operate from church facilities.
Pre-college divisions
editMany conservatories or other tertiary-level institutions have pre-college divisions or junior departments for children of school age.[17]Typically the curriculum includes individual lesson(s), orchestra,chamber music,theory,musicianship,compositionandmusic technology.Classes are usually held on a Saturday and children attend normal schools during the week.
Music schools outside the general education system
editNon-governmental[18]or private[19]schools of music offer music education outside the general education system for students aged 4 to 20+ years. In general, students attend these schools weekend or evening. These schools are typically provided by individuals, charitable or commercial organizations.
Tertiary education
editConservatory
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A conservatory of music may also be known in English asconservatoire(chiefly in the UK[20]),conservatorium(in Australia[21][22]),academyorcollege.Some schools or conservatories are exclusively focused on music.[23]Others have a wider focus, for example covering music, drama and dance.[24]Conservatories are suitable for students who wish to develop their performance, conducting, or composition to a professional standard. Typically, they offer a high percentage of practical training combined with academic study and professional development for those considering a career in the creative arts. Individual teaching is the strength of most components.
Students have the opportunity to perform, conduct or have their music played on a regular basis, both informally and in public. This may be solo or as part of an orchestra, ensemble or band. Typically, conservatories focus on Western classical music. However, some schools focus on traditional instruments, such asChinese instruments.[25]Others may have departments fortraditional musicwhich includes both traditional and classical instruments, for examplebagpipesalongside thefiddle.[26] Alternatively, students can focus onjazz,world musicor pop music.[27]
The time required to complete music degrees is generally not much different from degrees in other fields, i.e. 3–4 years for aBachelor of Musicdegree, 1–2 years for aMaster of Musicdegree, and 3–5 years for aDoctor of Musical ArtsorDoctor of MusicDegree. A PhD degree can be gained for areas such asmusicology,music theory,music composition,music education,ormusic therapy.Some schools may offer a non-academic degree that is solely performance based, such as the (United States) A.D. or Artist Diploma; this may be offered at the undergraduate and/or graduate level.
University schools of music
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University music departments originally placed more emphasis on academic study of music, rather than performance. However, today, the division may not be so rigid, with many often placing greater emphasis on performance now than they did in the past. The specific balance of vocational training and academic study varies from one institution to another, and from one country to another. Some countries separately define their institutions between university status andvocational universitystatus, whilst other countries do not define such a rigid division. In addition to offering degrees similar to those offered at conservatories, some universities offer non-professional music-related degrees such as a Bachelor of Arts in Music or a Bachelor of Arts in Music Education. A number of previously independent conservatories have become affiliated to universities [28]
See also
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Country-specific pages
- Music schools in Scotland
- Music schools in the United Kingdom
- Music schools in the United States
- Category:Music schools by country
Lists
National and international organisations
- Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music
- Conservatoires UK
- European Association of Conservatoires
- (United States) National Association of Schools of Music
Diplomas
References
edit- ^The origins of music Nils Lennart Wallin, Steven Brown, Björn MerkerISBN0-262-73143-6retrieved 9 November 2010
- ^Lee Krähenbühl: A Theatre Before the World: Performance History at the Intersection of Hebrew, Greek, and Roman Religious Processionalretrieved 9 November 2010
- ^OriginalCatholic Encyclopedia:Sistine ChoirArchived25 July 2011 at theWayback Machineretrieved 9 November 2010
- ^Wells Cathedral Schoolretrieved 9 November 2010
- ^Harvard Dictionary of Music: St Martial schoolretrieved 9 November 2010
- ^Notre Dame Schoolat theEncyclopædia Britannica.retrieved 9 November 2010
- ^Conservatoryat theEncyclopædia Britannica.Retrieved 16 November 2010
- ^"conservatory".Oxford English Dictionary(Online ed.).Oxford University Press.(Subscription orparticipating institution membershiprequired.)
- ^abThe Great Soviet Encyclopedia(1979)
- ^A. Della Corte, G. M. Gatti,Dizionario di musica,Paravia, 1956.
- ^Arete Music Academyretrieved 29 Aug 2018
- ^Sächsisches Landesgymnasium für Musik "Carl Maria von Weberretrieved 14 November 2010
- ^English Aided Pupil SchemeArchived26 December 2010 at theWayback Machineretrieved 14 November 2010
- ^Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing ArtsArchived10 July 2012 atarchive.todayretrieved 14 November 2010
- ^Sgoil Chiùil na Gàidhealtachdretrieved 14 November 2010
- ^Guildford County SchoolArchived4 September 2010 at theWayback Machineretrieved 14 November 2010
- ^Manhattan School of Music Pre-college Divisionretrieved 14 November 2010
- ^Musik Fröhlichretrieved 14 November 2010
- ^Yamaha Music SchoolsArchived31 December 2010 at theWayback Machineretrieved 14 November 2010
- ^"conservatoire".Oxford English Dictionary(Online ed.).Oxford University Press.(Subscription orparticipating institution membershiprequired.)'The French form of the word [...] is even sometimes assumed as the name of musical schools in England. In the U.S. the anglicized formconservatoryis used.'
- '^Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition:conservatorium:(Austral.) the usual term for conservatoire'
- '^Webster'sThird Unabridged Dictionary:'Origin ofconservatorium:GermanKonservatorium
- ^Royal Academy of Musicretrieved 9 November 2010
- ^Juilliardretrieved 9 November 2010
- ^China Conservatoryretrieved 14 November 2010
- ^ Royal Conservatoire of Scotlandretrieved 20 December 2018
- ^Conservatorium van Amsterdamretrieved 14 November 2010
- ^Peabody InstituteRetrieved 15 November 2010
External links
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Media related toMusic schoolsat Wikimedia Commons
